τὴν ἄλλην αὐτοῦ ἐς τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα οὐ δημοτικὴν παρανομίαν. ὁ δ ̓ ἔν τε τῷ παρόντι πρὸς τὰ μηνύματα ἀπελογεῖτο, 29 καὶ ἑτοῖμος ἦν πρὶν ἐκπλεῖν κρίνεσθαι, εἴ τι τούτων εἰργα σμένος ἦν (ἤδη γὰρ καὶ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς ἐπεπόριστο), καὶ εἰ μὲν τούτων τι εἴργαστο, δίκην δοῦναι, εἰ δ ̓ ἀπολυθείη, ἄρχειν. καὶ ἐπεμαρτύρετο μὴ ἀπόντος πέρι αὐτοῦ διαβολὰς ἀποδέχεσθαι, ἀλλ ̓ ἤδη ἀποκτείνειν εἰ ἀδικεῖ, καὶ ὅτι σωφρονέστερον εἴη μὴ μετὰ τοιαύτης αἰτίας, πρὶν διαγνῶσι, πέμπειν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοσούτῳ στρατεύματι. οἱ δ ̓ ἐχθροὶ δεδιότες τό τε στράτευμα μὴ εὔνουν ἔχῃ, ἂν ἤδη ἀγωνίζηται, ὅ τε δῆμος μὴ μαλακίζηται θεραπεύων ὅτι δι ̓ ἐκεῖνον οἵ τ ̓ Ἀργεῖοι ξυνε στράτευον καὶ τῶν Μαντινέων τινές, ἀπέτρεπον καὶ ἀπέσπευ δον, ἄλλους ῥήτορας ἐνιέντες οἱ ἔλεγον νῦν μὲν πλεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ μὴ κατασχεῖν τὴν ἀγωγήν, ἐλθόντα δὲ κρίνεσθαι ἐν ἡμέραις ῥηταῖς, βουλόμενοι ἐκ μείζονος διαβολῆς, ἣν ἔμελλον ῥᾷον αὐτ τοῦ ἀπόντος ποριεῖν, μετάπεμπτον κομισθέντα αὐτὸν ἀγωνί σασθαι. καὶ ἔδοξε πλεῖν τὸν ̓Αλκιβιάδην.

CH. XXX. XXXII. Departure of the feet from Peircus: some account of the details of the armament. News of the undertaking reaches Syracuse.

ΜΕΤΑ δὲ ταῦτα θέρους μεσοῦντος ἤδη ἡ ἀναγωγὴ ἐγί-30 γνετο ἐς τὴν Σικελίαν. τῶν μὲν οὖν ξυμμάχων τοῖς πλείστοις καὶ ταῖς σιταγωγοῖς ὁλκάσι καὶ τοῖς πλοίοις, καὶ ὅση

τὴν οὐ δημοτικήν] For this use of οὐ with single words after an article, cf. τὴν τότε οὐ διάλυσιν, the non-demolition, Ι. 137.

ΧΧΙΧ. ἀπελογεῖτο] The imperfect here denotes wish or intention incomplete: 'was for defending himself.'

καὶ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς] • Besides other reasons, their preparations for the expedition were also completed.'

ἄρχειν] The present is used with propriety in the sense of 'continuing in command,' for he was already general.

ἐπεμαρτύρετο] The construction is changed from μὴ ἀποδέχεσθαι to ὅτι εἴη,

'he entreated them not to receive...and (assured them) that it was more prudent.'

ἀγωγήν] Some read ἀναγωγήν; the difference being that ἀγωγή means a journey, ἀναγωγή a commencement of the journey: cf. ἀνάγεσθαι, of putting

out to sea.

XXX. The imperfects in this chapter are to be noticed: they are used to graphically represent the events as still passing before our eyes, and not yet completed. See on ch. 6.

τῶν μὲν οὖν] This corresponds to αὐτοὶ δ ̓ ̓Αθηναῖοι.

