τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐκτήσαντο, οὐκ ἄλλῳ τινὶ ἢ τῇ περιουσίᾳ τοῦ ναυ τικοῦ ἰσχύοντες. καὶ νῦν οὔτε ἀνέλπιστοί πω μᾶλλον Πελοποννήσιοι ἐς ἡμᾶς ἐγένοντο, εἴ τε καὶ πάνυ ἔρρωνται, τὸ μὲν ἐς τὴν γῆν ἡμῶν ἐσβάλλειν, κἂν μὴ ἐκπλεύσωμεν, ἱκανοί εἰσιν, τῷ δὲ ναυτικῷ οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο βλάπτειν· ὑπόλοιπον γὰρ ἡμῖν ἐστὶν ἀντίπαλον ναυτικόν. ὥστε τί ἂν λέγοντες εἰκὸς ἢ αὐτοὶ 18 ἀποκνοῖμεν ἢ πρὸς τοὺς ἐκεῖ ξυμμάχους σκηπτόμενοι μὴ βοηθοῖμεν; οἷς χρεών, ἐπειδή γε καὶ ξυνωμόσαμεν, ἐπαμύνειν, καὶ μὴ ἀντιτιθέναι ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνοι ἡμῖν. οὐ γὰρ ἵνα δεῦρο ἀντιβοηθῶσι προσεθέμεθα αὐτούς, ἀλλ ̓ ἵνα τοῖς ἐκεῖ ἐχθροῖς ἡμῶν λυπηροὶ ὄντες δεῦρο κωλύωσιν αὐτοὺς ἐπιέναι. τήν τε ἀρχὴν οὕτως ἐκτησάμεθα καὶ ἡμεῖς καὶ ὅσοι δὴ ἄλλοι ἦρξαν, παραγι γνόμενοι προθύμως τοῖς ἀεὶ ἢ βαρβάροις ἢ Ἕλλησιν ἐπικαλουμένοις, ἐπεὶ εἴγε ἡσυχάζοιεν πάντες ἢ φυλοκρινοῖεν οἷς χρεὼν βοηθεῖν, βραχὺ ἄν τι προσκτώμενοι αὐτῇ περὶ αὐτῆς αν ταύτης μᾶλλον κινδυνεύοιμεν. τὸν γὰρ προὔχοντα οὐ μόνον ἐπιόντα τις ἀμύνεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ μὴ ὅπως ἔπεισι προκαταλαμβάνει. καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ταμιεύεσθαι ἐς ὅσον βουλόμεθα ἄρχειν, ἀλλ ̓ ἀνάγκη, ἐπειδή περ ἐν τῷδε καθέσταμεν, τοῖς μὲν

οὔτε... εἴ τε] cf. on ch. 2o, sub οὐδέ. ἀνέλπιστοί πω] The word is used actively, as in VIII. I, ἀνέλπιστοι ἦσαν σωθήσεσθαι. It is sometimes used passively, as οὐκ ἀνέλπιστον ἡμῖν τὸ τοιοῦ τον ξυμβῆναι, VI. 33 ; φοβερός has a similarly double sense, that of 'timid,' in II. 3, and 'terrifying,' in VI. 55.

κἂν μή] This of course is put for καὶ ἐάν, not for καὶ ἄν.

XVIII. τί ἂν λέγοντες] sc. τί λέγοντες ἢ αὐτοὶ ἂν ἀποκνοῖμεν ἢ τί σκηπτόμενοι πρὸς . . . μὴ βοηθοῖμεν ἄν.

ἐπειδή γε καί] ' at all events since we have formed a compact with them.' The explanation of this κal appears to be, that whereas in English we put our 'also' in the second clause, the Greeks put it in the first ; see on ch. 13, καὶ ξυνήψαν, &c.

ὅσοι δή] See on ch. ro under δή. Below, ἦρξαν is, ‘gained power ; ἄρχειν,

below, 'to be rulers.'

τοῖς ἀεί] The ἀel in this position, between the article and a noun or participle, must be construed from time to time. Cf. κατὰ τὸ ἀεὶ παρεῖκον τοῦ κρεμνώδους, IV. 36, that portion of the craggy cliff which from time to time gave them an opportunity.' It seems to arise from considering 'always' as an aggregate of separate points of time, rather than as signifying uninterrupted time.

