τέρα μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι θάρσος παρασχεῖν ἢ καλῶς λεχθέντες λόγοι μετὰ ἀσθενοῦς στρατοπέδου. ὅπου γὰρ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ Μαντινῆς καὶ 'Αθηναῖοι καὶ νησιωτῶν οἱ πρῶτοι ἐσμεν, πῶς οὐ χρὴ μετὰ τοιῶνδε καὶ τοσῶνδε ξυμμάχων πάντα τινὰ μεγάλην τὴν ἐλπίδα τῆς νίκης ἔχειν, ἄλλως τε καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρας πανδημεί τε ἀμυνομένους καὶ οὐκ ἀπολέκτους ὥσπερ καὶ ἡμᾶς, καὶ προσέτι Σικελιώτας, οἳ ὑπερφρονοῦσι μὲν ἡμᾶς, ὑπομενοῦσι δ ̓ οὐ διὰ τὸ τὴν ἐπιστήμην τῆς τόλμης ἥσσω ἔχειν. παραστήτω δέ τινι καὶ τόδε, πολύ τε ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμετέρας αὐτῶν εἶναι καὶ πρὸς γῇ οὐδεμιᾷ φιλίᾳ, ἥντινα μὴ αὐτοὶ μαχόμενοι κτήσεσθε. καὶ τοὐναντίον ὑπομιμνήσκω ὑμᾶς ἢ οἱ πολέμιοι σφίσαν αὐτοῖς εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι παρακελεύονται· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ὅτι περὶ πατρίδος ἔσται ὁ ἀγών, ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι οὐκ ἐν πατρίδι, ἐξ ἧς κρατεῖν δεῖ ἢ μὴ ῥᾳδίως ἀποχωρεῖν· οἱ γὰρ ἱππῆς πολλοὶ ἐπικείσονται. τῆς τε οὖν ὑμετέρας αὐτῶν ἀξίας μνησθέντες ἐπέλθετε τοῖς ἐναντίοις προθύμως, καὶ τὴν παροῦσαν ἀνάγκην καὶ ἀπορίαν φοβερω τέραν ἡγησάμενοι τῶν πολεμίων.”

ευ

CH. LXIX., LXX. Account of the battle : defeat of the Syracusans.

Ὁ μὲν Νικίας τοιαῦτα παρακελευσάμενος ἐπῆγε τὸ στρα- 69 τόπεδον εὐθύς, οἱ δὲ Συρακόσιοι ἀπροσδόκητοι μὲν ἐν τῷ

μέν appears to have no corresponding δέ, the sentence probably having been turned otherwise than Thucydides at first intended.

μεγάλην τὴν ἐλπίδα] See on ch. Io. ὥσπερ καὶ ἡμᾶς] This should be ἡμεῖς, and probably arises from a confusion in the mind of the writer, from the use of πρὸς ἄνδρας, and ἀπολέκτους. Compare the common form ὅδ ̓ ἄνηρ, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐ νέμειν, arising from the confusion of the expressions, ὅδ ̓ ἄνηρ, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐ νέμει, and ὅδ ̓ ἄνηρ ἔοικεν οὐ νέμειν.

ὑπερφρονοῦσι] The sense of ὑπέρ in composition is 'beyond,' either in the way of actual space, ὑπερβαίνω, ‘to go beyond,' or of proper moral bounds: as here, 'form opinions beyond us,' 'despise. For ὑπομένειν, compare ὑπολεί

πειν : the sense is, ‘staying behind, and then, waiting for.'

ἥντινα μή] ‘Near no friendly country which you shall not obtain by your own swords,' i. e. 'unless so far as you gain any.'

ὑπομιμνήσκω] cf. ch. 32, on ύπεση

μάνθη.

οἳ μέν] Repeat παρακελεύονται. Below, ἀποχωρεῖν either depends on δεῖ, ‘you will be forced to retire under difficulties,' or on a word, ἔξεσται, or the like repeated from it. And οὐκ ἐν πατρίδι ἐξ ης is put briefly for, οὐκ ἐν πατρίδι, ἀλλ ̓ ἐκ γῆς ἐξ ηs, Gin a land not your country, but one from which,' &c.

