ἐπὶ Θράκης ἔτη τοσαῦτα ἀφεστῶτες ἀφ ̓ ἡμῶν ἔτι ἀχείρωτοί εἰσι καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς κατὰ τὰς ἠπείρους ἐνδοιαστῶς ἀκροῶνται. ἡμεῖς δὲ Εγεσταίοις δὴ οὖσι ξυμμάχοις ὡς ἀδικουμένοις ὀξέως cf. μǹ στévaše πрìv μáłŋs, Soph. Philoct. 917) can only be used in a negative sentence, with the conjunctive, with reference to a condition which has not yet taken place ; οὐ χρὴ μ' ἐνθένδε ἀπελθεῖν πρìv äv dŵ díкηv. Xenoph. Anab. v. 7, 5. Distinct from this is the use of πply with an indicative: that construction can only be employed when the event has already taken place ; cf. παραπλήσια δὲ καὶ οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν αὐτοῖς ἔπαθον, πρίν γε δὴ οἱ Συρακόσιοι ἔτρεψαν. VII. VI. 'Until the Syracusans did actually rout them ; ἐθαύμαζον τοὺς Κορινθίους...πρὶν idóvтes elπov, 'until they actually saw,' I. 51. The infinitive with πpliv seems to denote a simple relation of time to an action which has taken place, or to one conceived, which is hindered; the relation in the former case being stated without any emphasis whatever. μeîs Μεσσήνην εἵλομεν πρὶν Πέρσας λαβεῖν τὴν Bariλelav. Isocr. Archid. 26. Here the second clause merely denotes a simple relation, without having any prominence attached to it. I think if the indicative Maßor were used, this latter clause would be far more emphatic. However this may be, there is a marked distinction between πply, with the indicative, and pìv av with the conjunctive. In fact, all particles of time have this double construction: the former denoting the actual occurrence in the past, the other, the future contingency. In this latter case they take dv with the conjunctive. λaσev čσTE ȧpíкETO, ‘he marched until he came;” ἐλῇ ἔστ ̓ ἂν ἀφίκηται, 'he will march until he reach.' This conjunctive becomes in the oratio obliqua the optative without av: for instance, δεῖ μανθάνειν ἕως ἂν γένηται becomes ἔφη δεῖν μανθάνειν ἕως γένοιτο. εἰ Χαλκιδῆς γε] The meaning of γε is usually 'quidem,' 'at least,' adding emphasis to, or limiting, the word it accompanies. ἀνὴρ ὅστις πινυτός γε, ‘at least a prudent man.' It differs from Mév in this, that μév excludes other suppositions, and therefore has dé to correspond to it; ye only points out distinction above others, without excluding them. For instance, où μèv pýs, implies, that I deny it; but ŵs σú ye pýs implies nothing of the kind, but that you say it whether others do or not. It is to be observed, that in el...ye with a word intervening as above, the γε affects that word; in eye, the ye affects the whole clause. Also el ye differs from elπep in this, that the latter denotes an uncertain supposition, whereas the former generally assumes the truth of it, and is almost since.' Εγεσταίοις δή] The particle δή is the strong form of dé: as this last draws attention to the word or clause with which it stands as distinguished from something preceding, so ôn insists on the second, to the exclusion altogether of the first it means therefore 'leave all intermediate, and come to that and stop.' A main use of it is to strengthen, limit, or define the word it follows, and add emphasis to it. For