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ἄλλη παρασκευὴ ξυνείπετο, πρότερον εἴρητο ἐς Κέρκυραν ξυλλέγεσθαι ὡς ἐκεῖθεν ἀθρόοις ἐπὶ ἄκραν Ἰαπυγίαν τὸν Ἰόνιον διαβαλοῦσιν· αὐτοὶ δ ̓ Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ εἴ τινες τῶν ξυμμά χων παρῆσαν, ἐς τὸν Πειραιᾶ καταβάντες ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ῥητῇ ἅμα ἕῳ ἐπλήρουν τὰς ναῦς ὡς ἀναξόμενοι. ξυγκατέβη δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄλλος ὅμιλος ἅπας ὡς εἰπεῖν ὁ ἐν τῇ πόλει, καὶ ἀστῶν καὶ ξένων, οἱ μὲν ἐπιχώριοι τοὺς σφετέρους αὐτῶν ἕκαστοι προπέμποντες, οἱ μὲν ἑταίρους οἱ δὲ ξυγγενεῖς οἱ δὲ υἱεῖς, καὶ μετ ̓ ἐλπίδος τε ἅμα ἰόντες καὶ ὀλοφυρμῶν, τὰ μὲν ὡς κτήσοιντο, τοὺς δ ̓ εἴ ποτε ὄψοιντο, ἐνθυμούμενοι ὅσον πλοῦν ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ἀπεστέλλοντο. καὶ ἐν τῷ παρόντι καιρῷ, ὡς ἤδη ἔμελλον μετὰ κινδύνων ἀλλήλους ἀπολιπεῖν, μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς ἐσῄει τὰ δεινὰ ἢ ὅτε ἐψηφίζοντο πλεῖν· ὅμως δὲ τῇ παρούσῃ ῥώμῃ, διὰ τὸ πλῆθος ἑκάστων ὧν ἑώρων, τῇ ὄψει ἀνεθάρσουν. οἱ δὲ ξένοι καὶ ὁ ἄλλος ὄχλος κατὰ θέαν ἧκεν ὡς ἐπ ̓ ἀξιόχρεων καὶ ἄπιστον διάνοιαν. παρασκευὴ γὰρ αὕτη πρώτη ἐκπλεύσασα μιας πόλεως δυνάμει Ἑλληνικῇ πολυτελεστάτη δὴ καὶ εὐπρεπεστάτη τῶν ἐς ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον ἐγένετο. ἀριθμῷ δὲ νεῶν καὶ ὁπλιτῶν καὶ ἡ ἐς Επίδαυρον μετὰ Περικλέους καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ ἐς

καταβάντες] The sea-coast was considered by the Greeks low ground compared either to the interior or the open sea: words, consequently, like καταβαίνω, κατάγεσθαι, &c., mean to come down to the coast, whether from the open sea, or as here, from the higher ground inland. The converse words ἀναβαίνω, ἀνάγεσθαι, &c., imply to leave the coast, and proceed inland, or to the open sea.

ξυγκατέβη δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄλλος...] and there went down with them, in addition to the men engaged in the expedition, the remaining crowd.'

οἱ μὲν ἐπιχώριοι] The clauses in this long sentence are οἱ μὲν ἐπιχώριοι, and οἱ δὲ ξένοι ; οἱ μὲν ἑταίρους, and οἱ δὲ ξυγ γενεῖς ; προπέμποντες, and καὶ ἰόντες ; μετ ̓ ἐλπίδος τε, and καὶ ὀλοφυρμῶν; (hoping) ὡς κτήσοιντο τὰ μέν, and lamenting as they wondered) εἰ ὄψοιντο τοὺς δέ. The

optatives are due to the 'oratio obliqua.'

πλοῦν ἀπεστέλλοντο] The accusative is a cognate one, since ἀπεστέλλοντο is the same as ἔπλεον.

ἐψηφίζοντο] The aorist would mean 'that moment when they passed the decisive vote;' the imperfect means 'the whole time during which they were engaged in the business of voting.' Below, ἀνεθάρσουν means that as they were continually falling into gloomy thoughts, so they were continually able to shake off the feeling and regain confidence.

ΧΧΧΙ. παρασκευή γάρ] There is no article between παρασκευή and αὕτη ; consequently the words must be separated. This, when it first sailed out, was far (δή) the costliest.

ἡ αὐτή] cf. II. 56 and 58. The feet first sailed to Epidaurus, and subsequently, under the command of Hagnon and others, to Potidæa.