οἱ γὰρ ἵπποι] cf. ch. 1o.

LXIX. ἀπροσδόκητοι μέν] This answers to ὅμως δέ, further on. In καὶ

καιρῷ τούτῳ ἦσαν ὡς ἤδη μαχούμενοι, καί τινες αὐτοῖς ἐγγὺς τῆς πόλεως οὔσης καὶ ἀπεληλύθεσαν· οἱ δὲ καὶ διὰ σπουδῆς προσβοηθοῦντες δρόμῳ ὑστέριζον μέν, ὡς δὲ ἕκαστός πῃ τοῖς πλείοσι προσμίξειεν καθίσταντο. οὐ γὰρ δὴ προθυμίᾳ ἐλλι πεῖς ἦσαν οὐδὲ τόλμῃ οὔτ ̓ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ μάχῃ οὔτ ̓ ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις, ἀλλὰ τῇ μὲν ἀνδρίᾳ οὐχ ἥσσους ἐς ὅσον ἡ ἐπιστήμη ἀντέχοι, τῷ δὲ ἐλλείποντι αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν βούλησιν ἄκοντες προσδίδοσαν. ὅμως δὲ οὐκ ἂν οἰόμενοι σφίσι τοὺς ̓Αθηναίους προτέρους ἐπελθεῖν, καὶ διὰ τάχους ἀναγκαζόμενοι ἀμύνασθαι, ἀναλαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα εὐθὺς ἀντεπῄεσαν. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν αὐτῶν ἑκατέρων οἵ τε λιθοβόλοι καὶ σφενδονῆται καὶ τοξόται προὐμάχοντο, καὶ τροπὰς οἵας εἰκὸς ψιλοὺς ἀλλήλων ἐποίουν· ἔπειτα δὲ μάντεις τε σφάγια προὔφερον τὰ νομιζόμενα καὶ σαλπιγκταὶ ξύνοδον ἐπώτρυνον τοῖς ὁπλίταις, οἱ δ ̓ ἐχώρουν, Συρακόσιοι μὲν περί τε πατρίδος μαχούμενοι καὶ τῆς ἰδίας ἕκαστος τὸ μὲν αὐτίκα σωτηρίας τὸ δὲ μέλλον ἐλευθερίας, τῶν δ ̓ ἐναντίων Αθηναῖοι μὲν περί τε τῆς ἀλλοτρίας οἰκείαν σχεῖν καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν μὴ βλάψαι ἡσσώμενοι, Ἀργεῖοι δὲ καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων οἱ αὐτόνομοι ξυγκτήσασθαί τε ἐκείνοις ἐφ ̓ ἃ ἦλθον, καὶ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν σφίσι πατρίδα νικήσαντες πάλιν ἐπιδεῖν· τὸ δ ̓ ὑπήκοον τῶν ξυμμάχων μέγιστον μὲν περὶ τῆς αὐτίκα ἀνελπίστου σωτηρίας, ἢν μὴ κρατῶσιν, τὸ πρόθυμον εἶχον, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐν παρέργῳ καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο ξυγκαταστρεψα

ἀπεληλύθεσαν, the force is, had gone so far as to leave the camp altogether, and to visit the city.' Oi dè κal is, 'and others also. Προσμίξεις is the optative of indefinite frequency; as each at different moments fell in with a larger body.'

τῷ δὲ ἐλλείποντι] But to their deficiency in this they were forced to make even their plans, (as well as the execution of them), give way;' their want of skill compelled them to abandon several of the plans they formed.

οἵ τε λιθοβόλοι] The light troops generally, consisting of stone-throwers.' &c. On the omission of the article with all but the first noun, see on ch. 44. In

προὐμάχοντο, the force is fought in front: πρό, in compounds, meaning 'before,' either in place, or time.

