superintendent, containing abstracts of the reports made to him by district clerks, and such other matters as the State superintendent may require; keep an accurate description of the boundaries of the several districts; appoint district directors to fill vacancies and form new districts; apportion the county school funds (amount received from the State, county taxes, fines, etc.) to each district according to the number of days' attendance: Provided, That each district shall be credited with at least two thousand days' attendance. He shall report to the county commissioners the number and names of defective youth in his county, and the county commissioners shall not allow his salary for July until the State superintendent shall certify that his annual report has been made.

Any decision made by the county superintendent may be appealed to the State superintendent. The county superintendent, in addition to the salary fixed by law, shall be allowed mileage at the rate of 10 cents for each mile necessarily traveled in visiting schools and in attending conventions of county superitendents, but he shall be allowed no other emolument.

Board of district directors.-The term "school district" means the territory under the jurisdiction of a single school board. To organize a new district a petition in writing shall be made to the county superintendent signed by at least five heads of families residing in the district, but for the purpose of transferring territory from one district to another it is necessary that a majority of the heads of the families residing in the territory to be transferred should petition.

Directors of school districts shall be elected at the regular annual school election. At the first annual election in all new districts three directors shall be elected for one, two, and three years, respectively. The ballots shall specify the term for which each is to be elected. In all districts in which elections have been previously held, one director shall be elected for the term of three years, and if any vacancies are to be filled, a sufficient number to fill them for the unexpired term or terms; and the ballots shall specify the respective term for which each director is to be elected.

Every board of directors, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall employ, and for sufficient cause discharge, teachers, mechanics, or laborers, and fix, alter, allow, and order paid their salaries and compensation; enforce the rules and regulations prescribed by the superintendent of public instruction and the State board of education for the government of the schools, pupils, and teachers, and enforce the course of study prescribed by the State board of education; provide and pay for school furniture and apparatus, and such other articles, materials, and supplies as may be necessary for the use of schools; rent, repair, furnish, and insure schoolhouses; build or remove schoolhouses; purchase or sell lots or other real estate, when directed by a vote of the district to do so; purchase personal property in the name of the district, and receive, lease, and hold for their district any real or personal property, and have custody of all school property; suspend or expel pupils from school who refuse to obey the rules thereof, and may exclude from school all children under 6 years of age; provide free text-books and supplies, to be loaned to the pupils of the schools, when in their judgment the best interests of their districts will be subserved thereby; require all pupils to be furnished with such books as may have been adopted by the State board of education, as a condition to membership in the schools; exclude from school and school libraries all books, tracts, papers, and other publications of an immoral or pernicious tendency, or of a sectarian or partisan character; provide and pay for transportation of children to and from school when deemed necessary; authorize the schoolroom to be used for summer and night schools, literary, scientific, religious, political, mechanical, or agricultural societies, under proper regulations; require teachers to conform to the provisions of the school law.

Any board of directors shall be liable as directors in the name of the district for any judgment against the district, for any salary due any teacher, and for any debts legally due, contracted under the provisions of this act, and they shall pay such judgment or liability out of the school funds to the credit of the district.

The directors shall annually elect one of their number clerk and as such clerk he shall annually take an exact census of all children and youth between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and shall designate the number of weeks each child between the ages of 6 and 21 years has attended school during the school year, the names and sex of all children subject to enumeration, noting defects of sight or hearing, and the names of their parents or guardians. He shall report the enumeration, and such information as the State superintendent shall require as to duration of schools, character of instruction, attendance, buildings, and

the salaries of teachers. He shall receive $3 per diem for taking the census and making his report, and such other allowances as the board of directors may deem reasonable, but he shall receive no compensation until he shall have made his reports.

Each incorporated city or town shall comprise one school district, and shall elect, when there is more than one school, a town school superintendent, who may be a teacher.

City board of education.-Whenever any incorporated city shall have a population of 10,000 or more inhabitants, together with any adjacent or contiguous territory that now is or may be hereafter attached to said city for school purposes, it shall constitute one school district, and the board of directors shall constitute the city board of education. The board of directors shall consist of five members, who shall be elected by ballot by the qualified electors of the district, and shall hold their offices for the term of three years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. The regular district election for the election of members of the board of education shall be held annually in each district.

