CH. XXXVI.-XL. Speech of Athenagoras, asserting the affair to be a mere fabrication of the oligarchical faction.

“ ΤΟΥΣ μὲν 'Αθηναίους ὅστις μὴ βούλεται οὕτω κακῶς 35 φρονῆσαι καὶ ὑποχειρίους ἡμῖν γενέσθαι ἐνθάδε ἐλθόντας, ἢ δειλός ἐστιν ἢ τῇ πόλει οὐκ εὔνους· τοὺς δ ̓ ἀγγέλλοντας τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ περιφόβους ὑμᾶς ποιοῦντας τῆς μὲν τόλμης οὐ θαυμάζω, τῆς δὲ ἀξυνεσίας, εἰ μὴ οἴονται ἔνδηλοι εἶναι. οἱ γὰρ δεδιότες ἰδίᾳ τι βούλονται τὴν πόλιν ἐς ἔκπληξιν καθιστάναι, ὅπως τῷ κοινῷ φόβῳ τὸ σφέτερον ἐπηλυγάζωνται. καὶ νῦν αὗται αἱ ἀγγελίαι τοῦτο δύνανται· οὐκ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου, ἐκ δὲ ἀνδρῶν οἵπερ ἀεὶ τάδε κινοῦσι ξύγκεινται. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἢν εὖ βουλεύησθε, οὐκ ἐξ ὧν οὗτοι ἀγγέλλουσι σκοποῦντες λογιεῖσθε

XXXVI. ὅστις μή] The relative pronouns when not used to particularize certain definite persons, take μή and not οὐ. Here ὅστις μή is equivalent to εἴ τις μή. Hence we nearly always meet with ὃς μή, ὅσοι μή, and the like.

τῆς μὲν τόλμης] Certain verbs, such as εὐδαιμονίζω, μακαρίζω, οἰκτείρω, θαυμάζω, take a genitive of the object on account of which the particular feeling is excited, as here, θαυμάζω τῆς τόλμης, 'I wonder at them for their boldness.' I am inclined to think it is an extension, to some extent, of the rule by which 'the place where' is put in the genitive; 'I wonder at them in the point, as it were, in the locality of their boldness.'

τὸ σφέτερον] This may agree with δέος understood, from δεδιότες ἰδίᾳ τι: though τὸ σφέτερον may be used absolutely, 'their own conduct.'

ξύγκεινται] Göller makes the words from οὐκ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου to ξύγκεινται, explanatory of τοῦτο δύνανται, supposing them to be added without any connecting particle, comparing καὶ μὴ (δρᾶν) δ νῦν δρᾶτε, τοῦ κοινοῦ τῆς σωτερίας ἀφίεσθε, ΙΙ. 6ο: οι ξύγκεινται may be used incorrectly for a participle, so that the construction would be irregular for οὐκ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου (οὖσαι) ἐκ δὲ ἀνδρῶν ξυγ κειμέναι.

ἣν εὖ βουλεύησθε] The difference between and el appears to be this: carries with it the notion of experience, according to Hermann's phrase ; ἣν accordingly is used to state a supposition which will soon be tested, and be determined one way or the other; consequently, the usual construction after and a conjunctive, is a future indicative; el, on the other hand, conveys a pure hypothesis, without expressing any opinion as to the probability of its occurrence; and as a supposition of this sort, unlike one with nv, can be made either with reference to the past or future, el is constructed with an indicative for a past hypothesis, and an optative for a future hypothesis. The possibility of the connexion of a hypothetical particle with the indicative mood, seems to arise from the fact, that a past hypothesis must have been virtually decided, and so is equivalent to a positive fact in the opposite direction. Εἰ ἔσχον ἔδωκα ἄν, is, ‘if I had had it, I would have given it,' and this implies, that I did not have it, and so the indicative is the proper mood. El can also be united with the present and future indicative, when the hypothesis is assumed to be quite certain, and el assumes the meaning almost of 'since;'

