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monarchy was oppressed by the ignominy and blindness of Tartar servitude. The Sclavonic and Scandinavian king. doms, which had been converted by the Latin missionaries, were exposed, it is true, to the spiritual jurisdiction and temporal claims of the popes; but they were united in language and religious worship, with each other, and with Rome; they imbibed the free and generous spirit of the European republic, and gradually shared the light of knowledge which arose on the western world.

"The great princes removed in 1156 from Kiow, which was ruined by the Tartars in 1240. Moscow became the seat of empire in the xivth century. See the 1st and 2d volumes of Levesque's History, and Mr. Coxe's Travels into the North, tom. i. p. 241, &c.

82 The ambassadors of St. Stephen had used the reverential expressions of regnum oblatum, debitam obedientiam, &c., which were most rigorously interpreted by Gregory VII.; and the Hungarian Catholics are distressed between the sanctity of the pope and the independence of the crown, (Katona, Hist. Critica, tom. i. p. 20-25, tom ii. p. 304, 346, 360, &c.)

CHAPTER LVI.

HE SARACENS, FRANKS, AND GREEKS, IN ITALY.-FIRST AD VENTURES AND SETTLEMENT OF THE NORMANS.-CHARAC TER AND CONQUEST OF ROBERT GUISCARD, DUKE OF APULIA -DELIVERANCE OF SICILY BY HIS BROTHER ROGER.VICTORIES OF ROBERT OVER THE EMPERORS OF THE EAST AND WEST. ROGER, KING OF SICILY, INVADES AFRICA AND GREECE. THE EMPEROR MANUEL COMNENUS.-WARS OF THE GREEKS AND NORMANS.-EXTINCTION OF THE NORMANS.

THE three great nations of the world, the Greeks, the Saracens, and the Franks, encountered each other on the theatre of Italy. The southern provinces, which now compose the kingdom of Naples, were subject, for the most part, to the Lombard dukes and princes of Beneventum; so powerful in war, that they checked for a moment the genius of Charlemagne; so liberal in peace, that they maintained in their capital an academy of thirty-two philosophers and grammari

The division of this flourishing state produced the rival principalities of Benevento, Salerno, and Capua; and the thoughtless ambition or revenge of the competitors invited the Saracens to the ruin of their common inheritance. During

1 For the general history of Italy in the ixth and xth centuries, 1 may properly refer to the vth, vith, and viith books of Sigonius de Regno Italia, (in the second volume of his works, Milan, 1732;) the Annals of Baronius, with the criticism of Pagi; the viith and viiith books of the Istoria Civile del Regno di Napoli of Giannone; the viith and viiith volumes (the octavo edition) of the Annali d' Italia of Mura tori, and the 2d volume of the Abrégé Chronologique of M. de St Marc, a work which, under a superficial title, contains much genuine learning and industry. But my long-accustomed reader will give me credit for saying, that I myself have ascended to the fountain head, as often as such ascent could be either profitable or possible; and that I have diligently turned over the originals in the first volunies of Mura tori's great collection of the Scriptores Rerum Italicarum.

2 Camillo Pellegrino, a learned Capuan of the last century, ha illustrated the history of the duchy of Beneventum, in his two books Historia Principum Longobardorum, in the Scriptores of Muratori tom. ii. pars i. p. 221-345, and tom. v. p 159-245.

a calamitous period of two hundred years, Italy was exposed to a repetition of wounds, which the invaders were not capa ble of healing by the union and tranquillity of a perfect conquest. Their frequent and almost annual squadrons issued from the port of Palermo, and were entertained with too much indulgence by the Christians of Naples: the more for midable fleets were prepared on the African coast; and even he Arabs of Andalusia were sometimes tempted to assist or oppose the Moslems of an adverse sect. In the revolution of binan events, a new ambuscade was concealed in the CauJine Forks, the fields of Cannæ were bedewed a second time with the blood of the Africans, and the sovereign of Rome again attacked or defended the walls of Capua and Tarentum. A colony of Saracens had been planted at Bari, which commands the entrance of the Adriatic Gulf; and their impartial depredations provoked the resentment, and conciliated the union of the two emperors. An offensive alliance was concluded between Basil the Macedonian, the first of his race, and Lewis the great-grandson of Charlemagne; and each party supplied the deficiencies of his associate. It would have been imprudent in the Byzantine monarch to transport his stationary troops of Asia to an Italian campaign; and the Latin arms would have been insufficient if his superior navy had not occupied the mouth of the Gulf The fortress of Bari was invested by the infantry of the Franks, and by the cavalry and galleys of the Greeks; and, after a defence of four years, the Arabian emir submitted to the clemency of Lewis, who commanded in person the operations of the siege. This important conquest had been achieved by the concord of the East and West; but their recent amity was soon imbittered by the mutual complaints of jealousy and pride. The Greeks assumed as their own the merit of the conquest and the pomp of the triumph; extolled the greatness of their powers, and affected to deride the intemperance and sloth of the handful of Barbarians who appeared under the banners of the Carlovingian prince. His reply is expressed with the eloquence of indignation and truth: "We confess the magni tude of your preparation," says the great-grandson of Charlemagne. "Your armies were indeed as numerous as a cloud of summer locusts, who darken the day, flap their wings,