The board shall elect a secretary, who shall not be a member of the board, but shall act as its purchasing agent and in addition as superintendent of buildings, giving bond of $5,000 or more. The board shall employ a city superintendent of schools of the district, and for cause dismiss him, and fix his duties and compensation; enforce the rules and general regulations of the State superintendent and the State board of education; prescribe the course of study, the exercises, and the kind of text-books to be used, in addition to the text-books prescribed by the State board of education, for use of the common schools of this State; provide free text-books and supplies for all children attending school when so ordered by a vote of the electors; or, if free text-books are not provided, provide books for indigent children, on the written statement of the superintendent that the parents of such children are not able to purchase them; require successful vaccination as a condition of school membership, and provide free vaccination for all who are unable to pay for the same; provide for school furniture and for everything needed in the schoolhouses; make necessary by-laws for more effectively carrying out the provisions of this act and for facilitating the work of the board, as required by law; adopt and enforce such rules and regulations as may be deemed essential to the well-being of the schools, and establish and maintain such grades and departments, including night schools, as shall, in the judgment of the board, best promote the interests of education in the district; suspend or expel pupils from school who refuse to obey the rules; employ, and for cause dismiss, teachers; determine the length of time over and above eight months that school shall be maintained; fix the time for the annual opening and closing of schools and for the daily dismissal of primary pupils before the regular time for closing schools. They shall make an annual printed report to the taxpayers of the district, showing in detail the receipts and disbursements of the school funds. The board shall annually cause the school census to be taken by the secretary and census marshals selected by him, at such compensation as the board shall fix, and shall annually report to the county commissioners the amount of funds necessary to carry on the schools.

2. TEACHERS.

Certificates-Duties-Preliminary training-Institutes.

Certificates. No person shall be accounted a qualified teacher who has not first received a certificate issued by the State superintendent, or a State certificate or life diploma from the State board of education, or a temporary or special certificate granted by the county superintendent.

Life diplomas, valid during the life of the holder, and State certificates, for five years, shall be issued by the State superintendent on authority of the State board. State certificates may, upon application and without examination, be renewed, or a life diploma be authorized in lieu thereof by the State board.

First-grade common school certificates are valid for five years; second grade, for two years; third grade, for one year. Said certificates shall be issued by the State superintendent.

Temporary certificates may be issued by any county superintendent, entitling the holder to teach in any common school of the county wherein the same is issued until the next regular examination of teachers. Special certificates may be issued without examination by the county superintendent to teachers of music, languages other than English, drawing and painting, manual training, and

EDUCATION REPORT, 1904.

penmanship, upon application of any board of directors, if the county superintendent shall have received satisfactory evidence of the applicant's fitness to teach the subject named, which certificate shall entitle the holder to teach the subject therein named in any school of the district under the control of said board of directors, until revoked for cause.

The State board of education shall sit as a board of examination at their annual or special meetings and grant State certificates or life diplomas. State certificates shall be granted to such applicants only as shall file with the board satisfactory evidence of having taught successfully twenty-seven months, at least nine of which shall have been in the public schools of this State. The applicant must pass a satisfactory examination in all the branches required for first-grade common school certificates, also plane geometry, geology, botany, zoology, civil government, psychology, history of education, bookkeeping, composition, and general history, or shall file with the board a certified copy of a diploma from some State normal school or a State or Territorial certificate, the requirements to obtain which shall not have been less than those of this State. Life diplomas shall be granted to such applicants only as shall file with the board satisfactory evidence that they have taught successfully for ninety months, not less than fifteen of which shall have been in the public schools of this State; in other respects the requirements shall be the same as those for State certificates. But no State certificate or life diploma shall ever be granted without examination to the holder of a diploma from any State normal school unless said school shall first have been placed on the accredited list by the State board, nor shall a State certificate or a life diploma be granted without examination to the holder of a State certificate or life diploma unless the name of said State shall be found on the accredited list of States. The fee for State certificates shall be $3 and for life diplomas $5.