προσκτώμενοι] 'making additional conquests ; κτάσθαι, ‘to acquire ; κεκτῆσθαι, ‘to possess.

μὴ ὅπως ἔπεισι] apparently put for ὅπως μή, but I do not understand on what principle.

προκαταλαμβάνει] lit. surprises him beforehand: the notion of καταλαμ βάνειν, seems that of coming down upon a man, and seizing him forcibly.'

ἐπιβουλεύειν τοὺς δὲ μὴ ἀνιέναι, διὰ τὸ ἀρχθῆναι ἂν ὑφ ̓ ἑτέρων αὐτοῖς κίνδυνον εἶναι, εἰ μὴ αὐτοὶ ἄλλων ἄρχοιμεν. καὶ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐπισκεπτέον ὑμῖν τοῖς ἄλλοις τὸ ἥσυχον, εἰ μὴ καὶ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἐς τὸ ὁμοῖον μεταλήψεσθε. λογισάμενοι οὖν τάδε μᾶλλον αὐξήσειν, ἐπ ̓ ἐκεῖνα ἢν ἴωμεν, ποιώμεθα τὸν πλοῦν, ἵνα Πελοποννησίων τε στορέσωμεν τὸ φρόνημα, εἰ δόξομεν ὑπεριδόντες τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἡσυχίαν καὶ ἐπὶ Σικε λίαν πλεῦσαι· καὶ ἅμα ἢ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῶν ἐκεῖ προσγενομένων πάσης τῷ εἰκότι ἄρξομεν, ἢ κακώσομέν γε Συρακοσίους, ἐν καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι ὠφελησόμεθα. τὸ δὲ ἀσφαλές, καὶ μένειν, ἤν τι προσχωρῇ, καὶ ἀπελθεῖν, αἱ νῆες παρέξουσιν· ναυκράτορες γὰρ ἐσόμεθα καὶ ξυμπάντων Σικελιωτῶν. καὶ μὴ ὑμᾶς ἡ Νικίου τῶν λόγων ἀπραγμοσύνη καὶ διάστασις τοῖς νέοις ἐς τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους ἀποστρέψῃ, τῷ δὲ εἰωθότι κόσμῳ, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἅμα νέοι γεραιτέροις βουλεύοντες ἐς τάδε ἦραν αὐτά, καὶ νῦν τῷ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ πειρᾶσθε προαγαγεῖν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ νομίσατε νεότητα μὲν καὶ γῆρας ἄνευ άλλήλων μηδὲν δύνασθαι, ὁμοῦ δὲ τό τε φαῦλον καὶ τὸ μέσον καὶ τὸ πάνυ ἀκριβὲς ἂν ξυγκραθὲν μάλιστ ̓ ἂν ἰσχύειν, καὶ τὴν πόλιν, ἂν μὲν ἡσυχάζῃ, τρίψεσθαί τε αὐτὴν περὶ αὑτὴν ὥσπερ

ἐπισκεπτέον ὑμῖν τὸ ἥσυχον] τὸ ἥσυχον is either nominative or accusative. The constructions with verbals in Téos are threefold : (1) ἐπισκεπτέα ἡ ἡσυχία ἡμῖν, (ν. 15); (2) έπισκεπτέον τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἡμῖν, equivalent to δεῖ ἐπισκέψασθαι; (3) ἐπισκεπτέον τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἡμᾶς (rare), equivalent to δεῖ ἡμᾶς ἐπισκέψασθαι. In (2) the plural of the verbal is common; ἐπισκεπτέα, &c.

μεταλήψεσθαι] Cf. c. 17, sub μεταγιγνώσκετε. In εἰ μὴ καί, the και is merely 'also.'

ἢ κακώσομέν γε] 'or we shall at all events injure.' This sentence is irregular : ἵνα Πελοποννησίων τε στορέσωμεν, and καὶ ἅμα ἄρξομεν, correspond; the sentence passing from the dependent form, to express a purpose, to the independent, καὶ ἄρξομεν, ‘and moreover we shall rule.'

τὸ δὲ ἀσφαλές] sc. παρέξουσι τὸ ασφαλὲς (ὥστε) καὶ μένειν.

καὶ ξυμπάντων] This genitive depends on the notion of conquering contained in ναυκράτορες ; καί means, even though they all join together.'

