SINGERIC, brother of Sarus, succeeds Adolphus as king of the Goths, iv. 126; murders the children of Adol- phus, ib.; assassinated, ib. SINGIDUNUM razed by the Avars, v. 379.
SINGING, tramontane, contempt of the Italians for, v. 360 and notes. SINISTUS, high priest of the Bur- gundians so called, iii. 261. SINOPE, surrendered to Mahomet II., viii. 189.
SIRA, or SCHIRIN, wife of Chosroes, v. 376; poetical celebrity of their love, 410, note M.
SIRMIUM declares for Julian, iii. 116; attacked by the Quadi and Sarma- tians, 288; defended by Probus, ib. ; captured by Baian, chagan of the Avars, v. 378.
SIROES, OF KABAD, conspires against his father, Chosroes II., v. 411 and note M.; deposes and murders him, 412; makes peace with Heraclius, 413. SISEBUT, Gothic king of Spain, perse- cutes the Jews, iv. 341.
SIXTUS IV., pope, tumults in Rome under, viii. 261 and note. SIXTUS V., pope, his vigorous reign, viii. 265.
SLAVES, condition among the Romans,
i. 176; price, ib. note M.; manu- mission, 177; numbers, 178; ad- mitted into the army, ii. 323, 324, note S.; Roman, join the army of Alaric, iv. 93; condition of under the barbarian conquerors of Rome, 374. SLAVES (Slavonians), etymology and perversion of the word, vii. 66 and note S.
SLAVONIANS between the Elbe and Vistula, i. 350, note S.; their origin and various tribes, v. 167, note S.; manners, 169; number of their vil- lages, ib. and note S.; ravage Illy- ricum and Thrace, 171; cruelty, ib.; boundaries of in the reign of Charle- magne, vi. 175; their settlements in Greece examined, vii. 9, note S. SLEEPERS, Seven, legend of, iv. 188; introduced into the Koran, 190. SMALLPOX, ita first appearance in Arabia, vi. 217.
SMYRNA, cause of its populousness, viii. 24; its defence assigned to the knights of Rhodes, 26, note; taken by Timour, 56.
SMYTH, Capt., catalogue of medals, i. 391, 409 and note M. SOÆMIAS, mother of Elagabalus, i. 278; signed the acts of the senate, 286.
SOCRATES, dæmon of, vi. 263 and note. SOFFARIDES, Saracen dynasty of the, vi. 421.
SOGDOITES, their silk trade with China, v. 59; their civilisation, 178. SOISSONS, vase of, iv. 347; its arsenals and manufactures, 348, note. SOLDIERS, Roman, property qualifica- tion of, 146, note; pay, 147, note. SOLICINIUM, Mount, Valentinian I. de- feats the Alemanni at, iii. 260. SOLIDUS, value of the, iv. 74, note S. SOLIMAN, brother of the caliph Walid,
besieges Constantinople, vi. 378; death, 380; his gluttony, ib. notes. SOLIMAN, son of Cutulmish, and great- grandson of Seljuk, authorised by Malek Shah to invade the Roman dominions, vii. 168; declares himself for Nicephorus Botaniates, 169; permanently occupies Asia Minor, ib.; surnamed Gazi, ib.; his cor- quests, 170.
SOLIMAN, son of Orchan, establishes himself in Thrace, viii. 28; death, ib.
SOLIMAN, Son of Bajazet, escapes into Europe after the battle of Angora, viii. 56; accepts the investiture of Romania from Timour, 61; character and death, 67 and note M.; alliance with Manuel Palæologus, 70. SOLIMAN, v. Kilidje Arslan. SOLOMON, king of the Jews, not the
author of the Book of Wisdom, iii. 47 and note; sacrifices of emulated by Julian, 158; equalled by those of the caliph Mokteder, ib. note M.; probably not the author of the 'Ec- clesiastes,' v. 119 and note M. SOLOMON, the eunuch, entrusted with the command of Africa by Belisarius, v. 122; destroys sixty thousand Moors, ib.; besieges Mount Aurasius, 123; reannexes the province of Mauritanian Sifiti to the Roman empire, ib.; conspiracy against at Carthage, 211; escapes to Sicily, ib.; defeated and slain by the Moors at Tebeste, 214. SOLOMON, knights of the temple of, viii, 231 and note.