The State board shall also have power to grant State certificates without examination to all applicants who are graduates of a regular four-year collegiate course of the University of Washington, the Agricultural College and School of Science, or of other reputable institutions of learning whose requirements for graduation are equal to the requirements of the University of Washington. The applicant shall file with the board a certified copy of his diploma and the course of study for the year in which he graduated, and shall pass a satisfactory examination before the State board in theory and practice of teaching, psychology, and history of education, and shall file with the board satisfactory evidence of having taught successfully for twenty-seven months, at least nine of which shall have been in the public schools of this State, unless the name of the institution by which it was granted shall appear upon the accredited list of schools.

There shall be held at each county seat on the second Thursday of May, August, and November each year an examination of applicants for teachers' certificates, conducted by the county superintendent according to the rules and regulations of the State board. Applicants shall be at least 17 years of age, and shall be examined in reading, penmanship, orthography, written and mental arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, history and Constitution of the United States, school law and the constitution of the State of Washington, and the theory and art of teaching; and for a first-grade certificate in the additional branches of physics, English literature, and algebra, and the applicant must present satisfactory written evidence of having taught successfully nine months; but the State board may adopt two other subjects in lieu of algebra and physics for teachers who have taught exclusively in primary schools for not less than fifty months, and the certificates granted to such primary teachers shall be known as first-grade primary certificates, and shall entitle the holder to teach only in the primary grades of city and village schools. The State superintendent shall also have power to grant common school certificates without examination to all applicants who are graduates of a regular four-year collegiate course of the University of Washington, the Agricultural College and School of Science, State normal schools equal in requirements to the State normal schools of Washington, or of other reputable institutions of learning whose requirements for graduation are equal to the requirements of the University of Washington; also to all applicants who hold State certificates or diplomas equal in requirements to those of the State of Washington; but the applicant shall pass an examination in State school law and constitution with a standing required for a first-grade certificate.

Fee for examination or temporary certificate or renewal, $1. The county superintendent shall, within three days of the close of said examination, forward to the State superintendent all the papers written at said examination

and relating thereto, including a complete list of all applicants, with their postoffice addresses, and also a receipt from the county treasurer for the fees collected at the examination.

The holder of a first-grade certificate who shall present to the State superintendent evidence of having taught successfully twenty-four school months during the time said certificate has been in force, may have same renewed without further examination, and such renewal and succeeding renewals shall be for terms of five years; but such renewal certificates shall lapse upon the failure of the holder to teach for a period of two consecutive school years. A teacher holding a second-grade certificate, who has taught in the primary grades of the public schools of the State for not less than thirty-six months immediately preceding the expiration of said certificate, and who has taken at least one subject of the teacher's reading circle work each year, may have said certificate renewed once for two years as a primary teacher. All applicants for certificates above third grade who shall attain the required percentage in eight of the designated subjects shall be credited for those subjects in which they shall have passed, and upon passing the required percentages in the remaining subjects at the next subsequent examination shall receive a certificate in accordance with the result of both examinations. Any teacher to whom a certificate has been granted by any county board of examiners in this State, or by lawful examiners in any other State or Territory the requirements to obtain which were not less than in this State, or any teacher holding a diploma or certificate of graduation from any State or Territorial normal school, or from the normal department of the University of the State of Washington, may present the same to a county superintendent, who shall grant to said person a temporary certificate: Provided, That such teacher was not a resident of the county at the time of the last examination, or else was not able by reason of sickness or other unavoidable cause to attend said examination.

Any certificate may be revoked by the authority entitled to grant the same upon the determination of sufficient cause, after the holder shall have been given an opportunity of being heard.

Duties. Every teacher employed in any common school shall make a report to the county superintendent at the time he contracts to teach such school, the number of the district in which he is to teach, the grade of his certificate, the date it expires, and the proposed length of term, and at the close of any school shall report to the county superintendent on the blanks prescribed by the State superintendent. Any teacher who shall be teaching at the close of the school year, or who shall teach the last term of any school year in any school district, shall make a report to the county superintendent immediately upon the close of such school year or term, for the entire time taught in said school district since the beginning of the school year. Copies of all reports made by teachers shall be furnished to the clerk of the district, to be filed in his office. No board of directors shall draw any order or warrant for the salary of any teacher for the last month of his service until the reports herein required shall have been made and received: Provided, That in all schools under the direction of a city superintendent the report of such superintendent shall be accepted by the county. superintendent and the directors in lieu of a teacher's report, and that when there is no city superintendent the report of the principal shall be accepted in lieu of the teacher's report.