instance, μóvos dý, all alone; with numerals тpeîs dý, full three, no more, no less. Hence it is common with μέγας, πολύς, and above all with superlatives; as Tλeîσтol dń, decidedly the most; so ds dń, the exact man who; olos dǹ σú, just such a man as you; σù dǹ ëπpažas, you of all people. It also is used of things generally admitted, (every one has come to that conclusion). Lastly, a common use of on in Thucydides derived from this, is one of bitter irony, in connexion with nouns and adjectives, as here: 'Eyeσral βοηθοῦμεν· ὑφ ̓ ὧν δ ̓ αὐτοὶ πάλαι ἀφεστώτων ἀδικούμεθα, ἔτι 11 μέλλομεν ἀμύνεσθαι. καίτοι τοὺς μὲν κατεργασάμενοι κἂν κατάσχοιμεν· τῶν δ ̓ εἰ καὶ κρατήσαιμεν, διὰ πολλοῦ γε καὶ πολλῶν ὄντων χαλεπῶς ἂν ἄρχειν δυναίμεθα. ἀνόητον δ ̓ ἐπὶ τοιούτους ἰέναι ὧν κρατήσας τε μὴ κατασχήσει τις καὶ μὴ κατορθώσας μὴ ἐν τῷ ὁμοίῳ καὶ πρὶν ἐπιχειρῆσαι ἔσται. Σικελιῶται δ ̓ ἄν μοι δοκοῦσιν, ὥς γε νῦν ἔχουσι, καὶ ἔτι ἂν ἦσα σον δεινοὶ ἡμῖν γενέσθαι, εἰ ἄρξειαν αὐτῶν Συρακόσιοι· ὅπερ οἱ Ἐγεσταῖοι μάλιστα ἡμᾶς ἐκφοβοῦσιν. νῦν μὲν γὰρ κἂν ἔλα θοιεν ἴσως Λακεδαιμονίων ἕκαστοι χάριτι, ἐκείνως δ ̓ οὐκ εἰκὸς ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ ἀρχὴν στρατεῦσαι· ᾧ γὰρ ἂν τρόπῳ τὴν ἡμετέραν μετὰ Πελοποννησίων ἀφέλωνται, εἰκὸς ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν οις δὴ οὖσι ξυμμάχοις, those pretended allies ; cf. αὐτόνομοι δὴ ὄντες, independent forsooth as you say. III. 10. τοὺς Αθηναίους φίλους δὴ ὄντας μὴ ἐᾶσαι ἁμαρτεῖν, ‘those friends of yours as they forsooth profess to be, VI. 8o. Cf. κατὰ χρησμὸν δή τινα, III. 104, and ὡς κατ' εὔνοιαν δή, IV. 46. ΧΙ. κατεργασάμενοι] ' If we defeated them, we could establish ourselves in complete mastery over them.' εἰ καὶ] In εἰ καί the και is even, and refers to the whole sentence, 'if we were even to go so far as to conquer.' In καὶ εἰ the καί refers only to the condition, putting it in the least favorable light. Consequently the first usually assumes the truth of the supposition, the second does not. διὰ πολλοῦ γε] The γε, as stated above, qualifies πολλοῦ, limiting the generality of the assertion, 'at least as they are far removed.' μὴ κατασχήσει] • Will not be able to hold them down in our power.' This use of un to negative a relative clause is explained elsewhere: see ch. 36. If οὐ were the reading here, the expression would no longer be indefinite, but τοιούτους would refer to some definite persons already mentioned. ἂν μοι δοκοῦσιν] Both the particles refer to γενέσθαι, the second dr being merely a repetition of the first after the intervening clause ὡς γε νῦν ἔχουσι. This arises, I think, from the anxiety of the Greeks to put forward prominently the fact that it was only a supposed assertion they were making. For a similar repetition cf. I. 76, 77 et sæpius. ὡς γε νῦν ἔχουσι, means, 6 at least looking at their condition now.' εἰ ἄρξειαν] if they were to become their masters. ἄρχειν above means to rule them continually.' ὅπερ ἐκφοβοῦσιν ἡμᾶς] This is generally explained ὅπερ ἐκφοβοῦντες ἡμᾶς λέγουσι. I think rather it is this: many verbs in Greek, besides their regular case, as transitive verbs, are constructed with an accusative of