SONG, Chinese dynasty of, viii. 10. SONNA, or Mahometan oral law fixed by Al Bochari, vi. 229 and note S. SONNENWALD, sacred wood of the Suevi in Lusatia, i. 392.
SONNITES, or orthodox Mahometans, tenets of, vi. 272.
SOPATER, the philosopher and friend of Constantine, executed for magic, iii. 73 note.
SOPHIA, consort of Justin II., her bene- volence to indigent citizens, v. 330; her insulting message to Narses, 336; disappointed of the hand of her pro- tégé Tiberius II., 343; conspires against him with Justinian, son of Germanus, ib.
SOPHIA, St., new cathedral of Constan- tinople, designed by Anthemius, v. 73; description of, 74; converted into a mosque, ib.; magnificence and expense of, 76; repairs of, viii. 122 and note; transformed into a mosque by Mahomet II., 176. SOPHIAN, lieutenant of Moawiyah in the siege of Constantinople, vi. 375 and note S.
SOPHRONIA, Roman matron, death of, ii. 124, note. SOPHRONIUS, patriarch of Jerusalem, proposes to the besieging Saracens to capitulate in the presence of the caliph Omar, vi. 320.
SORTES SANCTORUM, a Christian mode of divination, iv. 358, note. SOUL, immortality of the, ii. 168; not believed by educated Romans, 169; its pre-existence held by many of the Fathers, ib., note; its immortality not generally believed by the Greek and Roman pagans, 170; believed by the barbarians, ib.; not part of the law of Moses, 171; its belief began to prevail among the Jews under the Asmonæan princes, 172; material, of the universe, iii. 47, and note; sleep of the, 430 and note S.; of the prophets and martyrs, place of the, 431, note; four opinions concerning the origin of the soul, vi. 4, note.
Sovou, or So-ou, the Chinese patriot, iii. 308 and note. SOZOPETRA, birthplace of the caliph Motassem, taken and razed by Theo- philus, vi. 413; site, ib. note S. SPADO, force of that term, ii. 386 note,
SPANIARDS, character of, in the 16th century, iv. 109.
SPAIN, province described, i. 155; its division by Augustus, ib.; the Peru and Mexico of the Old World, 296,. invaded by the Franks, 391; its prosperity during the first four cen- turies, iv. 123; illustrious cities of, 124; invaded by the barbarians, ib. ; calamities, ib.; how divided among the barbarians, 125; Adolphus, king of the Goths, marches against the invaders, ib.; reduced and restored to Honorius by Wallia, 127; state of, after the retreat of the Goths, 176; conquests of the Visigoths in, 287; legislative assemblies of, 384; civil war in, after the death of Theudes, v. 124; Justinian seizes several cities, ib.; Romans finally expelled by Suintila, ib. note; state of under Charlemagne, vi. 174; crown of usurped by Roderic, 354; early history of deficient, ib. note; invaded by the Arabs, 355; best works on the Saracen conquest of, ib note and note S.; conquered by Musa, 359; prosperity under the Arabs, 364; revenue, 366 and note; revolts from the Abbassides, 393. SPALATRO, ancient Salona, ii. 103. SPANHEIM, his 'Orbis Romanus,' i. 170; character of his edition of Julian's works, iii. 179.
SPARTA, population of, i. 371, note. SPECTABILES, or Respectable, title of, ii. 305; class of, defined, 313. SPECTACLES, Roman, described, ii. 58, sq.; iv. 86.
SPELMAN, his version of the Anabasis, ii. 83.
SPICE Country, i. 138, note.
SPOLETO, duchy of, inhabitants sur- render themselves to the pope, vi.
SPORTULÆ, or SPORTELLA, baskets of presents, described, iv. 80, note. SPRENGER, Dr., character of his Life of Mahomet, vi. 238, note S. SQUIRRELS (or dormice-glires), eaten by the Romans, iv. 81 and notes. STADIUM, Olympic, compared with the Roman circus, v. 48.
