μόνον οὐ πείθουσιν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄφρονες δοκοῦσιν εἶναι· ὅμως δὲ οὐ καταφοβηθεὶς ἐπισχήσω κινδυνευούσης τῆς πόλεως, πείθων γε ἐμαυτὸν σαφέστερόν τι ἑτέρου εἰδὼς λέγειν. Ἀθηναῖοι γὰρ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς, ὁ πάνυ θαυμάζετε, πολλῇ στρατιᾷ ὥρμηνται καὶ ναυτικῇ καὶ πεζῇ, πρόφασιν μὲν Ἐγεσταίων ξυμμαχία καὶ Λεοντίνων κατοικίσει, τὸ δὲ ἀληθὲς Σικελίας ἐπιθυμίᾳ, μάλιστα δὲ τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ἡγούμενοι, εἰ ταύτην σχοῖεν, ῥᾳδίως καὶ τἆλλα ἕξειν. ὡς οὖν ἐν τάχει παρεσομένων, ὁρᾶτε ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ὅτῳ τρόπῳ κάλλιστα ἀμυνεῖσθε αὐτούς, καὶ μήτε καταφρονήσαντες ἄφρακτοι ληφθήσεσθε μήτε ἀπιστήσαντες τοῦ ξύμπαντος ἀμελήσετε. εἰ δέ τῳ καὶ πιστά, τὴν τόλμαν αὐτῶν καὶ δύναμιν μὴ ἐκπλαγῇ. οὔτε γὰρ βλάπτειν ἡμᾶς πλείω οἷοί τ' ἔσονται ἢ πάσχειν, οὔθ' ὅτι μεγάλῳ στόλῳ ἐπέρχονται, ἀνωφελεῖς, ἀλλὰ πρός τε τοὺς ἄλλους Σικελιώτας πολὺ ἄμεινον (μᾶλλον γὰρ ἐθελήσουσιν ἐκπλαγέντες ἡμῖν ξυμμαχεῖν), καὶ ἂν ἄρα ἢ κατεργασώμεθα αὐτοὺς ἢ ἀπράκτους ὧν

generally a certain kind or class, it is negatived by μή usually : if, however, it means individual definite persons or things, which are characterized, then ov is used, as Βοιωτοί, οἱ πρόσθεν οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ ἑαυτῶν τολμῶντες, &c. Χen. Μem. III. 5, 4.

ἀπαγγέλλοντες] dispensing news (ἀπό); ἐπαγγέλλειν is, to send news to a place : cf. VIII. 10, ἐπηγγέλθησαν αἱ σπονδαί.

καταφοβηθείς] From any excessive fear : and below, πείθων γε is, as at least I persuade myself.'

πρόφασιν μέν] This word is used in the same way, without a preposition, in Bk. III. 111, πρόφασιν ἐπὶ λαχανισμὸν ... ἐξελθόντες.

ὡς οὖν παρεσομένων] This does not mean, 'since then they will be here,' but, 'under the idea,' 'with the impression that they will be here: cf. ἔχειν δεῖ τὰς ἐλπίδας ὡς ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἀσφαλῶς προνοουμένων, Ι. 84.

μήτε ληφθήσεσθε] Μή is used here, because the whole clause depends on ὅτῳ τρόπῳ repeated, and the negative

is therefore a dependent one.

εἰ δέ τῳ καὶ πιστά] Καί may often be rendered by placing an emphasis on the auxiliary verb in English. Here, for instance, Hermocrates had hinted that they were inclined probably to disbelieve the whole matter; but he adds, 'if any one thinks it is credible,' literally, 'if there are any who go so far as to think the affair even credible.'

πλείω] This is the accusative plural neuter, depending on βλάπτειν, ‘to hurt us in more respects.'

πολὺ ἄμεινον] sc. τὸ ἐπέρχεσθαι αὐτ τοὺς μεγάλῳ στόλῳ πολὺ ἄμεινόν ἐστι.