a neuter pronoun, something after the manner of a cognate accusative ; for instance, παραβαίνω τόδε means not, 'I transgress this law,' but, this is the transgression I commit ;' χρῶμαι τόδε, ' this is the use I make ; and so on. In the same way it appears to me, ἐκφοβῶ τόδε may imply this is the fear I cause; and nuâs is the regular accusative governed by the notion of terrifying. Similarly I explain, ταῦτα ὡμίλησε ἡ νεότης in ch. 17. κἂν ἔλθοιεν] ‘they might even proceed to the length of coming.' σφετέραν διὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ καθαιρεθῆναι. ἡμᾶς δ ̓ ἂν οἱ ἐκεῖ Ἕλ ληνες μάλιστα μὲν ἐκπεπληγμένοι εἶεν εἰ μὴ ἀφικοίμεθα, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ εἰ δείξαντες τὴν δύναμιν δι ̓ ὀλίγου ἀπέλθοιμεν· εἰ δὲ σφαλείημέν τι, τάχιστ ̓ ἂν ὑπεριδόντες μετὰ τῶν ἐνθάδε ἐπιθεῖντο. τὰ γὰρ διὰ πλείστου πάντες ἴσμεν θαυμαζόμενα, καὶ τὰ πεῖραν ἥκιστα τῆς δόξης δόντα. ὅπερ νῦν ὑμεῖς ὦ ̓Αθη ναῖοι ἐς Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ τοὺς ξυμμάχους πεπόνθατε· διὰ τὸ παρὰ γνώμην αὐτῶν πρὸς ἃ ἐφοβεῖσθε τὸ πρῶτον περιγε γενῆσθαι, καταφρονήσαντες ἤδη καὶ Σικελίας ἐφίεσθε. χρὴ δὲ μὴ πρὸς τὰς τύχας τῶν ἐναντίων ἐπαίρεσθαι, ἀλλὰ τὰς διανοίας κρατήσαντας θαρρεῖν· μηδὲ Λακεδαιμονίους ἄλλο τι ἡγήσασθαι ἢ διὰ τὸ αἰσχρὸν σκοπεῖν ὅτῳ τρόπῳ ἔτι καὶ νῦν, ἢν δύνωνται, σφήλαντες ἡμᾶς τὸ σφέτερον ἀπρεπὲς εὖ θήσονται, ὅσῳ καὶ περὶ πλείστου καὶ διὰ πλείστου δόξαν ἀρετῆς μελετ διὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ] in the same way, ‘by the same means ; διά with a genitive denotes direct instrumentality, δι ̓ εὐνοίας ᾧ δέδωκε σώζειν, 'per benevolentiam, II. 40 ; διά with an accusative, object, δαπάνης δι ἣν ὠφελεῖ, propter quos sumptus,' I. 83. ἐκπεπληγμένοι είεν] This verb governs an accusative, as being equivalent to a verb of fearing; cf. τὰς ὀλοφύρσεις τῶν ἀπογιγνομένων οἱ οἰκεῖοι ἐξέκαμνον, ΙΙ. 51, 'they were weary of,' and so 'disregarded,' or 'abandoned.' Compare the use of 'egredi,' in Latin with an accusative as equivalent to 'relinquere ;' cf. also μὴ αὐτὴν καταπλαγῆτε δείσαντες, VI. 76. ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ εἰ] The και is not to be joined with el in the sense 'even on the supposition, but refers to ἐκπεπληγμένοι elev repeated. And secondly, they would also be dismayed if.' ὅπερ] The affix περ is connected with περί, περᾶν, &c., and has the idea of 'through,' 'thoroughly;' it adds therefore positiveness, emphasis to the word it accompanies ; ὅσπερ, ‘the exact man, and so on. πρὸς ἃ ἐφοβεῖσθε] 'compared to your fears.' This meaning of 'comparison' is not infrequent. Cf. πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς ἄλλους Συρακόσιοι αὐτοὶ πλείω ἐπορίσαντο, VII. 58, 'a larger share compared to the rest ; cf. also I. 10, πρὸς τὰς μεγίστας &c. ἤδη] ‘straightway. ἤδη is probably more or less connected with dń, and therefore has the idea of 'no interval existing, but coming to this at once,' or 'forthwith;' see ch. 10, on dý. κρατήσαντας θαρρεῖν] ‘to feel confdence only when we have crushed the spirits of our enemies.' ἄλλο τι...] These words are not governed by σκοπεῖν, but by ποιεῖν understood, are