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αὐτούς, δείξας τι χωρίον, ἀπελθεῖν ἐς αὐτὸ ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων. καὶ οἱ μὲν ἀνεχώρησαν οἰόμενοί τι ἐρεῖν αὐτόν, ὁ δὲ τοῖς ἐπικούροις φράσας τὰ ὅπλα ὑπολαβεῖν ἐξελέγετο εὐθὺς οὓς ἐπῃ τιᾶτο καὶ εἴ τις εὑρέθη ἐγχειρίδιον ἔχων· μετὰ γὰρ ἀσπίδος καὶ δόρατος εἰώθεσαν τὰς πομπὰς ποιεῖν.

Τοιούτῳ μὲν τρόπῳ δι' ἐρωτικὴν λύπην ἥ τε ἀρχὴ τῆς ἐπι-59 βουλῆς καὶ ἡ ἀλόγιστος τόλμα ἐκ τοῦ παραχρῆμα περιδεοῦς Αρμοδίῳ καὶ Ἀριστογείτονι ἐγένετο. τοῖς δ' Αθηναίοις χαλεπωτέρα μετὰ τοῦτο ἡ τυραννὶς κατέστη, καὶ ὁ Ἱππίας διὰ φόβου ἤδη μᾶλλον ὢν τῶν τε πολιτῶν πολλοὺς ἔκτεινε καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἔξω ἅμα διεσκοπεῖτο, εἴ ποθεν ἀσφάλειάν τινα ὁρφη μεταβολῆς γενομένης ὑπάρχουσαν οἱ. Ἱππόκλου γοῦν

appears to be, ἀδήλως τῇ ὄψει, (without discovering, betraying anything by his countenance) πλασάμενος αὐτὴν πρὸς τὴν ξυμφοράν.

οἰόμενοί τι ἐρεῖν] thinking that he was about to address them in some way :' ἐρεῖν is always future in meaning. Below ἐξελέγετο is 'proceeded to pick out,' or 'kept picking out.'

τὰς πομπάς] The article is used because these processions are supposed by Thucydides to be already known to his readers. In fact, the use of the article with the names of persons and things particularizes them, and makes them definite and known: it therefore is attached to a noun on its second mention, because by its previous use the object of course is looked on as known or the article is attached to nouns on their first mention, when it is easily understood, from peculiar circumstances, that they, and no others, are the objects intended : for instance, Κῦρος τὰ παλτὰ εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἔλαβεν : sc. the usual javelins, the javelins he was known to use; and in this way, and no other, the article is equivalent to the possessive pronoun. In the passage above, τὰς πομπάς is put, because the narrative turning on Attica, the reader would know that the processions spoken of, were the well-known

Athenian ones.

LIX. διὰ φόβου ἤδη ὠν] From this point forward more than before influenced by fear. Below, διεσκοπείτο is, 'he looked in every direction.'

ὑπάρχουσαν] The verb ὑπάρχω generally has the notion of 'existing to begin with, or previously, or to fall back on,' attached to it. Cf. στερόμενοι ὁπλιτῶν τε πολλῶν καὶ ἱππέων καὶ ἡλικίας οἵαν οὐχ ἑτέραν ἑώρων ὑπάρχουσαν, ἐβαρύνοντο : “ the like of which they did not see existing to begin again with,' VIII. I. εἴ ποθεν] Πόθεν, like similar particles beginning with π, such as που, ποῖ, πόσοι, &c., are either interrogative, or indefinite ; as πόθεν ἥκει, whence is he come? ἦλθε ποθεν, he came from some place ; so, ποῦ ἔστην, where did I stand? ἔστην που, Ι stood somewhere. The two forms ὅθεν and ὅποθεν are relative, and only used in relative sentences: οἶδα ὅθεν, οι ὅποθεν ἔρχεται. Το this class belong the particles corresponding to those mentioned above, viz. ὅπου, ὅποι, ὅποσοι, &c., as well as the shorter forms οὗ, οἳ, ὅσοι, &c.