ἢν ἄρα] The particle ἄρα (akin probably to dpw) denotes intimate connexion, and in Attic usage (for in Epic it often denotes mere transition from one thing to another) has an illative force, (r) in the way of direct conclusion, (2) more commonly in the way of oblique inference, usually with the idea of unexpectedness : cf. ἦν ἄρα πυρός γ ̓ ἕτερα θερμότερα, Arist. Knights, 382, there was then, it seems, though we thought not.' Now to some extent I think the

ἐφίενται ἀπώσωμεν (οὐ γὰρ δὴ μὴ τύχωσι γε ὧν προσδέχονται φοβοῦμαι), κάλλιστον δὴ ἔργων ἡμῖν ξυμβήσεται, καὶ οὐκ ἀνέλπιστον ἔμοιγε. ὀλίγοι γὰρ δὴ στόλοι μεγάλοι ἢ Ἑλλή νων ἢ βαρβάρων πολὺ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑαυτῶν ἀπάραντες κατώρθωσαν. οὔτε γὰρ πλείους τῶν ἐνοικούντων καὶ ἀστυγειτόνων ἔρχονται (πάντα γὰρ ὑπὸ δέους ξυνίσταται), ἤν τε δι' ἀπορίαν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἐν ἀλλοτρίᾳ γῇ σφαλῶσιν, τοῖς ἐπιβουλευθεῖσιν ὄνομα, κἂν περὶ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τὰ πλείω πταίωσιν, ὅμως καταλείπου σιν. ὅπερ καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι αὐτοὶ οὗτοι, τοῦ Μήδου παρὰ λόγον πολλὰ σφαλέντος, ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι ὡς ἐπ ̓ Αθήνας ᾔει ηὐξήθη σαν, καὶ ἡμῖν οὐκ ἀνέλπιστον τὸ τοιοῦτο ξυμβῆναι. θαρσοῦν-34 τες οὖν τά τε αὐτοῦ παρασκευαζώμεθα, καὶ ἐς τοὺς Σικελοὺς πέμποντες τοὺς μὲν μᾶλλον βεβαιωσώμεθα, τοῖς δὲ φιλίαν καὶ ξυμμαχίαν πειρώμεθα ποιεῖσθαι, ἔς τε τὴν ἄλλην Σικελίαν πέμπωμεν πρέσβεις δηλοῦντες ὡς κοινὸς ὁ κίνδυνος, καὶ ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν, ὅπως ἢ ξυμμαχίαν ποιώμεθα ἡμῖν ἢ μὴ δέχωνται Αθηναίους. δοκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ ἐς Καρχηδόνα ἄμεινον εἶναι πέμψαι· οὐ γὰρ ἀνέλπιστον αὐτοῖς, ἀλλ ̓ ἀεὶ διὰ φόβον εἰσὶ μή

same force exists in εἰ ἄρα, ἣν ἄρα, εἰ μὴ ἄρα, and so on. They seem to mean, 'if it should turn out as a consequence of unexpected events, so and so :' cf. καὶ εἴτις δεδιὼς ἄρα ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν, IV. 86; and if it should turn out, unexpectedly, that any one is,' &c. So that εἰ ἄρα really comes to mean almost, if perchance.'

οὐ γὰρ δὴ μή γε] 'For certainly (δή) I have no fear that they will succeed, at all events,' (ye) i. e. 'whatever else they may do :' ὧν is for τούτων 2. Below, ἔμοι γε, ‘by me at all events, whatever others may think.'

the sentence to two clauses connected by re, and re, whereof the first is negative, and the second positive: ‘they both do not come, and &c...'

περὶ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς] With this compare περὶ αὐτῷ τὰ πλείω σφαλέντα, Ι. 69, 'stumbling about themselves,' they were, so to speak, their own stumbling-block. Below, ὅμως refers to κἂν περί, &c. : although their fall is to be attributed to their own folly, still their enemies reap the credit of it.

ὅπερ καί] Either this is a similar expression to ὅπερ ἐκφοβοῦσιν ἡμᾶς in ch. II; or Thucydides intended to use the common expression, ὅπερ καὶ ἔπαθον, and for this last word substituted ηύξήθησαν, which is the best explanation.