τὰ εἰκότα, ἀλλ' ἐξ ὧν ἂν ἄνθρωποι δεινοὶ καὶ πολλῶν ἔμπειροι, ὥσπερ ἐγὼ ̓Αθηναίους ἀξιῶ, δράσειαν. οὐ γὰρ αὐτοὺς εἰκὸς Πελοποννησίους τε ὑπολιπόντας καὶ τὸν ἐκεῖ πόλεμον μήπω βεβαίως καταλελυμένους ἐπ ̓ ἄλλον πόλεμον οὐκ ἐλάσσω ἑκόντας ἐλθεῖν, ἐπεὶ ἔγωγε ἀγαπᾶν οἴομαι αὐτοὺς ὅτι οὐχ ἡμεῖς ἐπ ̓ ἐκείνους ἐρχόμεθα, πόλεις τοσαῦται καὶ οὕτω μεγά37 λαι. εἰ δὲ δὴ ὥσπερ λέγονται ἔλθοιεν, ἱκανωτέραν ἡγοῦμαι Σικελίαν Πελοποννήσου διαπολεμῆσαι ὅσῳ κατὰ πάντα ἄμεινον ἐξήρτυται, τὴν δὲ ἡμετέραν πόλιν αὐτὴν τῆς νῦν στρατιᾶς ὡς φασὶν ἐπιούσης, καὶ εἰ δὶς τοσαύτη ἔλθοι, πολὺ κρείσσω εἶναι, οἷς γ' ἐπίσταμαι οὔθ ̓ ἵππους ἀκολουθήσοντας, οὐδ ̓ αὐ τόθεν πορισθησομένους εἰ μὴ ὀλίγους τινὰς παρ ̓ Εγεσταίων, οὔθ ̓ ὁπλίτας ἰσοπλήθεις τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἐπὶ νεῶν γε ἐλθόντας· μέγα γὰρ τὸ καὶ αὐταῖς ταῖς ναυσὶ κούφαις τοσοῦτον πλοῦν δεῦρο κομισθῆναι, τήν τε ἄλλην παρασκευὴν ὅσην δεῖ ἐπὶ πόλιν τοσήνδε πορισθῆναι, οὐκ ὀλίγην οὖσαν. ὥστε, παρὰ

it can then, like ἦν, have a future indicative to answer to it in the apodosis ; consequently, the common distinction made between ei and nv, that the latter has a future to answer to it, and ei has not, is nothing to the point. Without entering too far into speculations, I may add, that el appears to me to be the old way of writing the dative of the relative, in the case in which.'

ἐξ ὧν ἂν] The är has nothing to do with the relative ŵr, but must go with δράσειαν in the usual way.

ὑπολιπόντας] The original idea of this word seems to be that of 'leaving something beneath one on rising,' and hence, 'leaving behind.'

μήπω καταλελυμένους] The μή is used, because the case is only stated as a probability depending on εἰκός, ‘it is not likely, that without having settled,' &c. For καταλελυμένους, see ch. 27.

ἔγωγε] ‘I for one, at least, fancy that they are well content ;' στέργω and ἀσπάζομαι are used in the same way. XXXVII. εἰ δὲ δὴ ἔλθοιεν] ‘and if they were really to come.'

διαπολεμῆσαι] 'to carry the war through: cf. διαπολεμήσεται αὐτοῖς ὁ πόλεμος ἀμαχεί, VII. 14. Below, ἐξήρ τυται is, ‘thoroughly furnished. καὶ εἰ δίς] see on ch. II.

οἷς γ ̓ ἐπίσταμαι] Since I know, at least, that no horses will follow them.'

Οὔτε ἵππους] The corresponding clauses here, are οὔτε ἵππους and οὔτε ὁπλίτας ; and the οὐδέ connects πορισθησομένους with ἀκολουθήσοντας : see on ch. 20. Επί νεῶν γε, implies that although the Athenian force at home might surpass the Syracusan, yet certainly that portion which could be transported on shipboard would be inferior to what Syracuse could bring into the field.

μέγα γὰρ τό] sc. τὸ γὰρ δεῦρο τοσοῦτον πλοῦν αὐταῖς... κομισθῆναι, τό τε που ρισθῆναι τὴν ἄλλην παρασκευὴν ὅσην δεῖ (πορισθῆναι) ἐπὶ πόλιν τοσήνδε, μέγα ἐστί. Πλούν is a cognate accusative after κομι σθῆναι, equivalent to πλεῦσαι. Καὶ αὐτ ταῖς, ‘even with the ships alone.”