Συρακόσιοι μέν] This corresponds to τῶν δὲ ἐναντίων, who are divided into Αθηναῖοι μέν, Αργεῖοι δέ; and τὸ μὲν αὐτ τίκα and τὸ δὲ μέλλον are contrasted. Below, σχεῖν depends on μαχούμενοι, sc. ὥστε σχεῖν αὐτὴν οἰκείαν. In the next sentence, συγκτήσασθαι ἐκείνοις is, to join with the Athenians in acquiring.' Further on, τὸ ὑπήκοον τῶν ξυμμάχων takes the plural εἶχον, as equivalent to τῶν ξυμμάχων ὅσοι ὑπήκοοι ἦσαν. For μέγιστον τὸ πρόθυμον εἶχον, see on ch. 10, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο] Sc. τὸ πρόθυμον εἶχον, πειρασόμενοι εἰ ὑπακούσεται αὐτοῖς ὑπ ̓

μένοις ῥᾷον αὐτοῖς ὑπακούσεται. γενομένης δ ̓ ἐν χερσὶ τῆς γο μάχης ἐπὶ πολὺ ἀντεῖχον ἀλλήλοις, καὶ ξυνέβη βροντάς τε ἅμα τινὰς γενέσθαι καὶ ἀστραπὴς καὶ ὕδωρ πολύ, ὥστε τοῖς μὲν πρῶτον μαχομένοις καὶ ἐλάχιστα πολέμῳ ὡμιληκόσι καὶ τοῦτο ξυνεπιλαβέσθαι τοῦ φόβου, τοῖς δ ̓ ἐμπειροτέροις τὰ μὲν γιγνόμενα καὶ ὥρᾳ ἔτους περαίνεσθαι δοκεῖν, τοὺς δὲ ἀνθεστῶτας πολὺ μείζω ἔκπληξιν μὴ νικωμένους παρέχειν. ὠσαμένων δὲ τῶν ̓Αργείων πρῶτον τὸ εὐώνυμον κέρας τῶν Συρακοσίων, καὶ μετ ̓ αὐτοὺς τῶν ̓Αθηναίων τὸ κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτούς, παρερρήγνυτο ἤδη καὶ τὸ ἄλλο στράτευμα τῶν Συρακοσίων καὶ ἐς φυγὴν κατέστη. καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ μὲν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι (οἱ γὰρ ἱππῆς τῶν Συρακοσίων πολλοὶ ὄντες καὶ ἀήσσητοι εἶργον, καὶ ἐσβαλόντες ἐς τοὺς ὁπλίτας αὐτῶν, εἴ τινας προδιώκοντας ἴδοιεν, ἀνέστελλον), ἐπακολουθήσαντες δὲ ἀθρόοι ὅσον ἀσφαλῶς εἶχε πάλιν ἐπανεχώρουν καὶ τροπαῖον ἵστασαν. οἱ δὲ Συρακόσιοι ἀθροισθέντες ἐς τὴν Ἐλωρινὴν ὁδὸν καὶ ὡς ἐκ τῶν παρόντων ξυνταξάμενοι ἔς τε τὸ Ὀλυμπιεἷον ὅμως σφῶν αὐτῶν παρέπεμψαν φυλακήν, δείσαντες μὴ οἱ Αθηναῖοι τῶν χρημάτων ἃ ἦν αὐτόθι κινήσωσιν, καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἐπανεχώρησαν ἐς τὴν πόλιν.

αὐτῶν) ῥᾷον ξυγκαταστρεψαμένοις ἄλλο τι, 'to see whether, after joining the Athenians in conquering others, their own subjection would be less onerous ; ὑπακούσεται seems taken passively: this is unusual, because although the first future middle can occasionally be used passively, yet this hardly seems the case where the verb has no proper future active, as ἀκούσομαι, γνώσομαι, &c.

LXX. ξυνεπιλαβέσθαι] ‘joined in causing the alarm they felt ; καὶ τοῦτο is, 'this, besides other things.' Below, καὶ ὥρᾳ ἔτους seems to mean, quite in accordance with phenomena usual at that period of the year.'