STATUES, multitude of at Rome, ii. 313; had a special guardian, ib.; account of those destroyed at Con- stantinople by the Latins, vii. 317.
STATURE, Roman military, reduction in the standard, ii. 323 and note. STAURACIUS, emperor of Constanti- nople, vi. 88.
STEPHANEPHOROS, an annual, not per- petual, magistrate of the Chersonites, ii. 360, note M.
STEPHEN, freedman of Domitilla, assas-
sinates Domitian, ii. 239.
STEPHEN, Count of Blois, a leader in
the first crusade, character, vii. 197. STEPHEN, Count of Chartres, letter re- specting Alexius Comnenus, vii. 207; deserts his standard, 219. STEPHEN, Son of Romanus I., Byzan- tine emperor, vi. 102; conspires with his brother Constantine against his father, and is deposed and banished, 103.
STEPHEN III., pope, visits the court of France to solicit aid against the Lombards, vi. 154; extraordinary letter to the French in the name and person of St. Peter, 155 and note; crowns Pepin king of France, 157.
STEPHEN, St., the first martyr, miracu- lous discovery of his body, iii. 429; his blood liquefied at Naples, ib., note; prodigies performed by his relics, 430; Gallic proverb respect- ing, ib. note; converts 540 Jews in eight days, 431, note.
STEPHEN, the Savage, favourite of Jus- tinian II., his expedition against the Chersonites, vi. 79.
STILICHO, master-general of Theodo- sius, iii. 400.
STILICHO, general of the West, his origin and character, iv. 9; marries Serena, niece of Theodosius, 10; his military commands, ib.; appointed guardian of Arcadius and Honorius by Theodosius, 11; marches towards Constantinople, 12 and note S.; transfers the command of his troops to Gainas, ib.; puts Rufinus to death, ib.; declared an enemy of the state, 14; supplies Rome with corn from Gaul, 17; opposes Alaric in Greece, 27; two expeditions, ib. note S.; de- feats Alaric, 28; allows him to es- cape, ib.; reason of this, ib. note S.; commanded by Arcadius to evacuate Greece, 29; checks the advance of the barbarians in Rhætia, 33; recalls the legions from Gaul and Britain,
34; defeats Alaric at Pollentia, 36. expels him from Italy, 39; triumph at Rome, ib.; collects an army against Radagaisus, 46; encloses and defeats him, 48; puts him to death, 49; allows the remnant of his army to invade Gaul, 50; concludes a treaty with Alaric, 57; consults the senate on the demands of that leader, 58; loses the confidence of Honorius, 59; massacre of his adherents at Pavia, 60; hesitates at rebellion and repairs to Ravenna, 61: seized and beheaded by Count Heraclian, 62; his family and memory persecuted, ib.; reflections on his fate, ib. STOIC PHILOSOPHY, when first taught at Rome, v. 276, note.
STOZA, a private soldier, elected chief by the revolted army of Justinian in Africa, v. 211; character, ib. ; death, 212 and note M. STRASBURG, battie of between Julian and the Alemanni, ii. 417. STRATA, or Roman road, from Aurani- tis to Babylonia, v. 188 and note. STRATEGIUS employed by Constantine to inquire into heresies, iii. 42 and
note. STRATOPEDARCH, Byzantine officer, vii. 20.
STUKELY, Dr., his History of Carausius, ii. 72, notes.
STURGEONS of the Don or Tanais, vii. 407, 408, note.
SUBURBICARIAN churches, iii. 39, note. SUCCESSIANUS repulses the Goths, i. 397.
SUEVI, their origin and renown, i. 392; join Radagaisus in invading Italy, iv. 45; overrun Gaul, 51; and Van- dals occupy Gallicia, 125; converted from Arianism, iv. 340, note. SUFETULA captured by the Saracens,
SUGER, Abbé, minister of Louis VII., vii. 245 and note S.
SUICIDE, how regarded by the Romans, v. 326; under the emperors a means of escaping the legal penalties of condemnation, ib.
SULLECTE opens her gates to Belisarius, v. 106; site, ib. note S. SULPICIANUS treats for the empire, i. 243, sq. SULPICIUS, Servius, perfected the science of Roman law, v. 274; first
applied to it general theories and Grecian philosophy, 275. SULTAN, title of, when invented, vii. 147 and note S.