Ποτίδαιαν μετὰ Αγνωνος οὐκ ἐλάσσων ἦν· τετράκις γὰρ χία λιοι ὁπλῖται αὐτῶν ̓Αθηναίων καὶ τριακόσιοι ἱππῆς καὶ τριή ρεις ἑκατόν, καὶ Λεσβίων καὶ Χίων πεντήκοντα, καὶ ξύμμαχοι ἔτι πολλοὶ ξυνέπλευσαν. ἀλλὰ ἐπί τε βραχεῖ πλῷ ὡρμήθησαν καὶ παρασκευῇ φαύλῃ, οὗτος δὲ ὁ στόλος ὡς χρόνιός τε ἐσόμενος καὶ κατ ̓ ἀμφότερα, οὗ ἂν δέῃ, καὶ ναυσὶ καὶ πεζῷ ἅμα ἐξαρτυθείς, τὸ μὲν ναυτικὸν μεγάλαις δαπάναις τῶν τε τριηράρχων καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκπονηθέν, τοῦ μὲν δημοσίου δραχ μὴν τῆς ἡμέρας τῷ ναύτῃ ἑκάστῳ διδόντος καὶ ναῦς παρασχόν τος κενὰς ἑξήκοντα μὲν ταχείας τεσσαράκοντα δὲ ὁπλιταγωγούς, καὶ ὑπηρεσίας ταύταις τὰς κρατίστας τῶν τριηράρχων, ἐπιφοράς τε πρὸς τῷ ἐκ δημοσίου μισθῷ διδόντων τοῖς θρανί ταις τῶν ναυτῶν καὶ ταῖς ὑπηρεσίαις, καὶ τἆλλα σημείοις καὶ κατασκευαῖς πολυτελέσι χρησαμένων, καὶ ἐς τὰ μακρότατα προθυμηθέντος ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ὅπως αὐτῷ τινὶ εὐπρεπείᾳ τε ἡ ναῦς μάλιστα προέξει καὶ τῷ ταχυναυτεῖν, τὸ δὲ πεζὸν καταλόγοις τε χρηστοῖς ἐκκριθὲν καὶ ὅπλων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα σκευῶν μεγάλῃ σπουδῇ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἁμιλληθέν. ξυνέβη δὲ πρός τε σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἅμα ἔριν γενέσθαι, ᾧ τις ἕκαστος προστ ετάχθη, καὶ ἐς τοὺς ἄλλους Ἕλληνας ἐπίδειξιν μᾶλλον εἰκα

ἀλλά] This particle is connected with ἄλλος, and means, what is left after the exclusion of preceding ideas.' It is therefore used to connect two clauses contradicting each other, as οὐχ ἅπαξ ἀλλὰ πολλάκις. Hence αλλά and δέ differ in this: that dé denotes something distinguished from what goes before, without setting it on one side or contradicting it; whereas dλá introduces that which does set aside or contradict what precedes. Such a combination as οὐ κατὰ ναῦν ἑκάστην ξύμπαντες δέ, in ch. 32, is not common.

οὗτος δὲ ὁ στόλος] Repeat ώρμήθη, from ὡρμήθησαν. Τὸ μὲν ναυτικόν is in apposition to ὁ στόλος, and answers to τὸ δὲ πεζόν some distance down. The clauses correspond thus: τῶν τε τριηράρχων and καὶ τῆς πόλεως ; τοῦ μὲν δημοσίου and καὶ τῶν τριηράρχων; (and

here we should have expected τῶν δέ &c.) ἑξήκοντα μὲν ταχείας and τεσσαρά κοντα δέ ; ἐπιφοράς τε διδόντων and σημείοις χρησαμένων ; εὐπρεπείᾳ τε and τῷ ταχυναυτεῖν; καταλόγοις τε ἐκκριθέν and καὶ ὅπλων ἁμιλληθέν. The participles διδόντος and διδόντων are in the present tense, because they refer to a long-continued action ; παρασχόντος, χρησαμένων &c. in the aorist, because they represent a single act: the state having furnished;' 'the trierarchs having adopted,' &c.

ἐπίδειξις] This generally implies a boastful display, a shewing off: cf. χαλεπώτατοι δὲ οἱ ἐπὶ χρήμασι προστ κατηγοροῦντες ἐπίδειξίν τινα, ΙΙΙ. 42; ἀπόδειξις denotes a careful systematic proof: cf. τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀπόδειξιν ἔχει, &c. I. 97.