παρερρήγνυτο] Was breaking right

along. Below, προδιώκοντας is, ‘advanced before the rest in pursuit ; and ἐπακολουθήσαντες δὲ ἀθρόοι, answers to ἐπὶ πολὺ μὲν οὐκ.

ἐπανεχώρουν] From ἐπί and ἀνά; 'they retreated to their original position (ἐπί), and busied themselves in erecting a trophy.'

ὅμως] ‘In spite of their defeat ; and below, παρέπεμψαν is, they sent along the road.'

τῶν χρημάτων] Comparing κινήσαντες τῶν Ολυμπίασιν ἢ Δελφοῖς χρημάτων, I. 143, the genitive seems a partitive one: 'move any portion of the treasures.'

71

72

CH. LXXI., LXXII. The Athenians proceed to Catana to winter.

ΟΙ δὲ ̓Αθηναῖοι πρὸς μὲν τὸ ἱερὸν οὐκ ἦλθον, ξυγκομί σαντες δὲ τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεκροὺς καὶ ἐπὶ πυρὰν ἐπιθέντες ηὐλίσαντο αὐτοῦ. τῇ δ' ὑστεραίᾳ τοῖς μὲν Συρακοσίοις ἀπέδοσαν ὑποσπόνδους τοὺς νεκρούς (ἀπέθανον δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων περὶ ἑξήκοντα καὶ διακοσίους), τῶν δὲ σφετέρων τὰ ὀστᾶ ξυνέλεξαν (ἀπέθανον δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων ὡς πεντήκοντα), καὶ τὰ τῶν πολεμίων σκῦλα ἔχοντες ἀπέπλευσαν ἐς Κατάνην· χειμών τε γὰρ ἦν, καὶ τὸν πόλεμον αὐτόθεν ποιεῖσθαι οὔπω ἐδόκει δυνατὸν εἶναι, πρὶν ἂν ἱππέας τε μεταπέμψωσιν ἐκ τῶν ̓Αθηνῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐτόθεν ξυμμάχων ἀγείρωσιν, ὅπως μὴ παντάπασιν ἱπποκρατῶνται, καὶ χρήματα δὲ ἅμα αὐτόθεν τε ξυλλέξωνται καὶ παρ' Αθηναίων ἔλθῃ, τῶν τε πόλεών τινας προσαγάγωνται, ἃς ἤλπιζον μετὰ τὴν μάχην μᾶλλον σφῶν ὑπακούσεσθαι, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ σῖτον καὶ ὅσων δέοι παρασκευάσωνται ὡς ἐς τὸ ἔαρ ἐπιχειρήσοντες ταῖς Συρακούσαις.

Καὶ οἱ μὲν ταύτῃ τῇ γνώμῃ ἀπέπλευσαν ἐς τὴν Νάξον καὶ Κατάνην διαχειμάσοντες, Συρακόσιοι δὲ τοὺς σφετέρους αὐτῶν νεκροὺς θάψαντες ἐκκλησίαν ἐποίουν. καὶ παρελθὼν αὐτοῖς Ἑρμοκράτης ὁ Ἕρμωνος, ἀνὴρ καὶ ἐς τἆλλα ξύνεσιν οὐδενὸς λειπόμενος καὶ κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἐμπειρίᾳ τε ἱκανὸς γενόμενος καὶ ἀνδρίᾳ ἐπιφανής, ἐθάρσυνέ τε καὶ οὐκ εἴα τῷ γεγενημένῳ ἐνδιδόναι· τὴν μὲν γὰρ γνώμην αὐτῶν οὐχ ἡσσῆσθαι, τὴν δὲ ἀταξίαν βλάψαι. οὐ μέντοι τοσοῦτόν γε

LXXI. και χρήματα δέ] Καὶ.. .δέ, (usually separated by the emphatic word) signifes, and moreover; καὶ ἡ τῶν Θηβαιῶν δὲ πόλις. . . ' and the city of the Thebans also. Below, ὅσων δέοι should strictly be ὅσων ἂν δέῃ, because the present construction prevails in παρασκευάσωνται and the other verbs ; but ὅσων δέοι is constructed with reference to the past verb ἐδόκει. In τά τε ἄλλα, the τε connects the two clauses, and τὰ ἄλλα is subdivided by καί... καί into its component parts: hence σîrov has no article:

λειφθῆναι ὅσον εἰκὸς εἶναι, ἄλλως τε τοῖς πρώτοις τῶν Ἑλλή νων ἐμπειρίᾳ ἰδιώτας ὡς εἰπεῖν χειροτέχνας ἀνταγωνισαμένους. μέγα δὲ βλάψαι καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν στρατηγῶν καὶ τὴν που λυαρχίαν (ἦσαν γὰρ πεντεκαίδεκα οἱ στρατηγοὶ αὐτοῖς) τῶν τε πολλῶν τὴν ἀξύντακτον ἀναρχίαν. ἢν δὲ ὀλίγοι τε στρατηγοὶ γένωνται ἔμπειροι καὶ ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι τούτῳ παρασκευάσωσι τὸ ὁπλιτικόν, οἷς τε ὅπλα μὴ ἔστιν ἐκπορίζοντες, ὅπως ὡς πλεῖστοι ἔσονται, καὶ τῇ ἄλλῃ μελέτη προσαναγκάζοντες, ἔφη κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς κρατήσειν σφᾶς τῶν ἐναντίων, ἀνδρίας μὲν σφίσιν ὑπαρχούσης, εὐταξίας δ' ἐς τὰ ἔργα προσγενομένης· ἐπιδώσειν γὰρ ἀμφότερα αὐτά, τὴν μὲν μετὰ κινδύνων μελετωμένην, τὴν δ ̓ εὐψυχίαν αὐτὴν ἑαυτῆς μετὰ τοῦ πιστοῦ τῆς ἐπιστήμης θαρσαλεωτέραν ἔσεσθαι. τούς τε στρατηγοὺς καὶ ὀλίγους καὶ αὐτοκράτορας χρῆναι ἑλέσθαι, καὶ ὀμόσαι αὐτοῖς τὸ ὅρκιον ἢ μὴν ἐάσειν ἄρχειν ὅπῃ ἂν ἐπίστωνται· οὕτω γὰρ ἅ τε κρύπτεσθαι δεῖ μᾶλλον ἂν στέγεσθαι, καὶ τἆλλα κατὰ κόσμον καὶ ἀπροφασίστως παρασκευασθῆναι.

they were fighting with the most skilled of the Greeks, in the character of amateurs against professionals ; ἄλλως τε, can only mean, and besides,' 'and moreover ;' unless ἄλλως τε καί be read: είναι, although in the relative clause, is influenced by the verb of assertion, as we have seen before.

οἷς τε μὴ ἔστιν] For the use of μή, see on ch. 36.

ἐκπορίζοντες] 'Fully providing. The main uses of ek in composition, are; (1) its original one of 'removal,' 'out,' away ;' ἐκβάλλειν, ' to cast out ;' (2) that of 'carrying out,' or 'completing,' 'to do a thing utterly,' or 'outerly.'

προσαναγκάζοντες] ' And besides, forcing them to undergo the other usual routine of training.'

ἐπιδώσειν] ' would give themselves up

additionally,' or, 'increase.' Below, with τὴν μέν, supply εὐταξίαν, which, with εὐψυχίαν, are epexegetical of ἀμφότερα αὐτά.

θαρσαλεωτέραν ἑαυτῆς] ‘More daring than itself under different circumstances,' or, more daring than it had previously been. For τούς τε στρατήγους ὀλίγους ἑλέσθαι, see on ch. Io.

ἢ μήν] ἢ μήν is certainly, ‘verily," (cf. ch. 17), conveying the strongest asseveration, and usually employed in oaths. Here, ἢ μὴν ἐάσειν ἄρχειν, is, 'that they would verily do one thing, whatever else might be done,' i. e. 'they would assuredly permit them to rule :' cf. πιστὰ λαβεῖν παρὰ ἡμῶν ἢ μὴν φιλίαν παρέξειν, Xen. Αnab. XXIII. 26. Τὸ ὁρο κίον is, the usual oath.