XXXIV. διὰ φόβου εἰσί] Compare, for this use of δια, δι ̓ ὄχλου ἔσται, δι' ὀργῆς, δι' ἡσυχίας ἔχειν, and similar expressions. These all seem to depend on the regular sense of did with a genitive,

ποτε Αθηναῖοι αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν ἔλθωσιν, ὥστε τάχ ̓ ἂν ἴσως νομίσαντες, εἰ τάδε προήσονται, καν σφεῖς ἐν πόνῳ εἶναι, ἐθελήσειαν ἡμῖν ἤτοι κρύφα γε ἢ φανερώς ἢ ἐξ ἑνός γέ του τρόπου ἀμῦναι. δυνατοὶ δ ̓ εἰσὶ μάλιστα τῶν νῦν, βουληθέντες· χρυσὸν γὰρ καὶ ἄργυρον πλεῖστον κέκτηνται, ὅθεν ὅ τε πόλε μος καὶ τἆλλα εὐπορεῖ. πέμπωμεν δὲ καὶ ἐς τὴν Λακεδαίμονα καὶ ἐς Κόρινθον δεόμενοι δεῦρο κατὰ τάχος βοηθεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐκεῖ πόλεμον κινεῖν. ὃ δὲ μάλιστα ἐγώ τε νομίζω ἐπίκαιρον ὑμεῖς τε διὰ τὸ ξύνηθες ἥσυχον ἥκιστ ̓ ἂν ὀξέως πείθοισθε, ὅμως εἰρήσεται. Σικελιῶται γὰρ εἰ θέλοιμεν ξύμπαντες, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι πλεῖστοι μεθ ̓ ἡμῶν, καθελκύσαντες ἅπαν τὸ ὑπάρχον ναυτικὸν μετὰ δυοῖν μηνοῖν τροφῆς ἀπαντῆσαι Αθηναίοις ἐς Τάραντα καὶ ἄκραν Ἰαπυγίαν, καὶ δῆλον ποιῆσαι αὐτοῖς ὅτι οὐ περὶ τῇ Σικελίᾳ πρότερον ἔσται ὁ ἀγὼν ἢ τοῦ ἐκείνους περαιωθῆναι τὸν Ιόνιον, μάλιστ ̓ ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐκπλήξαιμεν καὶ ἐς λογισμὸν καταστήσαιμεν ὅτι ὁρμώμεθα μὲν ἐκ φιλίας χώρας φύλακες (ὑποδέχεται γὰρ ἡμᾶς Τάρας), τὸ δὲ πέλαγος αὐτοῖς πολὺ περαιοῦσθαι μετὰ πάσης τῆς παρασκευῆς, χαλεπὸν δὲ διὰ πλοῦ μῆκος ἐν τάξει μεῖναι, καὶ ἡμῖν ἂν εὐεπίθετος εἴη βραδεία τε καὶ κατ ̓ ὀλίγον προσπίπτουσα. εἰ δ ̓ αὖ τῷ ταχυ

'through the midst of,' i. e. 'they are proceeding through the midst of fear, anger, &c. : cf. διὰ δίκης ἐλθεῖν, ch. 60.

κἂν σφεῖς] This dr is merely a repetition of the dy in τάχ' ἄν.

ἤτοι κρύφα γε] Contrary to our custom, the more probable of two suppositions is put first. Arnold compares & γέ τι ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα κατορθοῦν, ‘at all events, one, or possibly the greater part,' Arist. Nic. Eth. 1. 8. For this reason τοι, as an intensive particle, is always affixed to the first : either beyond doubt, secretly at all events; or perhaps openly; or at any rate, in some one way or other.'

ἀμῦναι] ἀμύνω in the active with a dative is, 'to help ;' in the middle with an accusative, 'to repel.'

τὸν ἐκεῖ πόλεμον κινεῖν] not, to ex cite war there,' but, 'to stir up the war

already there :' i. e. to prosecute it more vigorously.

ἀπαντῆσαι...ἐς Τάραντα] ἀπαντᾶν is constructed like a verb of motion, 'to go to Tarentum, and there meet the Athenians : cf. ἡτοιμάζετο ὡς ἐπὶ τὰς Σίφας... ἀπαντησόμενος, IV. 7.

περὶ τῇ Σικελία] The preposition is here used with two different cases, περὶ τῇ Σικελίᾳ and περὶ τοῦ περαιωθῆναι. Possibly Thucydides intended a difference in the meaning, περὶ τῇ Σικελίᾳ being, 'about,' in the vicinity of; and περὶ τοῦ περαιωθῆναι, about, concerning.

ἐκπλήξαιμεν] ' completely scare them. Below, in ὑποδέχομαι, the idea seems that of 'receiving under shelter.'

ein] The nominative to this is παρασκευή, supplied from τῆς παρασκευής.