διάστασις τοῖς νέοις ἐς τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους] ‘attempt, with reference to the young, to set them at variance with the old.' The dative is used to denote general relationship.

καὶ οἱ πατέρες] cf. ch. 13, under καὶ ξυνήψαν.

ἂν ξυγκραθὲν...ἂν] The repetition of the av has been noticed in ch. 11, under ἄν μοι δοκοῦσιν.

ὥσπερ καὶ ἄλλο τι] 'as any other thing besides itself might do.' Below, ἐγγηράσεσθαι is, will grow old in them, and προσλήψεσθαι is, ‘to gain new skill.

καὶ ἄλλο τι, καὶ πάντων τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἐγγηράσεσθαι, ἀγωνι ζομένην δὲ ἀεὶ προσλήψεσθαί τε τὴν ἐμπειρίαν καὶ τὸ ἀμύ νεσθαι οὐ λόγῳ ἀλλ ̓ ἔργῳ μᾶλλον ξύνηθες ἕξειν. παράπαν τε γιγνώσκω πόλιν μὴ ἀπράγμονα τάχιστ ̓ ἄν μοι δοκεῖν ἀπραγμοσύνης μεταβολῇ διαφθαρῆναι, καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀσφαλέ στατα τούτους οἰκεῖν οἳ ἂν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἤθεσι καὶ νόμοις, ἢν καὶ χείρω ᾖ, ἥκιστα διαφόρως πολιτεύωσιν.”

CH. XIX. The Athenians more bent than ever on the attempt. Nicias attempts to dissuade them by the magnitude of the supplies required for the undertaking.

ΤΟΙΑΥΤΑ μὲν ὁ ̓Αλκιβιάδης εἶπεν· οἱ δ' Ἀθηναῖοι 19 ἀκούσαντες ἐκείνου τε καὶ τῶν Ἐγεσταίων καὶ Λεοντίνων φυγάδων, οἱ παρελθόντες ἐδέοντό τε καὶ τῶν ὁρκίων ὑπομιμνήσκοντες ἱκέτευον βοηθῆσαι σφίσιν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἢ πρότερον ὥρμηντο στρατεύειν. καὶ ὁ Νικίας γνοὺς ὅτι ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν αὐτ τῶν λόγων οὐκ ἂν ἔτι ἀποτρέψειεν, παρασκευῆς δὲ πλήθει, εἰ πολλὴν ἐπιτάξειεν, τάχ ̓ ἂν μεταστήσειεν αὐτούς, παρελθὼν αὖθις ἔλεγε τοιάδε.

CH. XX.-XXIII. Nicias' second speech against the expedition.

«ΕΠΕΙΔΗ πάντως ὁρῶ ὑμᾶς ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι ώρμημένους 20 στρατεύειν, ξυνενέγκοι μὲν ταῦτα ὡς βουλόμεθα, ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ παρόντι ἃ γιγνώσκω σημανώ. ἐπὶ γὰρ πόλεις, ὡς ἐγὼ ἀκοῇ αἰσθάνομαι, μέλλομεν ἰέναι μεγάλας καὶ οὔθ ̓ ὑπηκόους ἀλλήλων οὔτε δεομένας μεταβολῆς, ᾗ ἂν ἐκ βιαίου τις δουλείας ἄσμενος ἐς ῥᾴω μετάστασιν χωροίη, οὐδ' ἂν τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν ἡμετέραν

sentences and clauses: as here, ἐπὶ γὰρ πόλεις μέλλομεν ἰέναι μεγάλας οὐδὲ ἂν προσδεξομένας. (2) in the sense of not even,' attached to words or single expressions, as οὐδὲ τεσσάρων μηνῶν, ‘not even for four winter-months.' c. 21. (3) οὐδέ and οὐδέ correspond to each other, in the sense of 'not even,' 'nor yet: cf. ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ προφανοῦς τολμῆσαι ἂν καθ ̓ ἡσυχίαν οὐ δ ̓ εἰ διενοοῦντο μὴ οὐκ ἂν προαισθέσθαι, since

