EXERCISE I.

Tell whether the italicized words in the following sentences are adjectives or pronouns, giving reasons in each

beach gase:

I. Many, alas! had fallen in battle. - HAWTHORNE.

2. There is a calm for those who weep.-J. MONTGOMERY.

Working in these walls of time;

Some with massive deeds and great,

Some with ornaments of rhyme. — LONGFELLOW.

4. Any life that is worth living must be a struggle.

-DEAN STANLEY.

5. The man deserving the name is one whose thoughts and exertions are for others rather than for himself. - SIR WALTER SCOTT.

6. All men think all men mortal but themselves. -YOUNG. 7. Men at some time are masters of their fate. - SHAKESPEARE. 8. This was the noblest Roman of them all.. SHAKESPEARE.

9. My worthy friend Sir Roger is one of those who is not only at peace with himself, but beloved and esteemed by all about him. — ADDISON.

10. It is one thing to be well informed; it is another to be wise. ROBERTSON.

II. We too seldom think how much we formidable savages. — JOHN FISKE.

owe to those

12. Few shall part where many meet. - CAMPBELL.

That which before us lies in daily life
Is the prime wisdom.—MILTON.

EXERCISE II.

Construct sentences containing the following words used (1) as adjectives, (2) as adjective pronouns :

both, each, few, several, these,
neither, none, many, that,

other.

LESSON XXVIII.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Tell how many assertions are made in each of the following sentences, read the principal statement, and state the office of the italicized part:

1. We found a guide, who answered our questions. non 2. The wind, which rose suddenly, had now ceased.

8. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.

A part of a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate is called a clause.

The clause that expresses the leading or principal thought of a ⚫ sentence is called an independent or principal clause.

A clause that depends upon some other part of the sentence for its full meaning is called a dependent or subordinate clause.

Which words in the dependent clauses above refer to preceding nouns, and how are the dependent clauses joined to the independent clauses?

A word that refers to a preceding noun or pronoun, and connects with it a dependent clause, is called a relative pronoun.

The word to which a pronoun refers or relates is called its antecedent. The relative pronoun connects the clause of which it is a part to its antecedent.

The relative pronouns are who, which, that, and what.

Who is applied to persons; as,

Hail to the chief who in triumph advances. - SCOTT.

Which is applied to the lower animals and to things without life; as,

1. Here is the horse which will take us to the end of our journey.

2. Nature has, indeed, given us a soil which yields bounteously to the hands of industry. — WEBSTER.

Which was formerly used in speaking of persons; as,

Our Father which art in heaven.

That is applied to persons, to animals, and to things; as, —

I. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just. - SHAKESPEARE. 2. A half-starved dog, that looked like Wolf, was skulking about the house. - IRVING.

3. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid. — BIBLE.

What is used without an antecedent expressed. It is equivalent to that which; as,

She remembers what [that which] she reads.

As is sometimes used as a relative pronoun. It is then usually preceded by such; as,

Let such as [those who] hear take heed.

But is also used as a relative pronoun. It has a negative force; as,

There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended,

But has [that has not] one vacant chair.-Longfellow.

A relative clause may introduce an additional fact about the antecedent; as,—

They had one son, who had grown up to be the staff and pride of their age. — IRVING.

Or it may limit or restrict the meaning of the antecedent; as,— The bird that soars on highest wing

Builds on the ground her lowly nest.

That is preferred to who in restrictive clauses.
Who is declined as follows:

The other relative pronouns are not declined, but whose is often used as if it were the possessive form of which; as,

Bordered with trees whose gay leaves fly. - Bryant.

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Pronouns formed by adding ever or soever to who, which, and what are called compound relative pronouns; as, whoever, whosoever; whichever, whichsoever; whatever, whatsoever.

EXERCISE I.

Mention the relative pronouns in the following sentences, name their antecedents, tell what the pronouns connect, and give the case of each:

1. He that lacks time to mourn lacks time to mend.

2. Where lies the land to which the ship would go? 3. My ramble soon led me to the church, which stood a little distance from the village. - IRVING.

4. What a man has learnt is of importance, but what he is, what he can do, what he will become, are more significant things. - HELPS.

. He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty.

BIBLE.

6. A land that will not yield satisfactorily without irrigation, and whose best paying produce requires intelligent as well as careful husbandry, will never be an idle land. — Warner.

7.

All precious things, discovered late,

To those that seek them issue forth.-TENNYSON.

8.

They are slaves who dare not be

In the right with two or three. - LOWELL.

9. Here, then, I parted, sorrowfully, from the companion with whom I set out on my journey. - HOLMES.

10. He who has sought renown about the world, and has reaped a full harvest of worldly favor, will find, after all, that there is no love, no, admiration, no applause, so sweet to the soul as that which springs up in his native place.

-IRVING.