γοῦν] This particle (γε οὖν) generally means at all events,' 'at least,' very much like γε : cf. δηλῶν τὰς μεγίστας καὶ ἐλαχίστας· άλλων γοῦν μεγέθους πέρι οὐκ ἐμνήσθη: ‘of any others, at all

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τοῦ Λαμψακηνοῦ τυράννου Αἰαντίδῃ τῷ παιδὶ θυγατέρα ἑαυ
τοῦ μετὰ ταῦτα Αρχεδίκην Αθηναῖος ὢν Λαμψακηνῷ ἔδωκεν,
αἰσθανόμενος αὐτοὺς μέγα παρὰ βασιλεῖ Δαρείῳ δύνασθαι.
καὶ αὐτῆς σῆμα ἐν Λαμψάκῳ ἐστὶν ἐπίγραμμα ἔχον τόδε·
ἀνδρὸς ἀριστεύσαντος ἐν Ἑλλάδι τῶν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ
Ἱππίου Αρχεδίκην ἥδε κέκευθε κόνις,

ἣ πατρός τε καὶ ἀνδρὸς ἀδελφῶν τ' οὖσα τυράννων
παίδων τ ̓ οὐκ ἤρθη νοῦν ἐς ἀτασθαλίην.

τυραννεύσας δὲ ἔτη τρία Ἱππίας ἔτι Αθηναίων, καὶ παυθεὶς ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ ̓Αλκμαιωνιδῶν τῶν φευ γόντων, ἐχώρει ὑπόσπονδος ἔς τε Σίγειον καὶ παρ' Αἰαντίδην ἐς Λάμψακον, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ὡς βασιλέα Δαρεῖον, ὅθεν καὶ ὁρμώ μενος ἐς Μαραθῶνα ὕστερον ἔτει εἰκοστῷ ἤδη γέρων ων μετὰ Μήδων ἐστράτευσεν.

CH. LX., LXI. Resumption of the history: proceedings at Athens with reference to the Herma. Alcibiades, during his return home, escapes.

ὯΝ ἐνθυμούμενος ὁ δῆμος ὁ τῶν Αθηναίων, καὶ μιμνησκό μενος ὅσα ἀκοῇ περὶ αὐτῶν ἠπίστατο, χαλεπὸς ἦν τότε καὶ ὑπόπτης ἐς τοὺς περὶ τῶν μυστικῶν τὴν αἰτίαν λαβόντας, καὶ

events, at least, he made no mention.'

I. 10. τὰς γοῦν ̓Αθήνας οἶδα, τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ; ‘Athens at least I know: Soph. (dip. Col. 24. It also has occasionally an illative force, resulting from the οὖν, ' at least then : τὴν γοῦν Αττικὴν ... ᾤκουν οἱ αὐτοὶ ἀεί, as supplying an instance of something asserted before: 'Attica then, at least.'

ὡς βασιλέα] This use of ὡς in the sense of 'to,' as a preposition, is limited to persons; and is rarely employed with the names of places. Βασιλεύς, when the Persian king is intended, seldom takes the article. The explanation of this seems to be, that βασιλεύς is looked on as resembling such words as γῆ, θάλασ‐ σα, ἥλιος, ὠκεανός, which either take or reject the article, at pleasure, because no misapprehension can arise from its

omission, since no one could be led into the mistake of supposing there were more earths than one, or more suns. In like manner no ambiguity arose from the omission of the article with βασιλεύς, because he was pre-eminently king, to the exclusion of any other, and on the use of βασιλεύς the mind naturally conIcluded the Persian monarch to be intended. Below, ὅθεν καί is, whence moreover,' and non yépwv wv is, 'having by this time, (after the lapse of 20 years) reached a great age.'

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LX. ὧν ἐνθυμούμενος] For the genitive, cf. ὧν ἐνθυμηθέντες &c. I. 42.