ὥστε, παρὰ τοσοῦτον] The ὥστε goes with δοκοῦσιν, and the words παρὰ τοσοὗτον γιγνώσκω are parenthetic: so

τοσοῦτον γιγνώσκω, μόλις ἄν μοι δοκοῦσιν, εἰ πόλιν ἑτέραν τοσαύτην ὅσαι Συράκουσαί εἰσιν ἔλθοιεν ἔχοντες καὶ ὅμορον οἰκήσαντες τὸν πόλεμον ποιοῖντο, οὐκ ἂν παντάπασι διαφθαρῆναι, ἢ πού γε δὴ ἐν πάσῃ πολεμίᾳ Σικελία (ξυστήσεται γὰρ) στρατοπέδῳ τε ἐκ νεῶν ἱδρυθέντι, καὶ ἐκ σκηνιδίων καὶ ἀναγκαίας παρασκευῆς οὐκ ἐπὶ πολὺ ὑπὸ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἱππέων ἐξιόντες. τὸ δὲ ξύμπαν οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι· τοσούτῳ τὴν ἡμετέραν παρασκευὴν κρείσσω νομίζω. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα, ὥσπερ ἐγὼ λέγω, οἵ τε ̓Αθηναῖοι γιγνώσκοντες 38 τὰ σφέτερα αὐτῶν (εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι) σώζουσιν, καὶ ἐνθένδε ἄνδρες οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα λογοποιοῦσιν, οὓς ἐγὼ οὐ νῦν πρῶτον ἀλλ ̓ ἀεὶ ἐπίσταμαι ἤτοι λόγοις γε τοιοῖσδε καὶ ἔτι τούτων κακουργοτέροις ἢ ἔργοις βουλομένους καταπλήξαντας τὸ ὑμέτερον πλῆθος αὐτοὺς τῆς πόλεως ἄρχειν. καὶ δέδοικα μέντοι μή ποτε πολλὰ πειρῶντες καὶ κατορθώσωσιν· ἡμεῖς δὲ

far am I from agreeing with others.' This seems to me to be literally, 'I form an opinion alongside of so much intervening space,' i. e. 'so large an interval separates our views : cf. παρὰ τοσοῦτον ἦλθεν κινδύνου, III. 49, where the meaning is exactly the opposite from the ambiguous character of the word

τοσοῦτον.

τὸν πόλεμον ποιοῖντο] When a single verb is periphrased by a noun and the verb 'to make, the middle of ποιεῖν, and not the active, is used; for instance, πολεμεῖν, οι πόλεμον ποιεῖσθαι; ἐξέτασαι, οι ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖσθαι ; ἀναβάλλεσθαι, οι ἀναβολὴν ποιεῖσθαι, &c. The construction runs thus: εἰ ἔλθοιεν ἔχοντες, καὶ οἰκήσαντες ὅμορον, ποιοῖντο τὸν πόλεμον, δοκοῦσί μοι μόλις οὐκ ἂν διαφθαρῆναι. The second av is merely a repetition of the first, see on ch. II.

ἢ πού γε δή] ‘Surely, at least I suppose you admit beyond doubt,' (i. e. much more, surely,) 'will they be ruined,' supplying διαφθαρήσονται.—For που, see on ch. 22; means 'verily,' confirming an assertion, and is seldom put alone. στρατοπέδῳ τε] With ἐκ σκηνιδίων

καὶ ἀναγκαίας παρασκευῆς, supply some word from ἱδρυθέντι,— With an army encamped just after leaving their ships, and (issuing only) from wretched tents, and makeshift equipments. Or, ἐκ σκηνιδίων may be governed by οὐκ ἐξιόντες, ‘prevented from leaving their wretched tents;' and I think this is right. Οὐκ ἐξιόντες is equivalent to a passive verb, ‘being cooped up, and therefore takes the passive construction of ὑπό and a genitive. The two clauses are differently constructed, στρατοπέδῳ, and ἐξιόντες. For ἀναγκαῖος in the present tense, cf. τἄλλα ὡς οἷόν τε ἦν ἐξ ἀναγκαίου καὶ τοσαύτης διανοίας, VII. 60.