doing ought else but considering ;' cf. εἰ μὲν ὑπονοίας τῶν μελλόντων λογιούμενοι ἢ ἄλλο τι ξυνήκετε ἢ βουλεύσοντες. v. 87, sc. ἄλλο τι ποιήσοντες. For a corresponding use of tí ἄλλο, cf. τί ἄλλο ἢ πατέρας τοὺς ὑμετέ ρους καταλείψετε, III. 58; sc. τί ἄλλο ποιήσετε ἢ.... Cf. also οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο ἢ πόλει ἐῴκεσαν, VII. 75. περὶ πλείστου &c.] ὅσῳ ὑπὲρ πάντα τὰ ἄλλα τῆς δόξης θηρῶνται καὶ ἐν πλείσε τῷ χρόνῳ μελετῶσιν αὐτήν, Schol. τῶσιν. ὥστε οὐ περὶ τῶν ἐν Σικελίᾳ Ἐγεσταίων ἡμῖν, ἀνα δρῶν βαρβάρων, ὁ ἀγών, εἰ σωφρονοῦμεν, ἀλλ ̓ ὅπως πόλιν δι' 12 ὀλιγαρχίας ἐπιβουλεύουσαν ὀξέως φυλαξόμεθα. καὶ μεμνῆ σθαι χρὴ ἡμᾶς ὅτι νεωστὶ ἀπὸ νόσου μεγάλης καὶ πολέμου βραχύ τι λελωφήκαμεν, ὥστε καὶ χρήμασι καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν ηὐξῆσθαι· καὶ ταῦτα ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν δίκαιον ἐνθάδε εἶναι ἀναλοῦν, καὶ μὴ ὑπὲρ ἀνδρῶν φυγάδων τῶνδε ἐπικουρίας δεομένων, οἷς τό τε ψεύσασθαι καλῶς χρήσιμον, καὶ τῷ τοῦ πέλας κινδύνῳ, αὑτῶν λόγους μόνον παρασχομένους, ἢ κατορθώσαντας χάριν μὴ ἀξίαν εἰδέναι ἢ πταίσαντάς που τοὺς φίλους ξυναπολέσαι. εἴ τέ τις ἄρχειν ἄσμενος αἱρεθεὶς παραινεῖ ὑμῖν ἐκπλεῖν, τὸ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον σκοπῶν, ἄλλως τε καὶ νεώτερος ἔτι ὢν ἐς τὸ ἄρχειν, ὅπως θαυμασθῇ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἱπποτροφίας, διὰ δὲ πολυτέλειαν καὶ ὠφεληθῇ τι ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς, μηδὲ τούτῳ ἐμπαράσχητε τῷ τῆς πόλεως κινδύνῳ ἰδίᾳ ἐλλαμπρύνεσθαι, νομίσατε δὲ τοὺς τοιούτους τὰ μὲν δημόσια ἀδικεῖν τὰ δὲ ἴδια ἀναλοῦν, καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα μέγα εἶναι καὶ μὴ οἷον νεωτέρῳ βουλεύσασθαί 13 τε καὶ ὀξέως μεταχειρίσαι. οὓς ἐγὼ ὁρῶν νῦν ἐνθάδε τῷ αὐτῷ ἀνδρὶ παρακελευστοὺς καθημένους φοβοῦμαι, καὶ τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις ἀντιπαρακελεύομαι μὴ καταισχυνθῆναι, εἴ τῷ τις παρακάθηται τῶνδε, ὅπως μὴ δόξει, ἂν μὴ ψηφίζηται πολεμεῖν, μαλακὸς εἶναι, μηδ' ὅπερ ἂν αὐτοὶ πάθοιεν, δυσέρωτας εἶναι XII. ἐνθάδε είναι] The order is (χρὴ μεμνῆσθαι) δίκαιον εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀναλοῦν ταῦτα, &c. The construction after μεμνήσθαι varies, first being formed by ὅτι... λελωφήκαμεν, and then by an infinitive. τό τε ψεύσασθαι] The construction is τό τε ψεύσασθαι χρήσιμον καὶ ἢ τὸ μὴ χάριν ἀξίαν εἰδέναι ἢ τὸ ξυναπολέσαι : χρήσιμον is only suited to the first verb ψεύσασθαι, and a suitable word must be supplied for the other two, as ξυνηθές. Cf. οἱ μὲν ἐπινοῆσαι ὀξεῖς... ὑμεῖς δὲ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα σώζειν, sc. ἱκανοί, or δεινοί, Ι. 70. καὶ ὠφεληθῇ] 'may receive benefit as well as admiration.' οἷον νεωτέρῳ] sc. μὴ τοιοῦτον εἶναι οἷον νεωτέρῳ. Not such as would befit a somewhat young man to deliberate upon : cf. θέαμα δ ̓ εἰσόψει τάχα τοιοῦτον οἷον καὶ στυγοῦντ ̓ ἐποικτίσαι, dip. Tyran. 