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CHAPTER LII.
THE 1 VO SIEGES OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE ARABS.- THEIR INVASICA
OF FRANCE, AND DEFEAT BY CHARLES MARTEL-CIVIL WARS OF THI
OMMIADES AND ABBASSIDES. -LEARNING OF THE ARABS. - LUXURY
OF THE CALIPHS.-NAVAL ENTERPRISES ON CRETE, SICILY, AND ROME
--DECAY AND DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE OF THE CALIPHS. DEFEATI
AND VTORIES OF THE GREEK EMPERORS
The Limits of the Arabian Conquests,....
168-675. First Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs,
$77. Peace and Tribute, -
716--718. Second Siege of Constantinope,..
Failure and Retreat of the Saracens.
Invention and Use of the Greek Fire,..
PAGY
273
276
278
282
721. Invasion of France by the Arabs,....
731. Expedition and Victories of Abderame,.
285
287
732. Defeat of the Saracens by Charles Martel,....
They retreat before the Franks,..
746-750. Elevation of the Abbassides,
289
291
750. Fall of the Ommiades,..
294
755. Revolt of Spain. .............
Trip'e Division of the Caliphate,
750-96. Magnificence of the Caliphs,
its Consequences on private and public Happiness..
754-813 Introduction of Learning among the Arabians...
Their real Progress in the Sciences,...
295
296
299
300
302
Want of Erudition, Taste. and Freedom,.....
781-805. Wars of Harun al Rashid against the Romans,
823. The Arabs subdue the Isle of Crete,...
63 75. The Eastern Conquests of Nicephorus Phocas and John
TE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE IN THE TENTH CENTURY.-EXTENT AND
DIVISION.-WEALTH AND REVENUE.-PALACE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.-
TITLES AND OFFICES.-PRIDE AND POWER OF THE EMPERORS.-TAC
TICS OF THE GREEKS, ARABS, AND FRANKS-LOSS OF THE LATIN TONGUE
--STUDIES AND SOLITUDE OF THE GREEKS.
Memorials of the Greek Empire, ....
Works of Constantine Porphyrogenitus,
Their Imperfections,
Embassy of Liutprand,. . . . .
The Themes, or Provinces of the Empire, and its Limits in every
336
338
340
Military Force of the Greeks, the Saracens, and the Franks,
361
The Greek Emperors and their Subjects retain and assert the
RIGIN AND DOCTRINE OF THE PAULICIANS.-THEIR PERSECUTION BY
THE GREEK
TION INTO THRACE.-
-
EMPERORS.-REVOLT IN ARMENIA, ETC.-TRANSPLANTA
PROPAGATION IN THE WEST.-THE SEEDS
CHARACTER, AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE REFORMATION.
Supine Superstition of the Greek Church,..
840. Origin of the Paulicians or Disciples of St. Paul,
Their Bible,..........
The Simplicity of their Belief and Worship,
38
38'
387
They hold the two Principles of the Magians and Manichæans,.. 388
The Establishment of the Paulicians in Armenia, Pontus, &c.,. 389
Persecution of the Greek Emperors,
They fortify Tephrice,......
845-880. Revolt of the Paulicians,...
And pillage Asia Minor,...........
Their Decline,...
....
Their Transportation from Armenia to Thrace,..
Their Introduction into Italy and France.....
900 Persecution of the Albigeois,..
Character and Consequences of the Reformatie.........................
390
391
392
393
394
396
399
THE
1. D.
CHAPTER LV.
BULGARIANS.--ORIGIN, MIGRATIONS, AND SETTLEMENT OF THE
HUNGARIANS.-THEIR INROADS IN THE EAST AND WEST
ARCHY OF
SIANS
RIANS
RUSSIA.-GEOGRAPHY
THE MON-
AND TRADE.-WARS OF THE RUS-
AGAINST THE GREEK EMPIRE. CONVERSION OF THE BARBA-
580. Emigration of the Bulgarians....
PAGE
405
900. Tactics and Manners of the Hungarians and Bulgarians,
414
889. Establishment and Inroads of the Hungarians,
416
...
934. Victory of Henry the Fowler,..
418
955. Of Otho the Great,
Origin of the Russian Monarchy,.
The Varangians of Constantinople,
950. Geography and Trade of Russia,
Naval Expeditions of the Russians against Constantinople,...... 427
THE SARACENS, FRANKS, AND GREEKS, IN ITALY.-FIRST ADVENTURES
AND SETTLEMENT OF THE NORMANS.-CHARACTER AND CONQUEST OF
ROBERT GUISCARD, DUKE OF APULIA.-DELIVERANCE OF SICILY BY
HIS BROTHER ROGER.--VICTORIES OF ROBERT OVER THE EMPERORS OF
THE EAST AND WEST.-ROGER, KING OF SICILY, INVADES AFRICA AND
GREECE. THE EMPEROR MANUEL COMNENUS.-WARS OF THE CREEKS
AND NORMANS.-EXTINCTION OF THE NORMANS
340-1017. Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks. in Italy, 440
1. Conquest of Bari, ....
Character of the Normans..
1046 Oppression of Apulia,...
1049-1054. League of the Pope and the two Empires,..
1053 Expedition of Pope Leo IX. against the Normans,.
His Defeat and Captivity,
Origin of the Papal Investitures to the Normans,
1020-1085 Birth and Character of Robert Guiscard,
1054-1080. His Ambition and Success,
1060. Duke of Apulia, ...
His Italian Conquests..
School of Salerno,..
Trade of Amalphi.
1060-1090. Conquest of Sicily by Count Roger,
081. Robert invades the Eastern Empire,...
Siege of Durazzo,
The Army and March of the Emperor Alexius,
Battle of Durazzo,
452
453
151
455
456
457
459
460
461
462
463
464
466
468
470
473
1082. Durazzo taken,.
474
Return of Robert, and Actions of Bohemond,....
1081. The Emperor Henry III. invited by the Greeks,.
1101-1154. Reign and Ambition of Roger, great Count of Sicily,
1148, 1149. The Emperor Manuel repulses the Normans,.
488
489
1155. He reduces Apulia and Calabria,.....
1155 --1174. His Design of acquiring Italy and the Western Empire,.. 490
194 Conquest of the kingdom of Sicily by the Emperor Henry VI.,.. 496
104. Final Extinction of the Normans,
498