'See Constantin Porphyrogen. de Thematibus, L. ii. c xi. in Vit Basil. c. 55, p. 181.

and, after a short flight, tumble weary and breathless to the ground. Like them, ye sunk after a feeble effort; ye were vanquished by your own cowardice; and withdrew from the scene of action to injure and despoil our Christian subjects of the Sclavonian coast. We were few in number, and why were we few? Because, after a tedious expectation of your arrival, I had dismissed my host, and retained only a chosen band of warriors to continue the blockade of the city. If they indulged their hospitable feasts in the face of danger and death, did these feasts abate the vigor of their enterprise? Is it by your fasting that the walls of Bari have been overturned? Did not these valiant Franks, diminished as they were by languor and fatigue, intercept and vanish the three most powerful emirs of the Saracens ? and did not their defeat precipitate the fall of the city? Bari is now fallen; Tarentum trembles; Calabria will be delivered; and, if we command the sea, the Island of Sicily may be rescued from the hands of the infidels. My brother," (a name most offensive to the vanity of the Greek,)" accelerate your naval succors, respect your allies, and distrust your flatterers."

These lofty hopes were soon extinguished by the death of Lewis, and the decay of the Carlovingian house; and whoever might deserve the honor, the Greek emperors, Basil, and his son Leo, secured the advantage, of the reduction of Bari The Italians of Apulia and Calabria were persuaded or compelled to acknowledge their supremacy, and an ideal line from Mount Garganus to the Bay of Salerno, leaves the far greater part of the kingdom of Naples under the dominion of the Eastern empire. Beyond that line, the dukes or republics of Amalfi and Naples, who had never forfeited their voluntary allegiance, rejoiced in the neighborhood of their lawful sovereign; and Amalfi was enriched by supplying Europe with the produce and manufactures of Asia. But the Lombard princes of Benevento, Salerno, and Capua, were

• The oriental epistle of the emperor Lewis II. to the emperor Basil, a curious record of the age, was first published by Baronius, (Annal, Eccles. A D. 871, No. 51--71,) from the Vatican MS. of Erchempert, or rather of the anonymous historian of Salerno.

See an excellent Dissertation de Republicâ Amalphitanâ, in the Appendix (p. 1-42) of Henry Brencman's Historia Pandectarum, (Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1722, in 4to.)

Your master, says Nicephorus, has given aid and protection prin cipibus Capuano et Beneventano, servis meis, quos oppugnare dispono

e;

reluctantly torn from the communion of the Latin world, anc
too often violated their oaths of servitude and tribute. The
city of Bari rose to dignity and wealth, as the metropolis of
the new theme or province of Lombardy: the title of patri
cian, and afterwards the singular name of Jatapan, was
assigned to the supreme governor; and the policy both of the
church and state was modelled in exact subordination to the
throne of Constantinople. As long as the sceptre was dis-
puted by the princes of Italy, their efforts were feeble and
adverse and the Greeks resisted or eluded the forces of
Germany, which descended from the Alps under the Imperial
standard of the Othos. The first and greatest of those Saxon
princes was compelled to relinquish the siege of Bari: the
second, after the loss of his stoutest bishops and barons,
escaped with honor from the bloody field of Crotona.
that day the scale of war was turned against the Franks by
the valor of the Saracens. These corsairs had indeed been
driven by the Byzantine fleets from the fortresses and coasts
of Italy; but a sense of interest was more prevalent than
superstition or resentment, and the caliph of Egypt had trans-
ported forty thousand Moslems to the aid of his Christian ally.
The successors of Basil amused themselves with the belief,
that the conquest of Lombardy had been achieved, and was
still preserved by the justice of their laws, the virtues of their

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Nova (potius nota) res est quòd eorum patres et avi nostro Imperio tributa dederunt, (Liutprand, in Legat. p. 484.) Salerno is not mentioned, yet the prince changed his party about the same time, and Camillo Pellegrino (Script. Rer. Ital. tom. ii. p.rs i. p. 285) has nicely discerned this change in the style of the anonymous Chronicle. On the rational ground of history and language, Liutprand (p. 480) had asserted the Latin claim to Apulia and Calabria.

See the Greek and Latin Glossaries of Ducange (Karenavo, catapanus.) and his notes on the Alexias, (p. 275.) Against the contemporary notion, which derives it from Karà av, juxta omne, he treats it as a corruption of the Latin capitaneus. Yet M. de St. Marc has accurately observed (Abrégé Chronologique, tom. ii. p. 924) that in this age the capitanei were not captains, but only nobles of the first rank the great valvassors of Italy.

* Οὐ μόνον διὰ πολέμων ἀκριβῶς τεταγμένων τὸ τοιοῦτον ὑπήγαγε τὸ ἔθνος (the Lombards) ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀγχινοία χρησάμενος, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ χρηστότητι ἐπιεικῶς τε τοῖς προσερχομένοις προσφερόμενος, καὶ τὴν ἔλευ Θερίαν αὐτοῖς ἁπάσης τε δουλείας, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων φορολογιών χαριζόμενος, (Leon. Tactic. c. xv. p. 741.) The little Chronicle of Benever tum (tom. ii. pars i. p. 280) gives a far different character of the Greeks during the five years (A. D. 891--896) that Leo was master of the city.

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