τὴν αἰτίαν] Sc. the αἰτία alluded to before ; the well-known αἰτία: cf. the last chapter. Below δεσμωτηρίῳ takes the article, as a well-known building.

πάντα αὐτοῖς ἐδόκει ἐπὶ ξυνωμοσίᾳ ὀλιγαρχικῇ καὶ τυραννικῇ πεπράχθαι. καὶ ὡς αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον ὀργιζομένων πολλοί τε καὶ ἀξιόλογοι ἄνθρωποι ἤδη ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ἦσαν, καὶ οὐκ ἐν παύλῃ ἐφαίνετο ἀλλὰ καθ ̓ ἡμέραν ἐπεδίδοσαν μᾶλλον ἐς τὸ ἀγριώτερόν τε καὶ πλείους ἔτι ξυλλαμβάνειν, ἐνταῦθα ἀναπείθεται εἷς τῶν δεδεμένων, ὅσπερ ἐδόκει αἰτιώ τατος εἶναι, ὑπὸ τῶν ξυνδεσμωτῶν τινὸς εἴτε ἄρα καὶ τὰ ὄντα μηνῦσαι εἴτε καὶ οὔ· ἐπ ̓ ἀμφότερα γὰρ εἰκάζεται, τὸ δὲ σαφὲς οὐδεὶς οὔτε τότε οὔτε ὕστερον ἔχει εἰπεῖν περὶ τῶν δρασάντων τὸ ἔργον. λέγων δὲ ἔπεισεν αὐτὸν ὡς χρή, εἰ μὴ καὶ δέδρακεν, αὑτόν τε ἄδειαν ποιησάμενον σῶσαι καὶ τὴν πόλιν τῆς παρού σης ὑποψίας παῦσαι· βεβαιοτέραν γὰρ αὐτῷ σωτηρίαν εἶναι ὁμολογήσαντι μετ' ἀδείας ἢ ἀρνηθέντι διὰ δίκης ἐλθεῖν. καὶ ὁ μὲν αὐτός τε καθ ̓ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ κατ ̓ ἄλλων μηνύει τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν· ὁ δὲ δῆμος ὁ τῶν ̓Αθηναίων ἄσμενος λαβών, ὡς ᾤετο, τὸ σαφές, καὶ δεινὸν ποιούμενοι πρότερον εἰ τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύοντας σφῶν τῷ πλήθει μὴ εἴσονται, τὸν μὲν μηνυτὴν εὐθὺς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους μετ ̓ αὐτοῦ ὅσων μὴ κατηγορήκει ἔλυσαν, τοὺς δὲ καταιτιαθέντας κρίσεις ποιήσαντες τοὺς μὲν ἀπέκτειναν, ὅσοι ξυνελήφθησαν, τῶν δὲ διαφυγόντων θάνατον καταγνόντες ἐπα

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εἰ μὴ εἴσονται] After certain expressions, δεινόν, δεινὸν ποιοῦμαι, θαυμάζειν, &c., el with the indicative is used not to express really any doubt or uncertainty, but to soften, after the Attic usage, the positiveness of the assertion, 'it is a strange thing, or would be if;' el is therefore really in such cases all but equivalent to ὅτι.

σφῶν τῷ πλήθει] • The popular party amongst them.’

τοὺς καταιτιαθέντας...τοὺς μέν] For this construction see on ch. 48.

θάνατον καταγνόντες] Sc. γνόντες θάνατον κατὰ τῶν διαφυγόντων ; “sentencing death against the runaways. Cf. καταγνοὺς ἑαυτοῦ μὴ περιέσεσθαι : “ forming a notion to his own disadvantage that he would not survive, III. 35. ἐπανειπεῖν is, 'to proclaim over a man,' 'to set a price on his head.'