SULTANS, Arabic titles of the, how to be understood, vii. 254, note. SUMIUM, province of, ii. 86, notes. SUMNAT, pagoda of described, vii. 148; idol of destroyed by Mahomed the Gaznevide, 149; its secret treasures, ib. and note M.
SUN, worship of introduced at Rome, i. 281; by the Persians, 335; Aure- lian's temple of the, at Rome, ii. 29; the, represented the Platonic Logos, iii. 141; the tutelar deity of Julian, 147.
SUNDAY (dies solis), Lord's day so
named by Constantine, iii. 3, note. SUPERSTITION, origin of, ii. 15; con- genial to the multitude, 206; incon- stancy of, viii. 190. SUPER-INDICTIONS, ii. 334. SURENAS, Gibbon's mistake respecting that name, iii. 194, note M. SURNAMES, uncertain under the Lower Empire, ii. 35, note; increase of the number of among the Romans, iv. 77, note; use of revived by the Greeks, vi. 111.
Sus, river of Western Africa, vi. 348; probably confounded by Gibbon with the province of that name, ib. note S.
SUSA, taken by Constantine, ii. 128. SWATOSLAUS, Sovereign of Russia, cha- racter and reign, vii. 89; subdues the Bulgarians, 90; threatens Con- stantinople, ib.; defeated by John Zimisces, 91.
SWEDES, account of, i. 376. SWISS CANTONS contrasted with the Frank Confederacy, i. 391. SWORD, Roman, described, i. 149; of Mars, discovered by Attila, iv. 195. SWORD of Aristotle, i. 338. "SWORD of God," surname of the Ma- hometan general Caled, vi. 258. SYAGRIUS, son of Ægidius, king of the Franks and Burgundians, his domi- nions, iv. 347; title, 348, note; cha- racter, 348; defeat by Clovis and death, ib.
SYBILLA, sister of Baldwin IV. of Je-
rusalem, crowns her second husband, Guy of Lusignan, vii. 257. SYLLA, the dictator, his mildness as a VOL. VII.
legislator, v. 320; numbers pro- scribed by him, ib.
SYLLANUS, the consul, addresses the senate in favour of the Gordians, i. 313. SYLVANIA, sister of Rufinus, her mo- nastic virtues, learning, and fiithiness, iii. 13, note. SYLVANUS, general of Constantius in Gaul, his usurpation and murder, ii. 398. SYLVERIUS, pope, reproached by Anto- nina, wife of Belisarius, for treachery, and banished, v. 144 and notes; starved to death by Justinian in the isle of Palmaria, 216, note. SYMMACHUS, his account of the pagar. conformity of Constantius, iii. 99; his rank, genius, and pagan zeal, 409; petition to Valentinian in favour of the goddess of Victory, ib. ; firm and dexterous opposition of St. Ambrose, 410; literary character of the epistles of Symmachus, ib., note; made consul by Theodosius, 425. SYMMACHUS, father-in-law of Boethius, v. 28; executed by Theodoric, 33. SYNESIUS, bishop of Ptolemais, illus- trious pedigree of, iii. 36, note; avowed disqualification as a bishop, ib., note; excommunicates the pre- sident Andronicus, 37; his patriotic advice to Arcadius, iv. 29; made bishop of Ptolemais, ib. note. SYNODS, provincial, instituted, ii. 193; Gibbon corrected, ib. note G.; pro- duced the union of the church, 194; yearly Christian, iii. 39; extraor- dinary, only convened by the em- peror, ib.; Nicene canons respecting, ib., note.
SYRACUSE sacked by the Franks, ii.
48; taken by the Saracens, vi. 409. SYRIA, province of, described, i. 160, under the Mamalukes, 187, note; campaign of Belisarius in, v. 100; invaded by Chosroes Nushirvan, 190; conquered by Chosroes II., 391; in- vaded by the Saracens, vi. 300; de- scribed, 315; final conquest of by the Saracens, 325; invaded by Nice- phorus Phocas and Zimisces, 426; Seljukian dynasty of, vii. 167; in- vaded by Timour, viii. 51.