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σθῆναι τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ ἐξουσίας ἢ ἐπὶ πολεμίους παρασκευήν. εἰ γάρ τις ἐλογίσατο τήν τε τῆς πόλεως ἀνάλωσιν δημοσίαν καὶ τῶν στρατευομένων τὴν ἰδίαν, τῆς μὲν πόλεως ὅσα τε ἤδη προσετετελέκει καὶ ἃ ἔχοντας τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἀπέστελλεν, τῶν δὲ ἰδιωτῶν ἅ τε περὶ τὸ σῶμά τις καὶ τριήραρχος ἐς τὴν ναῦν ἀναλώκει καὶ ὅσα ἔτι ἔμελλεν ἀναλώσειν, χωρὶς δ ̓ ἃ εἰκὸς ἦν καὶ ἄνευ τοῦ ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου μισθοῦ πάντα τινὰ παρασκευάσασθαι ἐφόδιον ὡς ἐπὶ χρόνιον στρατείαν, καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ μεταβολῇ τις ἢ στρατιώτης ἢ ἔμπορος ἔχων ἔπλει, πολλὰ ἂν τάλαντα εὑρέθη ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τὰ πάντα ἐξαγόμενα. καὶ ὁ στόλος οὐχ ἧσσον τόλμης τε θάμβει καὶ ὄψεως λαμπρότητι περιβόητος ἐγένετο ἢ στρατιᾶς πρὸς οὓς ἐπῄεσαν ὑπερβολῇ, καὶ ὅτι μέγιστος ἤδη διάπλους ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκείας καὶ ἐπὶ μεγίστῃ ἐλπίδι τῶν μελλόντων πρὸς τὰ ὑπάρχοντα ἐπεχειρήθη.

Ἐπειδὴ δὲ αἱ νῆες πλήρεις ἦσαν καὶ ἐσέκειτο πάντα ἤδη ὅσα ἔχοντες ἔμελλον ἀνάξεσθαι, τῇ μὲν σάλπιγγι σιωπὴ ὑπεσημάνθη, εὐχὰς δὲ τὰς νομιζομένας πρὸ τῆς ἀναγωγῆς οὐ κατὰ ναῦν ἑκάστην ξύμπαντες δὲ ὑπὸ κήρυκος ἐποιοῦντο, κρα

τῆς μὲν πόλεως] This is subdivided into ὅσα τε ἤδη and καὶ ἃ ἔχοντας. Προστ ετετελέκει is, ‘had already spent besides this ; and τῶν δὲ ἰδιωτῶν is also divided into & τε περί, and καὶ ὅσα ἔτι. Below, the proper notion of παρασκευάζειν is 'to get ready so as to have by one.'

πρὸς οὓς] Πρός is used here, as in the next line but one, in the sense of comparison; 'compared with those whom they were attacking.'

μέγιστος ἤδη] We should rather have expected δή; but ἤδη seems to mean, 'this was the greatest distance up to the present time,' 'they were now venturing on the greatest voyage.'

διάπλους] 'A passage across the sea, or strait : cf. ὅτι βραχύς ἐστιν ὁ διάπλους πρὸς τὸ Κήναιον τῆς Εὐβοίας, III. 93. The compounds of πλούς and πλέω are to be carefully distinguished; ἀποπλεῖν of course is to sail away. Διεκπλεῖν, διέκπλους: these words indicate a cutting through the enemy's line, and so reach

ing their rear; a favourite manœuvre with the Athenians : cf. VII. 36. Επιπλεῖν, ἐπίπλους: ‘a sailing down on, Lagainst, for the purpose of attack ; ἐπιπλεῖν however sometimes means only ‘to sail on board, cf. καὶ ἄρχων ἐπέπλει αὐτῶν, VIII. 39. Καταπλεῖν, to sail to shore, VIII. 35. Περίπλους, a sailing round, a sailing about; a usual manœuvre in a sea fight: it consisted in sailing round the enemy's fleet, and suddenly closing with them, when a favourable opportunity presented itself: cf. VIII. 36. Παραπλεῖν, παράπλους: these words are used of coasting along shore ; cf. παραπλεόντων ἀπὸ κάλω ἐς τὴν Μεσσήνην, IV. 25. Προσπλεῖν, sailing to.