νεῖπον ἀργύριον τῷ ἀποκτείναντι. κἀν τούτῳ οἱ μὲν παθόντες ἄδηλον ἦν εἰ ἀδίκως ἐτετιμώρηντο, ἡ μέντοι ἄλλη πόλις ἐν τῷ 61 παρόντι περιφανῶς ὠφέλητο. περὶ δὲ τοῦ ̓Αλκιβιάδου έναγόντων τῶν ἐχθρῶν, οἵπερ καὶ πρὶν ἐκπλεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπέθεντο, χαλεπῶς οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι ἐλάμβανον· καὶ ἐπειδὴ τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν ᾤοντο σαφὲς ἔχειν, πολὺ δὴ μᾶλλον καὶ τὰ μυστικά, ὧν ἐπαίτιος ἦν, μετὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ λόγου καὶ τῆς ξυνωμοσίας ἐπὶ τῷ δήμῳ ἀπ' ἐκείνου ἐδόκει πραχθῆναι. καὶ γάρ τις καὶ στρατιὰ Λακεδαιμονίων οὐ πολλὴ ἔτυχε κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον, ἐν ᾧ περὶ ταῦτα ἐθορυβοῦντο, μέχρι Ἰσθμοῦ παρελθοῦσα, πρὸς Βοιωτούς τι πράσσοντες. ἐδόκει οὖν ἐκείνου πράξαντος καὶ οὐ Βοιωτῶν ἕνεκα ἀπὸ ξυνθήματος ἥκειν, καὶ εἰ μὴ ἔφθασαν δὴ αὐτοὶ κατὰ τὸ μήνυμα ξυλλαβόντες τοὺς ἄνδρας, προδοθῆναι ἂν ἡ πόλις. καί τινα μίαν νύκτα καὶ κατέδαρθον ἐν Θησείῳ τῷ ἐν πόλει ἐν ὅπλοις. οἵ τε ξένοι τοῦ ̓Αλκιβιάδου οἱ ἐν Αργει κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ὑπωπτεύθησαν τῷ δήμῳ ἐπιτί θεσθαι, καὶ τοὺς ὁμήρους τῶν ̓Αργείων τοὺς ἐν ταῖς νήσοις κειμένους οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τότε παρέδοσαν τῷ ̓Αργείων δήμῳ διὰ ταῦτα διαχρήσασθαι. πανταχόθεν τε περιεστήκει ὑποψία ἐς

οἱ μὲν παθόντες] Το these words I think ἡ μέντοι ἄλλη correspond, the μένTo standing for the dé strictly required; or possibly dé at the beginning of the next chapter may answer to it, and ǹ μέντοι be parenthetic.

LXI. καὶ τὰ μυστικά] 'the mysteries as well as the Hermæ.'

τῆς ξυνωμοσίας] That is, the conspiracy so often alluded to, or the conspiracy which they were convinced did exist.

καὶ γὰρ καὶ στρατία] The και adds emphasis to the reason, ' for certainly' etenim profecto: 'For certainly in addition to other suspicious circumstances, there was also the fact that a small force of... Just below, πράσσοντες is constructed with reference to the words oi Λακεδαιμόνιοι to which στρατία Λακεδαιμονίων are equivalent: πράσσοντες must not be construed like πράξαντες ; but is, 'in the furtherance of a negotiation

carrying on with the Boeotians.' In the next sentence ἐδόκει is first used with στρατία, and then ἡ πόλις, “the force seemed to have come...the city appeared likely to have been betrayed.'

καὶ κατέδαρθον] The alarm was so great that they went the length of sleeping.'

παρέδοσαν] The Athenians had placed under custody in the adjacent islands some three hundred Argives who were suspected of favouring oligarchy and the Spartan interest. These hostages, as friends of the oligarchical faction at Argos now plotting against the democracy, the Athenians restored to the popular party, to be pledges for the good behaviour of the oligarchically disposed.

διαχρήσασθαι] lit. to use right through,' to use up,' 'to make away with.'