SYRIAC tongue, cultivation of and dia- lects, vi. 45, note.
SYRIAN and Cilician gates, v. 399, note.
SYRIANS, or Oriental Christians, state of under the kingdom of Jerusalem, vii. 236.
SYRIANUS, duke of Egypt, expels Atha- nasius from Alexandria, iii. 82. SYROPULUS, SYLVESTER, character of his History of the false union of the Greek and Latin churches, viii. 96 and notes.
TABARI, his biography of Mahomet, vi. 238, note S.; account of, 290, note. TABENNE, or trumpet of the Egyptian monks, iii. 85.
TABENNE, island of the Nile, residence of Pachomius, iv. 307. TABIYS, or "Successors " of the Com- panions of Mahomet, vi. 237, note S. TABLE, emerald, in the Gothic treasury in Spain, iv. 116.
TABLES, or Trictrac, Roman game of, described, iv. 81 and note.
TABLES, astronomical, of the Arabians, vi. 401.
TABUC, Mahomet's expedition of, vi. 258.
TACITURNITY, English, iv. 398. TACITUS the historian, his account of the principles of the Stoics, i. 216, note; object of his episodes, 330; his Germania, 349; how faulty, 350, note S.; account of the revolt of Civilis, 368, note; works how pre- served, ii. 36, note; his account of the Christians at Rome, 210; of the persecution of the Christians under Nero, 233; passage respecting, examined, ib., note; remarks on his narrative, 234; account of his works, 235.
TACITUS the senator, character, ii. 35; elected emperor by the senate, 36; administration, 37; election con- firmed by the army, 38; repulses the Alani, 39; dies at Tyana, 40; prophecy respecting his family, 41 and note.
"TACTICS,' work of the emperors Leo and Constantine Porphyrogenitus, vii. 3. TADMOR, v. Palmyra.
TAGINA, battle of between Narses and
Totila, v. 233; site of, ib. note. TAHERITES, Saracen dynasty of, found- ed in Chorasan by Taher, vi. 421.
TAIFALE, Gothic tribe allied with the Romans, ii. 403; join the Visigoths, iii. 330; their ethnology, ib. note S.; infamous manners, 331.
TAITSONG, emperor of China, his vir- tues, vi. 298; assists Yezdegerd, the fugitive emperor of Persia, ib.
TAIZ, town of, i. 340, note. TALENT, the, varieties of, i. 296, note; Gibbon corrected, ib. note S. TALMUD, hypothesis respecting the, ii. 223, note.
TAMERLANE, v. Timour.
TANCRED, king of Sicily, defends Apulia against the Germans, vii. 144. TANCRED DE HAUTEVILLE, his family, vii. 111.
TANCRED, cousin of Bohemond, ac- companies him in the first crusade, vii. 199; pedigree, ib. note; reluc- tant submission to the Greek em- peror, 207; seizes Tarsus, 214; worsted by Baldwin, 215.
TANJOU, rustic chief of the Huns, iii. 307; how received in the capital of China, 311.
TAPROBANA (Ceylon), iii. 180, note;
commerce of, v. 60 and note.
TARACHUS, Sufferings of, ii. 282, note. TARANTULA, effects of its bite, vii. 118, note.
TARANTUS, nickname of Caracalla, i. 264, note.
TARASIUS, secretary of the empress Irene, made patriarch of Constanti-
nople, vi. 163; frames the decrees of the second council of Nice, 164. TARGETIUS, ambassador of the Avars, his address to Justin II., v. 331. TARIF, in Spain, name whence derived, vi. 355.
TARIK, lieutenant of Musa, lands at and gives name to Gibraltar, vi. 356; defeats Roderic the Goth at Xeres, 357; takes Toledo, 358; term of his conquests in Spain, 359; im- prisoned and scourged by Musa, 361.
TARKHAN, prince of Fargana, entertains Jezdegerd, king of Persia, vi. 298. TARQUIN, his punishment of suicide, v. 326, note.
TARRAGONA, Roman province of, in Spain, i. 155.
TARRAGONA, city of, sacked by the Franks, i. 392.
TARSUS, in Cilicia, Julian's interment st
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