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NOTES

ON

EUCLID'S DATA.

DEFINITION II.

THIS is made more explicit than in the Greek text, to prevent a mistake which the author of the second demonstration of the 24th proposition in the Greek edition has fallen into, of thinking that a ratio is given to which another ratio is shewn to be equal, though this other be not exhibited in given magnitudes. See the Notes on the Proposition, which is the 13th in this edition. Besides, by this definition, as it is now given, some propositions are demonstrated, which in, the Greek are not so well done by help of Prop. 2.

DEF. IV.

In the Greek text, Def. 4. is thus: "Points, lines, 66 spaces, and angles, are said to be given in position "which have always the same situation;" but this is imperfect and useless, because there are imnumerable cases in which things may be given according to this definition, and yet their position cannot be found: for instance, let the triangle ABC be given in position, and let it be proposed to draw a straight line BD from the angle at B to the opposite side AC, which shall cut off the angle DBC, which shall be the seventh part of the angle ABC; suppose this is done, therefore the straight line BD is inva

B

riable in its position, that is, has always the same situation; for any other straight line drawn from the point B on either side of BD cuts off an angle greater or less than the seventh part of the angle ABC; therefore, according to this definition, the straight line BD 28 Dat. is given in position, as also the point D in which it meets the straight line AC, which is given in position. But from the things here given, neither the straight line

* 44 Dat.

2 Dat.

* 1 Def.

BD, nor the point D, can be found by the help of Euclid's Elements only, by which every thing in his data is supposed may be found. This definition is therefore of no use. We have amended it by adding, "and which are either actually exhibited, or can be "found," for nothing is to be reckoned given, which cannot be found, or is not actually exhibited.

The definition of an angle given by position is taken out of the 4th, and given more distinctly by itself in the definition marked A.

DEF. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV.

The 11th and 12th are omitted, because they cannot be given in English,, so as to have any tolerable sense: and therefore, wherever the terms defined oc

the words which express their meaning are made use of in their place.

The 13th, 14th, 15th, are omitted, as being of no use." It is to be observed in general of the data in this book that they are to be understood to be given geometrically, not always arithmetically, that is, they cannot always be exhibited in numbers; for instance, if the side of a square be given, the ratio of it to its diameter is given geometrically, but not in numbers; and the diameter is given *; but though the number of any equal parts in the side be given, for example 10, the number of them in the diameter cannot be given: and the like holds in many other cases.

PROPOSITION I.

In this it is shown that A is to B as C to D, from this, that A is to C as B to D, and then by permutation; but it follows directly without these two steps, from 7. 5.

PROP. II.

The limitation added to the end of this proposition between the inverted commas, is quite necessary, because without it the proposition cannot always be demonstrated: For the author having said+, "because A "is given, a magnitude equal to it can be found *; "let this be C; and because the ratio of A to B is

+ See Dr. Gregory's edition of the Data.

❝given, a ratio which is the same to it can be found *,'
adds, "let it be found, and let it be the ratio of C to
"A." Now, from the second definition, nothing more
follows than that some ratio, suppose the ratio of E to
Z, can be found, which is the same with the ratio of A
to B, and when the author supposes that the ratio of
C to A, which is also the same with the ratio of A to
B, can be found, he necessarily supposes that to the
three magnitudes E, Z, C, a fourth proportional A may
be found; but this cannot always be done by the Ele-
ments of Euclid; from which it is plain Euclid must
have understood the proposition under the limitation
which is now added to his text. An example will
make this clear: Let A be a
given angle, and B another
angle to which A has a given
ratio; for instance, the ratio
of the given straight line E to
the given one Z; then, hav-
ing found an angle C equal to
A, how can the angle A be
found to which C has the
same ratio that E has to Z?
Certainly no way, until it be
shewn how to find an angle

E

2

B

to which a given angle has a given ratio, which cannot be done by Euclid's Elements, nor probably by any Geometry known in his time. Therefore in all the propositions of this book which depend upon this second, the above-mentioned limitation must be understood, though it be not explicitly mentioned.

PROP. V.