τὸν ̓Αλκιβιάδην. ὥστε βουλόμενοι αὐτὸν ἐς κρίσιν ἀγαγόντες ἀποκτεῖναι, πέμπουσιν οὕτω τὴν Σαλαμινίαν ναῦν ἐς τὴν Σικε λίαν ἐπί τε ἐκεῖνον καὶ ὧν πέρι ἄλλων ἐμεμήνυτο. εἴρητο δὲ προειπεῖν αὐτῷ ἀπολογησομένῳ ἀκολουθεῖν, ξυλλαμβάνειν δὲ μή, θεραπεύοντες τό τε πρὸς τοὺς ἐν τῇ Σικελίᾳ στρατιώτας τε σφετέρους καὶ πολεμίους μὴ θορυβεῖν, καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα τοὺς Μαντινέας και Αργείους βουλόμενοι παραμεῖναι, δι' ἐκείνου νομίζοντες πεισθῆναι σφᾶς ξυστρατεύειν. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἔχων τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ναῦν καὶ οἱ ξυνδιαβεβλημένοι ἀπέπλεον μετὰ τῆς Σαλαμινίας ἐκ τῆς Σικελίας ὡς ἐς τὰς Αθήνας· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐγένοντο ἐν Θουρίοις, οὐκέτι ξυνείποντο ἀλλ ̓ ἀπελθόντες ἀπὸ τῆς νεως οὐ φανεροὶ ἦσαν, δείσαντες τὸ ἐπὶ διαβολῇ ἐς δίκην καταπλεῦσαι. οἱ δ ̓ ἐκ τῆς Σαλαμινίας τέως μὲν ἐζήτουν τὸν ̓Αλκιβιάδην καὶ τοὺς μετ ̓ αὐτοῦ, ὡς δ ̓ οὐδαμοῦ φανεροὶ ἦσαν, ᾤχοντο ἀποπλέοντες. ὁ δὲ ̓Αλκιβιάδης ἤδη φυγὰς ἐν οὐ πολὺ ὕστερον ἐπὶ πλοίου ἐπεραιώθη ἐς Πελοπόννησον ἐκ τῆς Θουρίας· οἱ δ' Ἀθηναῖοι ἐρήμῃ δίκῃ θάνατον κατέγνωσαν αὐτοῦ τε καὶ τῶν μετ ̓ ἐκείνου.

CH. LXII. The Athenians take Hyccara: Nicias visits Segesta. ΜΕΤΑ δὲ ταῦτα οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν ̓Αθηναίων στρατηγοὶ ἐν 62 τῇ Σικελία, δύο μέρη ποιήσαντες τοῦ στρατεύματος καὶ λαχὼν

οὕτω πέμπουσιν] The word οὕτω refers to βουλόμενοι &c. Below ὧν περὶ ἄλλων is equivalent to καὶ ἐπὶ ἄλλους περὶ ὧν.

θεραπεύοντες] The participle follows εἴρητο improperly because εἴρητο is equivalent in sense to εἰρήκεσαν, and this last would require θεραπεύοντες. The two clauses are θεραπεύοντές τε and καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα βουλόμενοι, and τὸ μὴ θορυ 4 anx βεῖν depends on θεραπεύοντες : ious that no disturbance should exist with respect to their own soldiers and the enemy.' They feared, that is, their own soldiers would openly express their anger at the removal of Alcibiades, or their enemies take advantage of the opportunity to attack their forces.

τοὺς Μαντινέας καὶ ̓Αργείους] cf. on ch. 44, under σιτοποιούς.

σφᾶς] This pronoun cannot be right, because it does not refer to the subject of νομίζοντες, and is not therefore reflective. The pronoun required is clearly αὐτούς, οι σφίσιν must be read. If σφᾶς be retained νομίζοντες must be the Mantineans and Argives, and a total change of subject ungrammatically ensues.

ἤδη φυγὰς ὠν] ‘Being now (by reason of this open act of disobedience to the state) an outlaw. Below, δίκη ἐρήμη means a suit, wherein one of the two parties failed to appear, to answer his recognisances ; and consequently judgment went by default.

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