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parallel to OS: therefore, because the two trapeziums KBOS, SOPT inscribed in circles have their sides BK, OS, parallel, as also OS, PT; and their other sides BO, KS, OP, ST, all equal to one another, and that BK is greater than OS, and OS greater than PT, therefore the straight line ZB is greater than IO. * Lem.12. Join AO which will be equal to AB; and because AIO, AZB are right angles, the squares of AI, IO are equal to the square of AO or of AB; that is, to the squares of AZ, ZB; and the square of ZB is greater than the square of 10, therefore the square of AZ is less than the square of AI; and the straight line AZ less than the straight line AI: and it was proved, that AZ is greater than AG; much more then is AI greater than AG: therefore the plane SOPT falls wholly without the lesser sphere. In the same manner it may be demonstrated, that the plane TPRY falls without the same sphere, as also the triangle YRX, viz. by the Cor. of 2d Lemma. And after the same way it may be demonstrated, that all the planes which contain the solid polyhedron, fall without the lesser sphere. Therefore in the greater of two spheres, which have the same centre, a solid polyhedron is inscribed, the superficies of which does not meet the lesser sphere. Which was to be done.

But the straight line AZ may be demonstrated to be greater than AG otherwise, and in a shorter manner, without the help of Prop. 16, as follows. From the point G draw GU at right angles to AG, and join AU. If then the circumference BE be bisected, and its half again bisected, and so on, there will at length be left a circumference less than the circumference which is subtended by a straight line equal to GU, inscribed in the circle BCDE: let this be the circumference KB: therefore the straight line KB is less than GU: and because the angle BZK is obtuse, as was proved in the preceding, therefore BK is greater than BZ: but GU is greater than BK; much more then is GU greater than BZ, and the square of GU than the square of BZ: and AU is equal to AB; therefore the square of AU, that is, the squares of AG, GU, are equal to the square of AB, that is, to the squares of AZ, ZB: but the square of BZ is less than the square of GU; therefore the square of AZ is greater than the square of AG, and the straight line AZ consequently greater than the straight line AG.

S

* B. 11.

COR. And if in the lesser sphere there be inscribed a solid polyhedron, by drawing straight lines betwixt the points in which the straight lines from the centre of the sphere drawn to all the angles of the solid polyhedron in the greater sphere meet the superficies of the lesser ; in the same order in which are joined the points in which the same lines from the centre meet the superficies of the greater sphere; the solid polyhedron in the sphere BCDE shall have to this other solid polyhedron the triplicate ratio of that which the diameter of the sphere BCDE has to the diameter of the other sphere. For if these two solids be divided into the same number of pyramids, and in the same order, the pyramids shall be similar to one another, each to each: because they have the solid angles at their common vertex, the centre of the sphere, the same in each pyramid, and their other solid angles at the bases, equal to one another, each to each*, because they are contained by three plane angles, each equal to each; and the pyramids are contained by the same number of similar planes; and are therefore simi*11 Def.11. lar* to one another, each to each: but similar pyramids *Cor. 8.12. have to one another the triplicate* ratio of their homologous sides: therefore the pyramid of which the base is the quadrilateral KBOS, and vertex A, has to the pyramid in the other sphere of the same order, the triplicate ratio of their homologous sides, that is, of that ratio which AB from the centre of the greater sphere has to the straight line from the same centre to the superficies of the lesser sphere. And in like manner, each pyramid in the greater sphere has to each of the same order in the lesser, the triplicate ratio of that which AB has to the semi-diameter of the lesser sphere. And as one antecedent is to its consequent, so are all the antecedents to all the consequents. Wherefore the whole solid polyhedron in the greater sphere has to the whole solid polyhedron in the other, the triplicate ratio of that which AB the semidiameter of the first has to the semidiameter of the other; that is, which the diameter BD of the greater has to the diameter of the other sphere.

PROP. XVIII. THEOR.

Spheres have to one another the triplicate ratio of that which their diameters have.

Let ABC, DEF, be two spheres, of which the diameters are BC, EF. The sphere ABC shall have to the sphere DEF the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF.

For, if it has not, the sphere ABC must have to a sphere either less or greater than DEF, the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF. First, let it have that ratio to a less, viz. to the sphere GHK; and let the sphere DEF have the same centre with GHK: and in

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the greater sphere DEF inscribe a solid polyhedron, 17.12. the superficies of which does not meet the lesser sphere GHK; and in the sphere ABC inscribe another similar to that in the sphere DEF: therefore the solid polyhedron in the sphere ABC has to the solid polyhedron in the sphere DEF, the triplicate ratio of that * Cor. 17. which BC has to EF. But the sphere ABC has to the 12. sphere GHK, the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF; therefore as the sphere ABC to the sphere GHK, so is the solid polyhedron in the sphere ABC to the solid polyhedron in the sphere DEF: but the sphere ABC is greater than the solid polyhedron in it; therefore* also the sphere GHK is greater than the solid * 14.5. polyhedron in the sphere DEF: but it is also less, because it is contained within it, which is impossible: therefore the sphere ABC has not to any sphere less than DEF, the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF. In the same manner it may be demonstrated, that the sphere DEF has not to any sphere less than ABC, the triplicate ratio of that which EF has to BC. Nor can the sphere ABC have to any sphere greater than DEF, the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF: for, if it can, let it have that ratio to a greater sphere LMN: therefore, by inversion, the sphere LMN has to the sphere ABC, the triplicate ratio of that

* 14.

which the diameter EF has to the diameter BC. But as the sphere LMN to ABC, so is the sphere DEF to some sphere, which must be less than the sphere ABC, because the sphere LMN is greater than the sphere DEF; therefore the sphere DEF has to a sphere less than ABC the triplicate ratio of that which EF has to BC; which was shewn to be impossible: therefore the sphere ABC has not to any sphere greater than DEF the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF: and it was demonstrated, that neither has it that ratio to any sphere less than DEF. Therefore the sphere ABC has to the sphere DEF, the triplicate ratio of that which BC has to EF. Q. E. D.

END OF THE ELEMENTS.

NOTES,

CRITICAL AND GEOMETRICAL;

CONTAINING

AN ACCOUNT OF THOSE THINGS

IN WHICH THIS EDITION DIFFERS FROM THE GREEK TEXT;

AND THE

REASONS OF THE ALTERATIONS

WHICH HAVE BEEN MADE,

AS ALSO,

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE PROPOSITIONS.

BY ROBERT SIMSON, M.D.

EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF GLASGOW.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD,
And the rest of the Proprietors.

1827.

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