1295. οϊόν τε would mean 'possible for a somewhat young man.' ΧΙΙΙ. οὓς ἐγὼ ὁρῶν] The os must be referred to τους τοιούτους in the last chapter: 'and I seeing these men,' &c. ἀντιπαρακελεύομαι] ‘I in turn advise : the notion of παρακελεύομαι is perhaps that of 'sending orders along a line of men.' καταισχυνθῆναι] put absolutely not to be shamed out of their opinion, for fear lest any one of them should be thought faint-hearted.' τῶν ἀπόντων, γνόντας ὅτι ἐπιθυμίᾳ μὲν ἐλάχιστα κατορθοῦνται προνοίᾳ δὲ πλεῖστα, ἀλλ ̓ ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος ὡς μέγιστον δὴ τῶν πρὶν κίνδυνον ἀναρριπτούσης ἀντιχειροτονεῖν, καὶ ψηφίζεσθαι τοὺς μὲν Σικελιώτας οἷσπερ νῦν ὅροις χρωμένους πρὸς ἡμᾶς, οὐ μεμπτοῖς, τῷ τε Ἰονίῳ κόλπῳ παρὰ γῆν ἤν τις πλέῃ, καὶ τῷ Σικελικῷ διὰ πελάγους, τὰ αὑτῶν νεμομένους καθ ̓ αὑτοὺς καὶ ξυμφέρεσθαι· τοῖς δ ̓ Εγεσταίοις ἰδίᾳ εἰπεῖν, ἐπειδὴ ἄνευ Αθηναίων καὶ ξυνῆψαν πρὸς Σελινουντίους τὸ πρῶτον πόλεμον, μετὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν καὶ καταλύεσθαι· καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν ξυμμάχους μὴ ποιεῖσθαι ὥσπερ εἰώθαμεν, οἷς κακώς μὲν πράξασιν ἀμυνοῦμεν, ὠφελίας δ' αὐτοὶ δεηθέντες οὐ τευξό μεθα. καὶ σὺ ὦ πρύτανι ταῦτα, εἴπερ ἡγεῖ σοι προσήκειν 14 κήδεσθαί τε τῆς πόλεως καὶ βούλει γενέσθαι πολίτης ἀγαθός, ἐπιψήφιζε, καὶ γνώμας προτίθει αὖθις Αθηναίοις, νομίσας, εἰ ὀρρωδεῖς τὸ ἀναψηφίσαι, τὸ μὲν λύειν τοὺς νόμους μὴ μετὰ τοσῶνδ ̓ ἂν μαρτύρων αἰτίαν σχεῖν, τῆς δὲ πόλεως βουλευσα τῶν πρὶν κίνδυνον &c.] A superlative, in accordance with the usual Greek construction, for a comparative: of course, strictly speaking, the danger could not be the greatest of all preceding ones, but greater than they all: cf. ἀξιολογώτατον τῶν προγεγενημένων, Ι. Ι ; also μεγίστη δὴ τῶν πρὶν παρέστη, VIII. 96. ἀντιχειροτονεῖν] 'to vote by show of hands against such men.' τοὺς μὲν Σικελιώτας] This corresponds to τοῖς δὲ Εγεσταίοις. καὶ ξυνήψαν] The phrase, ‘as they made war, they also made peace,' would generally in Greek be rendered by ὥσπερ καὶ πόλεμον ξυνήψαν, κατελύοντο; the kal being thrown into that clause in which, according to our idiom, it is least wanted. It can, however, also be expressed by ὥσπερ πόλεμον ξυνῆψαν, καὶ κατελύοντο ; and as a result of this twofold form, it happens that the two are joined together pleonastically. Of course if only one kai be used, it would naturally occur in that clause which in the speaker's mind was the more emphatic. καταλύεσθαι] strictly to dissolve down,' or, 'to pieces,' hence, 'to dissolve a war,' or, 'to make peace in a war one is personally concerned with.' XIV. κήδεσθαί τε] The particle is out of its place: as ἡγεῖ and βούλει are corresponding verbs, the re ought to follow ἡγεῖ. Such inaccuracies are common in most languages. ἀναψηφίσαι] ‘to put it again to the vote.' This sense of ává, derived from the idea of being put down, and then raised up, is common in composition : cf. ἀναβλέπειν, ' to recover sight;” ἀναθαρσείν, ' to regain confidence. It also means 'back,' 'backwards,' as ȧvaxwρεῖν, ‘to go back : possibly this notion is derived from phrases like ἀνὰ ῥόον, 'up the stream.' Besides these, it of course has the meaning of 'up,' as opposed to κατά ; as ἀναβαίνειν, ‘to go up; ἀναστῆναι, “ to stand up, as opposed to καταστῆναι, ‘to settle down. ἂν γενέσθαι] The construction is voμίσας τὸ μὲν λύειν μὴ αἰτίαν ἂν σχεῖν, (αὐτὸς) δέ... αν γενέσθαι. |