The order of the Propositions in the Greek text between Prop. 4. and Prop. 25, is now changed into another which is more natural, by placing those which are more simple before those which are more complex; and by placing together those which are of the same kind, some of which were mixed among others of a different kind. Thus, Prop. 12. in the Greek is now made the 5th, and those which were the 22d and 23d are made the 11th and 12th, as they are more simple than the propositions concerning magnitudes, the excess of one of which above a given magnitude has a given ratio to the other, after which these two were

* 2 Def.

placed; and the 24th in the Greek text is, for the same reason, made the 13th.

PROP. VI. VII.

These are universally true, though, in the Greek text, they are demonstrated by Prop. 2. which has a limitation; they are therefore now shewn without it. PROP. XII.

In the 23d Prop. in the Greek text, which here is the 12th, the words "un Toùs auroùs de" are wrong translated by Claud. Hardy, in his edition of Euclid's Data, printed at Paris anno 1625, which was the first edition of the Greek text; and Dr. Gregory follows him in translating them by the words, "etsi non easdem", as if the Greek had been εἰ καὶ μὴ τοὺς αὐτοὺς, as in Prop. 9. of the Greek text. Euclid's meaning is, that the ratios mentioned in the proposition must not be the same: for, if they were, the proposition would not be true. Whatever ratio the whole has to the whole, if the ratios of the parts of the first to the parts of the other be the same with this ratio, one part of the first may be double, triple, &c. of the other part of it, or have any other ratio to it, and consequently cannot have a given ratio to it; wherefore, these words must be rendered by "non autem, easdem", but not the same ratios, as Zambertus has translated them in his edition. PROP. XIII.

Some very ignorant editor has given a second demonstration of this proposition in the Greek text, which has been as ignorantly kept in by Claud. Hardy and Dr. Gregory, and has been retained in the translations of Zambertus and others. Carolus Renaldinus gives it only. The author of it has thought that a ratio was given, if another ratio could be shewn to be the same to it, though this last ratio be not found. But this is altogether absurd, because from it would be deduced that the ratio of the sides of any two squares is given, and the ratio of the diameters of any two circles, &c. And it is to be observed that the moderns frequently take given ratios, and ratios that are always the same, for one and the same thing; and Sir Isaac Newton has fallen into this mistake in the 17th Lemma of his Principia, edit. 1713, and in other places; but this should be carefully avoided, as it may lead into other errors.

PROP. XIV. XV.

Euclid in this book has several propositions concerning magnitudes, the excess of one of which above a given magnitude has a given ratio to the other; but he has given none concerning magnitudes whereof one together with a given magnitude has a given ratio to the other though these last occur as frequently in the solution of problems as the first; the reason of which is, that the last may be all demonstrated by help of the first; for if a magnitude, together with a given magnitude, has a given ratio to another magnitude, the excess of this other above a given magnitude shall have a given ratio to the first, and on the contrary; as we have demonstrated in Prop. 14. And for a like reason, Prop. 15. has been added to the Data. One example will make the thing clear: Suppose it were to be demonstrated, that if a magnitude A together with a given magnitude has a given ratio to another magnitude B, that the two magnitudes A and B, together with a given magnitude, have a given ratio to that other magnitude B; which is the same proposition with respect to the last kind of magnitudes above mentioned, that the first part of Prop. 16. in this edition, is in respect of the first kind: this is shewn thus, from the hypothesis, and by the first part of Prop. 14. the excess of B above a given magnitude has unto A a given ratio; and, therefore, by the first part of Prop. 17. the excess of B above a given magnitude has unto B and A together a given ratio; and by the second part of Prop. 14. A and B together with a given magnitude have unto B a given ratio; which is the thing that was to be demonstrated. In like manner, the other propositions concerning the last kind of magnitudes may be shewn.

PROP. XVI. XVII.

In the third part of Prop. 10. in the Greek text, which is the 16th in this edition, after the ratio of EC, to CB has been shewn to be given: from this, by inversion and conversion, the ratio of BC to BE is demonstrated to be given; but, without these two steps, the conclusion should have been made only by citing the 6th Proposition. And in like manner, in the first part of Prop. 11. in the Greek, which in this edition is

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