XXXII. ὑπεσημάνθη] This verb is generally used in the sense of 'secretly giving a hint about anything:' from this meaning it easily passes to the sense of 'giving a signal.'

ὑπὸ κήρυκος] The preposition is used here as in the phrase ὑπ ̓ αὐλοῦ, ‘to the

τῆράς τε κεράσαντες παρ ̓ ἅπαν τὸ στράτευμα καὶ ἐκπώμασι χρυσοῖς τε καὶ ἀργυροῖς οἵ τε ἐπιβάται καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες σπέν δοντες. ξυνεπεύχοντο δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄλλος ὅμιλος ὁ ἐκ τῆς γῆς τῶν τε πολιτῶν καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος εὔνους παρῆν σφίσιν. παιωνί σαντες δὲ καὶ τελεώσαντες τὰς σπονδὰς ἀνήγοντο, καὶ ἐπὶ κέρως τὸ πρῶτον ἐκπλεύσαντες ἅμιλλαν ἤδη μέχρι Αἰγίνης ἐποιοῦντο. καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐς τὴν Κέρκυραν, ἔνθα περ καὶ τὸ ἄλλο στράτευμα τῶν ξυμμάχων ξυνελέγετο, ἠπείγοντο ἀφικέσθαι.

Ἐς δὲ τὰς Συρακούσας ἠγγέλλετο μὲν πολλαχόθεν τὰ περὶ τοῦ ἐπίπλου, οὐ μέντοι ἐπιστεύετο ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον οὐδέν, ἀλλὰ καὶ γενομένης ἐκκλησίας ἐλέχθησαν τοιοίδε λόγοι ἀπό τε ἄλλων, τῶν μὲν πιστευόντων τὰ περὶ τῆς στρατείας τῆς τῶν ̓Αθηναίων, τῶν δὲ τὰ ἐναντία λεγόντων, καὶ Ἑρμοκράτης ὁ Ἕρμωνος παρελθὼν αὐτοῖς, ὡς σαφῶς οἰόμενος εἰδέ ναι τὰ περὶ αὐτῶν, ἔλεγε καὶ παρήνει τοιάδε.

CH. XXXIII., XXXIV. Speech of Hermocrates at Syracuse, confirming the news, and advising active measures to counteract the invasion.

“ ”ΑΠΙΣΤΑ μὲν ἴσως, ὥσπερ καὶ ἄλλοι τινές, δόξω ὑμῖν 33 περὶ τοῦ ἐπίπλου τῆς ἀληθείας λέγειν, καὶ γιγνώσκω ὅτι οἱ τὰ μὴ πιστὰ δοκοῦντα εἶναι ἢ λέγοντες ἢ ἀπαγγέλλοντες οὐ

sound of the fute, &c. : cf. Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ βραδέως καὶ ὑπὸ αὐλητῶν πολλῶν χωροῦντες, V. 70.

κρατῆράς τε] The clauses correspond with each other thus: κρατῆράς τε κεράσαντες and καὶ ἐκπώμασι σπένδοντες ; χρυσοῖς τε, and καὶ ἀργυροῖς ; οἵ τε ἐπιβάται and καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες.

ἐπὶ κέρως] Cf. ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι κατὰ μίαν ἐπὶ κέρως παραπλέοντας, II. 90. The ships sailed in column, one following another, and so forming a long narrow line.

ἤδη] ‘Immediately on sailing out. ξυνελέγετο] ‘The remaining force of allies was collecting;'as below, ἠγγέλ

λετο is, ‘news was continually arriving.

οὐ μέντοι] These words correspond to ἠγέλλετο μέν, the μέντοι being an emphatic word, instead of the simple δέ.

ἀπό τε ἄλλων] Of these two divisions are made, τῶν μέν and τῶν δέ; the τε corresponds to καὶ Ερμοκράτης.

XXXIII. Απιστα μέν] This is answered by ὅμως δέ lower down.

τὰ μὴ πιστὰ δοκοῦντα] If the participle has no article attached to it, οὐ or μή is used according to the sense; οὐ conveying an absolute negative, μή, a supposed negative; οὐκ ὤν, ‘because he is not;' un v, 'supposing he is not.' If the participle has the article, denoting