personal injury." The account of our historian's conversion from the Protestant to the Romish church, and his subsequent return to the pale of the former, will obtain for him but a small reputation of piety: his versatility discovered the shallowness of his convictions, and his conduct in the succeeding stages of life, proved him an equal enemy of both churches.

The condescension and easy familiarity of Mr. Gibbon inspired confidence and respect in all around him : but though his circle of acquaintance was extensive, he acknowledged only few friends-to them he shewed a fervent affection under every vicissitude, and deplored their loss with a pathos that demonstrated the sincerity and permanence of his attachment. His conversation, perfectly divested of constraint, was at once agreeable and instructive; and, notwithstanding the greatness of his mental researches, an ostentatious display of superior talent he was always careful to avoid. As an orator he appeared unambitious to shine; during the whole time he occupied a seat in parliament we have no mention of his speaking once.

Considered as an historical writer, Mr. Gibbon is unquestionably of the first order; and, had he acquired the judicious method of adapting his language to the nature of his subject, passing with facility from a bold and dignified strain into the minor graces of narrative and simple detail, he might have challenged competition. His fondness for French authors had imperceptibly led him to adopt their poteic and figurative style, and he describes the puerile transactions of his youthful days in the same splendid manner as he records the destiny of kingdoms and the triumphs of warlike chieftains.—But the pen of criticism has been sufficiently exercised, upon former occasions, in pointing out some defects and eulogizing the great and numerous excellences of our celebrated Author: it is hardly necessary, therefore, that the task should be renewed.

The Work, again submitted to the public, has for a long period been universally acknowledged as superior to every other of the same kind for depth of research and accuracy of information; and, in these respects, it will never cease to be regarded as an invaluable compendium of knowledge, suited to all ages and countries, and calculated to afford both pleasure and instruction to the statesman, the philosopher, and the scholar.

PREFACE.

It is not my intention to detain the reader by expatiating on the variety or the importance of the subject, which I have undertaken to treat; since the merit of the choice would serve to render the weakness of the execution still more apparent, and still less excusable. But as I have

presumed to lay before the public a first volume only* of the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, it will perhaps be expected that I should explain, in a few words, the nature and limits of my general plan.

The memorable series of revolutions, which, in the course of about thirteen centuries, gradually undermined, and at length destroyed, the solid fabric of human greatness, may, with some propriety, be divided into the three following periods:

I. The first of these periods may be traced from the age of Trajan and the Antonines, when the Roman monarchy, having attained its full strength and maturity, began to verge towards its decline; and will extend to the subversion of the western empire, by the barbarians of Germany and Scythia, the rude ancestors of the most polished nations of modern Europe. This extraordinary revolution, which subjected Rome to the power of a Gothic conqueror, was completed about the beginning of the sixth century.

II. The second period of the Decline and Fall of Rome, may be supposed to commence with the reign of Justinian, who by his laws, as well as by his victories, restored a transient splendour to the eastern empire. It will comprehend the invasion of Italy by the Lombards; the conquest of the Asiatic and African provinces by the Arabs, who embraced the religion of Mahomet; the revolt of the Roman people against the feeble princes of Constantinople, and the elevation of Charlemagne, who, in the year 800, established the second, or German empire of the west.

III. The last and longest of these periods includes about six centuries and a half; from the revival of the western empire, till the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, and the extinction of a degenerate race of princes, who continued to assume the titles of Cæsar and Augustus, after their dominions were contracted to the limits of a single city; in which the language, as well as manners, of the ancient Romans, had been long since forgotten. The writer who should undertake to relate the events of this period, would find himself obliged to enter into the general history

* The first volume of the quarto, which is now contained in the two first volumes of this octavo edition.

of the crusades, as far as they contributed to the ruin of the Greek empire; and he would scarcely be able to restrain his curiosity from making some inquiry into the state of the city of Rome, during the darkness and confusion of the middle ages.

As I have ventured, perhaps too hastily, to commit to the press a work, which, in every sense of the word, deserves the epithet of imperfect, I consider myself as contracting an engagement to finish, most probably in a second volume, the first of these memorable periods; and to deliver to the public the complete History of the Decline and Fall of Rome, from the age of the Antonines to the subversion of the western empire. With regard to the subsequent periods, though I may entertain some hopes, I dare not presume to give any assurances. The execution of the extensive plan which I have described would connect the ancient and modern history of the world; but it would require many years of health, of leisure, and of perseverance.

Bentinck Street, Feb. 1, 1776.

P. S. The entire History, which is now published, of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire in the West, abundantly discharges my engagements with the public. Perhaps their favourable opinion may encourage me to prosecute a work, which, however laborious it may seem, is the most agreeable occupation of my leisure hours.

Bentinck Street, March 1, 1781.

An author easily persuades himself that the public opinion is still favourable to his labours; and I have now embraced the serious resolution of proceeding to the last period of my original design, and of the Roman empire, the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year 1453. The most patient reader, who computes that three ponderous volumest have been already employed on the events of four centuries, may, perhaps, be alarmed at the long prospect of nine hundred years. But is not my intention to expatiate with the same minuteness on the whole series of the Byzantine history. At our entrance into this period, the reign of Justinian, and the conquests of the Mahometans, will deserve and detain our attention; and the last age of Constantinople (the crusades and the Turks) is connected with the revolutions of modern Europe. From the seventh to the eleventh century, the obscure interval will be supplied by a concise narrative of such facts as may still appear either interesting or important.

Bentinck Street, March 1, 1782.

The Author, as it frequently happens, took an inadequate measure of his growing work. The remainder of the first period has filled two volumes in quarto, being the second, third, and fourth volumes of this edition.

+ The first four volumes of this edition.

ADVERTISEMENT

TO THE

FIRST OCTAVO EDITION.

THE History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is now delivered to the public in a more convenient form. Some alterations and improvements had presented themselves to my mind; but I was unwilling to injure or offend the purchasers of the preceding editions. The accuracy of the corrector of the press has been already tried and approved; and, perhaps, I may stand excused, if, amidst the avocations of a busy winter, I have preferred the pleasures of composition and study to the minute diligence of revising a former publication.

Bentinck Street, April 20, 1783.

DILIGENCE and accuracy are the only merits which an historical writer may ascribe to himself; if any merit indeed can be assumed from the performance of an indispensable duty. I may therefore be allowed to say, that I have carefully examined all the original materials that could illustrate the subject which I had undertaken to treat. Should I ever complete the extensive design which has been sketched out in the Preface, I might perhaps conclude it with a critical account of the authors consulted during the progress of the whole work; and however such an attempt might incur the censure of ostentation, I am persuaded that it would be susceptible of entertainment, as well as information.

At present I shall content myself with a single observation. The biographers, who, under the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine, composed, or rather compiled, the lives of the emperors, from Hadrian to the sons of Ĉarus, are usually mentioned under the names of Ælius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Ælius Lampridius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Trebellius Pollio, and Flavius Vopiscus. But there is so much perplexity in the titles of the MSS.; and so many disputes have arisen among the critics (see Fabricius, Biblioth. Latin. lib. iii. cap. 6.) concerning their number, their names, and their respective property, that for the most part I have quoted them without distinction, under the general and well-known title of the Augustan History.