οὐδ ̓ ἂν κρατῆσαι] ‘I do not think they would even gain a footing in the country.'

κακοί, πρὶν ἐν τῷ παθεῖν ὦμεν, προφυλάξασθαί τε καὶ αἰσθόμενοι ἐπεξελθεῖν. τοιγάρτοι δι' αὐτὰ ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν ὀλιγάκις μὲν ἡσυχάζει, στάσεις δὲ πολλὰς καὶ ἀγῶνας οὐ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους πλείονας ἢ πρὸς αὑτὴν ἀναιρεῖται, τυραννίδας δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ δυναστείας ἀδίκους. ὧν ἐγὼ πειράσομαι, ἤν γε ὑμεῖς ἐθέλητε ἕπεσθαι, μή ποτε ἐφ' ἡμῶν τι περιιδείν γενέσθαι, ὑμᾶς μὲν τοὺς πολλοὺς πείθων, τοὺς δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα μηχανωμένους κολάζων, μὴ μόνον αὐτοφώρους (χαλεπὸν γὰρ ἐπιτυγχάνειν) ἀλλὰ καὶ ὧν βούλονται μὲν δύνανται δ' οὔ (τὸν γὰρ ἐχθρὸν οὐχ ὧν δρᾷ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς διανοίας προαμύ νεσθαι χρή, εἴπερ καὶ μὴ προφυλαξάμενός τις προπείσεται), τοὺς δ ̓ αὖ ὀλίγους τὰ μὲν ἐλέγχων τὰ δὲ φυλάσσων, τὰ δὲ καὶ διδάσκων· μάλιστα γὰρ δοκῶ ἄν μοι οὕτως ἀποτρέπειν τῆς κακουργίας. καὶ δῆτα, ὃ πολλάκις ἐσκεψάμην, τί καὶ

depending on δέδοικα, ‘And besides, we are at once ill disposed to take precautionary measures, and after discovery, to follow up the offence for punishment.

τοιγάρτοι] Γάρ is said to come from γε and ἄρα, and would have an idea of affirmation, and inference; however this may be (and the derivation seems improbable), its chief use is (1) argumentative, giving the cause, or reason ; (2) explanatory, after such phrases as σημεῖον δέ and the like, σκέψασθε δέ &c. ; although I think this last case may be reduced to the first by supposing an ellipse. As I remarked in ch. 9, τοι is for τῷ, in that case;" hence the force of τοίγαρ is, ‘for in this respect, or, accordingly ;' and τοιγάρτοι is a still more emphatic form, accordingly,' or 'therefore,' 'surely.'

cracy, VIII. 94.

χαλεπὸν γὰρ ἐπιτυγχάνειν] ‘it is hard to light upon them. Ὧν βούλονται is put for τούτων ἃ βούλονται. The genitive is put after κολάζων, on the principle mentioned in ch. 36, under θαυμάζω. The construction of διανοίας is the same, after προαμύνεσθαι: cf. τιμωρήσασθαι ὧν πεποιήκασιν in Xenophon.

τὸν γὰρ ἐχθρόν] ‘For one must inflict punishment on one's enemy, not merely for his actual deeds, but also by way of precaution, for his intentions; since certainly, supposing one is not the first to guard against him, one will be the first to suffer. In προαμύνεσθαι, the idea conveyed by πpó is only suited to the latter clause, καὶ τῆς διανοίας, and not to ὧν δρᾷ.

τὰ δὲ καὶ διδάσκων] ‘and in some respects, in addition to the other two courses (και) schooling them. Below, the dy is joined with ἐπιτρέπειν, not δοκῶ.