κατ ̓ ὀλίγον] Κατά, with an accusa

αν

ναυτοῦντι ἀθροωτέρῳ κουφίσαντες προσβάλοιεν, εἰ μὲν κώπαις χρήσαιντο, ἐπιθείμεθ ̓ ἂν κεκμηκόσιν, εἰ δὲ μὴ δοκοίη, ἔστι καὶ ὑποχωρῆσαι ἡμῖν ἐς Τάραντα· οἱ δὲ μετ ̓ ὀλίγων ἐφοδίων ὡς ἐπὶ ναυμαχίᾳ περαιωθέντες ἀποροῖεν ἂν κατὰ χωρία ἐρῆμα, καὶ ἢ μένοντες πολιορκοῖντο ἂν ἢ πειρώμενοι παραπλεῖν τήν τε ἄλλην παρασκευὴν ἀπολίποιεν ἂν καὶ τὰ τῶν πόλεων οὐκ ἂν βέβαια ἔχοντες, εἰ ὑποδέξοιντο, ἀθυμοῖεν. ὥστ ̓ ἔγωγε τούτῳ τῷ λογισμῷ ἡγοῦμαι ἀποκλῃομένους αὐτοὺς οὐδ ̓ ἂν ἀπᾶραι ἀπὸ Κερκύρας, ἀλλ ̓ ἢ διαβουλευσαμένους καὶ κατασκοπαῖς χρωμέ νους, ὁπόσοι τ ̓ ἐσμὲν καὶ ἐν ᾧ χωρίῳ, ἐξωσθῆναι ἂν τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐς χειμῶνα, ἢ καταπλαγέντας τῷ ἀδοκήτῳ καταλῦσαι ἂν τὸν πλοῦν, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ ἐμπειροτάτου τῶν στρατηγῶν, ὡς ἐγὼ ἀκούω, ἄκοντος ἡγουμένου καὶ ἀσμένου ἂν πρόφασιν λαβόντος, εἴ τι ἀξιόχρεων ἀφ ̓ ἡμῶν ὀφθείη. ἀγγελλοίμεθα δ ἂν (εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον· τῶν δ ̓ ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τὰ λεγόμενα καὶ αἱ γνῶμαι ἵστανται, καὶ τοὺς προεπιχειροῦντας ἢ τοῖς γε ἐπιχειροῦσι προδηλοῦντας ὅτι ἀμυνοῦνται μᾶλλον πεφόβηνται, ἰσοκινδύνους ἡγούμενοι. ὅπερ ἂν νῦν Ἀθηναῖοι πάθοιεν. ἐπέρχονται γὰρ ἡμῖν ὡς οὐκ ἀμυνουμένοις, δικαίως κατε

tive, has very frequently a distributive sense, as here: κατ ̓ ὀλίγον, little by little ; κατὰ μίαν ναῦν, ‘one ship at a time;” κατὰ πόλεις, ‘by their several cities.'

εἰ δὲ μὴ δοκοίη] sc. ἐπιθέσθαι.

ἔστι καὶ ὑποχωρῆσαι] • Besides fighting, we have another alternative beyond, (καί) that of retreating.

οὐκ ἂν βέβαια ἔχοντες] The ἄν goes with ἀθυμοῖεν.

διαβουλευσαμένους] This word is generally used of deliberating between various (διά) plans.

καταλῦσαι ἄν] The aorist indicative with dy means 'would have,' and the aorist optative with ὤν, ‘would ;' the infinitive of the aorist with dv may correspond to both, but generally (although not always) answers to the latter, and means 'would,' not, 'would have,' and nearly approximates to the future : cf. οὐκ ἂν ἔφη παραλιπεῖν οὐδ ̓

ἐπιτρέψειν, quoted by Madvig from Aschines.

ἂν λαβόντος] The participle ἡγουμέ νου, having no ἄν, states a positive fact ; λαβόντος with ἄν denotes only a probable fact, 'would probably be glad to find.'

καὶ αἱ γνῶμαι] i. e. such as is the complexion of the report, such likewise becomes the complexion of the mind of the hearer.'

τοὺς προεπιχειροῦντας, κ. τ. λ.] ‘those who make the attempt before their opponents, or at all events, shew before the struggle commences (πρό), that they will endeavour to repel those who make that attempt upon them; such, I say, they are more afraid of, as they cannot but think they feel equal to the danger.'

κατεγνωκότες] The word is used here strictly in its proper sense, 'having formed an opinion against, derogatory

to us.'