εἰκότως ἀντ ̓ ἐλευθερίας προσδεξαμένας, τό τε πλῆθος ὡς ἐν μιᾷ νήσῳ πολλὰς τὰς Ἑλληνίδας. πλὴν γὰρ Νάξου καὶ Κατάνης, ἃς ἐλπίζω ἡμῖν κατὰ τὸ Λεοντίνων ξυγγενὲς προσέ σεσθαι, ἄλλαι εἰσὶν ἑπτά, καὶ παρεσκευασμέναι τοῖς πᾶσιν ὁμοιοτρόπως μάλιστα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ δυνάμει, καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ ἃς μᾶλλον πλέομεν, Σελινοῦς καὶ Συράκουσαι. πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ ὁπλῖται ἔνεισι καὶ τοξόται καὶ ἀκοντισταί, πολλαὶ δὲ τριήρεις καὶ ὄχλος ὁ πληρώσων αὐτάς. χρήματά τ ̓ ἔχουσι τὰ μὲν ἴδια, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ἐστὶ Σελινουντίοις· Συρακοσίοις δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ βαρβάρων τινῶν ἀπαρχὴ ἐσφέρεται. ᾧ δὲ μάλιστα ἡμῶν προέχουσιν, ἵππους τε πολλοὺς κέκτηνται καὶ 21σίτῳ οἰκείῳ καὶ οὐκ ἐπακτῷ χρῶνται. πρὸς οὖν τοιαύτην δύνα μιν οὐ ναυτικῆς καὶ φαύλου στρατιᾶς μόνον δεῖ, ἀλλὰ καὶ πεζὸν πολὺν ξυμπλεῖν, εἴπερ βουλόμεθα ἄξιον τῆς διανοίας δρᾶν καὶ μὴ ὑπὸ ἱππέων πολλῶν εἴργεσθαι τῆς γῆς, ἄλλως τε καὶ εἰ ξυστῶσιν αἱ πόλεις φοβηθεῖσαι, καὶ μὴ ἀντιπαράσχωσιν ἡμῖν φίλοι τινὲς γενόμενοι, ἄλλοι ἢ Ἐγεσταῖοι, ᾧ ἀμυνούμεθα ἱππικόν. αἰσχρὸν δὲ βιασθέντας ἀπελθεῖν ἢ ὕστερον ἐπιμετα πέμπεσθαι, τὸ πρῶτον ἀσκέπτως βουλευσαμένους· αὐτόθεν δὲ παρασκευῇ ἀξιόχρεῳ ἐπιέναι, γνόντας ὅτι πολύ τε ἀπὸ τῆς

they expected that they would never even venture to do so openly at leisure, nor yet that, if they did entertain the idea, the Athenians would not discover the plan before it was executed.' This manifestly differs from οὔτε... οὔτε. Οὔτε, on the other hand, means 'neither,' and has a second oure to correspond with it, so connecting the two clauses into one whole; οὔθ ̓ ὑπηκόους οὔτε δεομένας. Sometimes a Te only, without the negative, answers to it in the second clause, like neque . . . et in Latin. Cf. οὔτε ἀνέλπιστοι...εἴ τε καί, ch. 17. The δέ makes oudé rather distinctive: the re of οὔτε makes it simply connective.

ἂν προσδεξομένας] likely to accept : cf. γνόντες ἂν ἐνδεξομένους, ν. 15. It seems clear that av can be joined with a future participle and infinitive; whether it can be joined also with a future

indicative, is not equally certain. At all events it is a usage by no means to be imitated.

τὰς Ελληνίδας] cities great...and the Greek ones amongst them numerous for a single island.' Below, κal connects ἑπτά and παρεσκευασμέναι, cities seven, and well furnished.'

ΧΧΙ. ξυμπλεῖν] This is governed by δεῖ, with a change of construction, δεῖ στρατιᾶς καὶ (δεῖ) πεζὸν ξυμπλεῖν.

εἰ ξυστῶσιν] I do not think el ever goes with a conjunctive in Thucydides : I should replace ἤν.

ἀντιπαράσχωσιν] 'supply us with cavalry against theirs ;' παρέχω is lit. ‘to have ready besides,' 'to supply.'

ἐπιμεταπέμπεσθαι] ‘to send after or for additional forces.'