δῆτα] This is an emphatic form of δή, and means, 'assuredly,' 'certainly,' 'to be sure.' In questions it adds strong emphasis, τί δῆτα κλαίεις, ‘what are you weeping for ? In τί καὶ βούλεσθε

βούλεσθε, ὦ νεώτεροι; πότερον ἄρχειν ἤδη; ἀλλ ̓ οὐκ ἔννομον· ὁ δὲ νόμος ἐκ τοῦ μὴ δύνασθαι ὑμᾶς μᾶλλον ἢ δυναμένους ἐτέθη ἀτιμάζειν. ἀλλὰ δὴ μὴ μετὰ πολλῶν ἰσονομεῖσθαι ; καὶ πῶς δίκαιον τοὺς αὐτοὺς μὴ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀξιοῦσθαι; φήσει 39 τις δημοκρατίαν οὔτε ξυνετὸν οὔτ ̓ ἴσον εἶναι, τοὺς δ ̓ ἔχοντας τὰ χρήματα καὶ ἄρχειν ἄριστα βελτίστους. ἐγὼ δέ φημι πρῶτα μὲν δῆμον ξύμπαν ὠνομάσθαι, ὀλιγαρχίαν δὲ μέρος, ἔπειτα φύλακας μὲν ἀρίστους εἶναι χρημάτων τοὺς πλουσίους, βουλεῦσαι δ ̓ ἂν βέλτιστα τοὺς ξυνετούς, κρῖναι δ ̓ ἂν ἀκού σαντας ἄριστα τοὺς πολλούς, καὶ ταῦτα ὁμοίως καὶ κατὰ μέρη καὶ ξύμπαντα ἐν δημοκρατίᾳ ισομοιρεῖν. ὀλιγαρχία δὲ τῶν μὲν κινδύνων τοῖς πολλοῖς μεταδίδωσιν, τῶν δ ̓ ὠφελίμων οὐ πλεονεκτεῖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ξύμπαν ἀφελομένη ἔχει· ἃ ὑμῶν οἵ τε δυνάμενοι καὶ οἱ νέοι προθυμοῦνται, ἀδύνατα ἐν μεγάλῃ πόλει κατασχεῖν. ἀλλ ̓ ἔτι καὶ νῦν, ὦ πάντων ἀξυνετώτατοι, εἰ μὴ μανθάνετε κακὰ σπεύδοντες, ἢ ἀμαθέστατοί ἐστε ὧν ἐγὼ οἶδα Ἑλλήνων, ἢ ἀδικώτατοι, εἰ εἰδότες τολμάτε. ἀλλ ̓ 40

the kal gives increased force to the question, 'what are you going to the length of wanting?'

πότερον ἄρχειν ἤδη] ‘Is it to hold office at once?' In the next sentence, construe 'but this law was passed more in consequence of your natural unfitness at your early age for office, than with a view to disgrace you, supposing you to possess that fitness.'

XXXIX. καὶ ἄρχειν] ‘Those who are in possession of wealth are also the best adapted to rule the best.' In the next sentence, πρῶτα μέν and ἔπειτα correspond. The argument appears to be this; that the true meaning of democracy is a government embracing the whole state, and not a portion only: democracy therefore, in its proper acceptation, as embracing the wealthy and noble as portions of itself, could not be opposed, in contra-distinction to their government, as the rule of one part distinguished from the rule of another, but as the rule of the whole, opposed to the

rule of a part only. In a true democracy, all, rich, noble, as well as others, had their proper sphere, whereas in an oligarchy all but the rich and noble were excluded from power.

ἀρίστους εἶναι] This clause has no dv, because it is an admission of the assertion put forward by the oligarchical party: the following clauses take ἄν, because they are assertions of the speaker, put forward in the light of probabilities.

καὶ ταῦτα] sc. and all these properties, wealth, judgment and discernment, have an equal share of the privileges in a democracy ;' ταῦτα refers therefore to τὸ βουλεῦσαι τοὺς ξυνετούς, τὸ κρῖναι τοὺς πολλούς, and τὸ φύλακας είναι χρημάτων τοὺς πλουσίους.

καὶ ξύμπαν, κ.τ.λ.] even utterly takes away and keeps.'

ἀδύνατα] sc. καίπερ ἀδύνατα ὄντα και τασχεῖν, although they are impossible to get hold of.'