35

γνωκότες ὅτι αὐτοὺς οὐ μετὰ Λακεδαιμονίων ἐφθείρομεν· εἰ δ ̓ ἴδοιεν παρὰ γνώμην τολμήσαντας, τῷ ἀδοκήτῳ μᾶλλον ἂν και ταπλαγεῖεν ἢ τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀληθοῦς δυνάμει. πείθεσθε οὖν, μά λιστα μὲν ταῦτα τολμήσαντες, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι τάχιστα τάλλα ἐς τὸν πόλεμον ἑτοιμάζειν, καὶ παραστῆναι παντὶ τὸ μὲν και ταφρονεῖν τοὺς ἐπιόντας ἐν τῶν ἔργων τῇ ἀλκῇ δείκνυσθαι, τὸ δ ̓ ἤδη τὰς μετὰ φόβου παρασκευὰς ἀσφαλεστάτας νομίσαντας ὡς ἐπὶ κινδύνου πράσσειν χρησιμώτατον ἂν ξυμβῆναι. οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες καὶ ἐπέρχονται καὶ ἐν πλῷ (εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι ἤδη εἰσὶ καὶ ὅσον οὔπω πάρεισιν.

99

CH. XXXV. Great strife of opinion at Syracuse. Many, including Athenagoras, laughed the whole matter to scorn.

ΚΑΙ ὁ μὲν Ἑρμοκράτης τοσαῦτα εἶπεν, τῶν δὲ Συρακοσίων ὁ δῆμος ἐν πολλῇ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔριδι ἦσαν, οἱ μὲν ὡς οὐδενὶ ἂν τρόπῳ ἔλθοιεν οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι, οὐδ ̓ ἀληθῆ ἐστὶν ἃ λέγει, τοῖς δέ, εἰ καὶ ἔλθοιεν, τί ἂν δράσειαν αὐτοὺς ὅ τι οὐκ ἂν μεῖζον ἀντιπάθοιεν. ἄλλοι δὲ καὶ πάνυ καταφρονοῦντες ἐς γέλωτα ἔτρεπον τὸ πρᾶγμα. ὀλίγον δ ̓ ἦν τὸ πιστευον τῷ Ἑρμοκράτει καὶ φοβούμενον τὸ μέλλον. παρελθὼν δ ̓ αὐτοῖς Αθηναγόρας, ὃς δήμου τε προστάτης ἦν καὶ ἐν τῷ παρόντι πιθανώτατος τοῖς πολλοῖς, ἔλεγε τοιάδε.

αν

ἐφθείρομεν] sc. ‘because we were not, through all the past years of the war, in league with the Peloponnesians to ruin them;' for such is the force of the imperfect.

πείθεσθε οὖν] I think the construction is varied : first, πείθεσθε is followed by a participle, ‘take my advice, and follow it up by acting boldly;' then, by an infinitive depending on wore understood, ‘take my advice, so as to prepare ; παραστῆναι depends also on πείθεσθε, ‘take my advice, so far as to let the thought suggest itself to you.' I do not believe ἑτοιμάζειν, as Göller does, to be the infinitive for the imperative.

τὸ δ ̓ ἤδη] The construction is, τὸ δὲ ἤδη πράσσειν ὡς ἐπὶ κινδύνου, νομίσαντας τὰς μετὰ φόβου παρασκευὰς ἀσφαλεστά

τας (είναι), χρησιμώτατον ἂν ξυμβῆναι. Of course τὸ δὲ ἤδη corresponds to τὸ μὲν καταφρονεῖν, and both depend on παραστῆναι. For this sense of παραστῆναι cf. καὶ εἴτῳ ἄρα παρέστηκε, &c. ch. 78 : cf. also οὐ ταῦτα παρίσταταί μοι γιγνώ σκειν, Olynth. III. 1. I.

XXXV. οἱ μὲν ὡς οὐδενί] sc. οἱ μὲν λέγοντες ὡς. In τοῖς δέ the construction varies, as though Thucydides had written τῷ δήμῳ ἔρις ἐνέπεσε, τοῖς μὲν λέγουσι..τοῖς δὲ (ἐρωτῶσιν) &c. The oratio moreover changes from the obliqua in ἔλθοιεν to the directa in οὐδ ̓ ἀληθῆ ἐστίν.

καὶ πάνυ] ‘going so far as to feel utter contempt ; καταφρονεῖν is, to think a thing down.'