ἐπιέναι] This depends either on some word repeated from αἰσχρόν, such as

ἡμετέρας αὐτῶν μέλλομεν πλεῖν καὶ οὐκ ἐν τῷ ὁμοίῳ στρατευ σόμενοι καὶ [οὐκ] ἐν τοῖς τῇδε ὑπηκόοις ξύμμαχοι ἤλθετε ἐπί τινα, ὅθεν ῥᾴδιαι αἱ κομιδαὶ ἐκ τῆς φιλίας ὧν προσέδει, ἀλλ ̓ ἐς ἀλλοτρίαν πᾶσαν ἀπαρτήσαντες, ἐξ ἧς μηνῶν οὐδὲ τεσσάρων τῶν χειμερινῶν ἄγγελον ῥᾴδιον ἐλθεῖν. ὁπλίτας τε οὖν πολ-22 λούς μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι ἡμᾶς ἄγειν καὶ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων, τῶν τε ὑπηκόων καὶ ἤν τινα ἐκ Πελοποννήσου δυνώμεθα ἢ πεῖσαι ἢ μισθῷ προσαγαγέσθαι, καὶ τοξότας πολλοὺς καὶ σφενδονήτας, ὅπως πρὸς τὸ ἐκείνων ἱππικὸν ἀντέχωσιν, ναυσί τε καὶ πολὺ περιεῖναι, ἵνα καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ῥᾷον ἐσκομιζώμεθα, τὸν δὲ καὶ αὐτόθεν σῖτον ἐν ὁλκάσι, πυροὺς καὶ πεφρυγμένας κριθάς, ἄγειν, καὶ σιτοποιοὺς ἐκ τῶν μυλώνων πρὸς μέρος ἠναγκασμένους ἐμμίσθους, ἵνα ἤν που ὑπὸ ἀπλοίας ἀπολαμβανώμεθα ἔχῃ ἡ στρατιὰ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια (πολλὴ γὰρ οὖσα οὐ πάσης ἔσται

εἰκός, οι προσῆκον (cf. ch. 12), or δεῖ must be repeated from the beginning of the chapter. I do not see any force in Poppo's objection, that, in this way, ἐπιέναι, in the main sentence, would be opposed to ἐπιμεταπέμπεσθαι in a par renthetic clause.

στρατευσόμενοι] The construction of course is not γνόντας ὅτι πολύ τε μέλλομεν...καὶ γνόντας στρατευσόμενοι, for the participle (besides other reasons) would be in the accusative; but πολύ and στρατευσόμενοι correspond, both depending on πλεῖν. ‘We are about to sail, both far from our own land, and (about to sail) on an expedition different from any previous one on which you went.'

ἐκ τῆς φιλίας] sc. γῆς: cf. ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμετέρας, and ἐς ἀλλοτρίαν.

ὧν προσέδει] ‘the additional supplies requisite.'

οὐδὲ τεσσάρων] The οὐδέ must qualify τεσσάρων, not ἄγγελον, even for so many as four of the winter-months a messenger cannot reach us.'

XXII. ὁπλίτας τε οὖν] These words correspond to καὶ τοξότας: and τῶν ξυμμάχων are subdivided into τῶν ὑπηκόων, and ἤν τινα ἐκ Πελοποννήσου.

καὶ πολύ] ‘have a very decided superiority; καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, ‘amongst other advantages, also introduce our provisions more easily.'

αὐτόθεν] The particle of motion from' is suited to dyew: cf. ch. 7, sub οἱ ἐκ τῶν ̓Ορνεῶν; πυρούς appears to mean the different kinds of wheat, 'And our home-corn besides, consisting of different wheats.'

πρὸς μέρος] This seems to mean pro servorum apud quemque numero.' Dobree.

που] Ποῦ means where, interrogatively; consequently, που means 'anywhere' indefinitely, or, 'somehow ;' ‘if we are detained anywhere by stress of weather: cf. τὸ παραυτίκα που ὠφέλιμον, ‘What is on any occasion for our immediate interest,' III. 56. Besides this, it has the meaning of, ‘I suppose,' 'doubtless,' with a half question, ỏ yàp σκυτοτόμος τέμνει που τομεῖ, the leathercutter cuts, I presume; you will allow that, I suppose.'

πολλὴ γὰρ οὖσα] A contracted expression for αὐτὴν γάρ, πολλὴν οὖσαν οὐ πάσης ἔσται πόλεως ὑποδέξασθαι. As it stands at present, ώστε must be understood before ὑποδέξασθαι.