Every teacher shall keep a school register in the manner provided for, and no board of directors shall draw any warrant for the salary of any teacher for the last month of his service in the school, at the end of any term or year, until they shall have received a certificate from the district clerk that the said register has been properly kept, the summaries made, and the statistics entered, or until by personal examination they shall have satisfied themselves that it has been done. Teachers shall faithfully enforce in the school the course of study and regulations prescribed, and if any teachers shall willfully refuse or neglect to comply with such regulations their salaries may be withheld. Teachers maltreating or abusing any pupil by administering undue or severe punishment, or inflicting punishment on the head or face, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined in a sum not to exceed $100.

Preliminary training.-There are established three State normal schools for the training and education of teachers in the art of instructing and governing the schools of the State. The schools are under a board of 5 trustees who manage the affairs of the schools.

Institutes. Whenever the number of school districts in any county is 25 or more, the county superintendent shall hold a teachers' institute each year, and

every teacher employed in a common school in the county must attend such institute during its whole time. In any county where there are less than 25 school districts the county superintendent may, in his discretion, hold an institute. Each session of the institute must continue not less than three days. When the institute is held during the time the teachers are employed in teaching, their pay shall not be diminished by reason of their attendance when certified to by the county superintendent. The county superintendent must keep an accurate account of the actual expenses of the institute, with vouchers for the same, and present the bill to the county commissioner, who will allow the same, but not to more than $200 in any one year. Any teacher who willfully neglects to attend an institute shall be deprived of his certificate.

3. SCHOOLS.

Attendance-Character of instruction-Text-books-Buildings.

Attendance.-Every common school shall be open to all children from 6 to 21 years of age; and all parents, guardians, and others having immediate charge of any child or children between the ages of 8 and 15 years shall send the same to school at least four months each year, and in graded school districts in incorporated cities and towns such children shall be sent to school at least six months each year. All school districts in this State shall maintain school at least five months each year, and in incorporated cities and towns the minimum length of term for each year shall be six months, and in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants, 8 months. The school day shall be six hours in length, inclusive of a noon intermission, but the time may be reduced by the board of directors, except that for primary pupils it must not be less than four hours.

Character of instruction.—In every school shall be taught, in the English language, the following subjects: Reading, penmanship, orthography, written and mental arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics, history of the United States, and such other studies as may be prescribed by the board of education. Attention must be given during the entire course to the cultivation of manners, to the laws of health, physical exercise, and ventilation and temperature of the schoolroom. The high schools (also normal schools, State university, and other State educational institutions) are a part of the public school system. The work is divided into twelve grades. The first eight cover the work of the common school, and the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades constitute the high school work. Two or more common school districts may unite to form a union high school. The State gives, aside from the regular apportionment for attendance, $100 a year for each grade maintained by such union high school district.

Text-books.-In each district of the first class (i. e., one maintaining a high school with not less than a two years' course of study) there shall be a text-book commission composed of five persons, namely, the city superintendent (or, if there be none, the principal of the high school) as ex officio chairman, and two members of the city board of education or district board of directors, and two teachers teaching in the district, to be designated by such city or district board for a term of five years. Text-books shall be selected by said commission covering the course of study issued by the State superintendent for such schools, together with any books supplementary or additional thereto which may be deemed necessary, and such books when adopted shall continue in use for three years and until displaced by order of the commission.

In each county containing any school district of the second class (i. e., one not maintaining a high school) there shall be a county board of education composed of five members, namely, the county superintendent as ex officio president, and two teachers and two citizen taxpayers of the county, to be designated by the county commissioners for a term of four years. The State superintendent shall prescribe a uniform course of study for all schools of the second class, and each county board shall adopt books covering the same and may adopt any books additional or supplementary thereto when deemed necessary, which books shall continue in use for five years and until displaced by order of the said county board. A second-class district lying in two or more counties shall be under the jurisdiction of the oldest county.

Each member of the text-book commission of a first-class district shall receive $3 a day as compensation while so employed, and each member of a county board 10 cents per mile traveled in attending meetings of the board. The commission