STAMPS-Continued.

by producing the instrument before a collector of in-
ternal revenue and having it stamped in his presence.
(C. P.) Cresson v. Phillips, 448.

STARE DECISIS. The law is not changed to
suit the barometer of public opinion, and where, in
a long line, rules of property have been recognized,
the Courts will hold to the maxim stare decisis.
Struthers v. R. R., 161.

STATUTES. A statute granting an exclusive
privilege of maintaining a ferry may be repealed, un-
less founded upon a valuable consideration. Johnson
v. Crow, 33.

TAXES AND TAXATION-Continued.
by those claiming the right of payment out of moneys
collected from road taxes. Commonwealth v. Thomp-
son, 129.

A purchaser of land sold at tax sale is entitled to re-
cover the purchase-money paid, if the lands sold were
not in the county. The rule of caveat emptor does not
apply to tax sales of lands not in the county or sold
under double assessments. Bredin v. Cranberry Town-
ship, 408.

STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU. Right of, when
exercisable. See CONTRACT. R. R. v. Wireman, 480.
SUBROGATION. The right of a defendant who
pays a judgment against himself and others to have
it marked to his use, for the purpose of compelling
contribution from his co-defendants, does not exist if
the defendants are partners. (C. P.) Clark v.Martin, 30.
The rule that where one creditor has a lien upon
two funds of a common debtor, and another creditor
has a lien only upon one, the first creditor may be
compelled in equity to levy his debt out of the fund to
which the other cannot resort, does not govern in cases
where the fund for distribution arises from different
debtors. Blank's Appeal, 25.

See, also, Appeal of the Workmen's Association,
141; Scott's Appeal, 269.

SURETY. See PRINCIPAL AND SURETY.

TAXES AND TAXATION. The State has
the right to impose a tax upon the gross receipts of an
insurance company, irrespective of whether they are
received from home or foreign business. Ins. Co. v.
Commonwealth, 177.

The collectors of bounty taxes should settle their
accounts with the authorities who levied the tax. But,
in a case where a collector offered to settle with these
authorities, who directed him to go to the township
auditors who settled his account, and retained and de-
stroyed his vouchers, the authorities are estopped from
afterward demanding the collector to give either pri-
mary or secondary evidence of his vouchers. Scott v.
Strawn, 132.

The lien of city tax against real estate is not af-
fected by the failure of the collector to distrain, al-
though personal property amply sufficient could have
been found on the premises at any time during the
year. Harrisburg v. Orth, 121.

Where the fund produced by a judicial sale of real
estate is insufficient to pay taxes, their lien is not dis-
charged. Ib.

In order to enable a person upon whom there rests
no legal liability to pay a tax, to reclaim such tax,
there must have been a protest or notice of an inten-
tion to reclaim at the time of payment. McCrickart
v. Pittsburg, 278.

TRESPASS.

On adjoining mine.
LORD AND TENANT. Freck v. Coal Co., 5.

See LAND-

For mesne profits. The record of proceedings upon
a writ of estrepement from which it appears that the
defendants in trespass appeared as defendants in the
estrepement, and by their tenant entered security, after
which the estrepement was dissolved, is sufficient evi-
dence of possession by the defendant to send the case
to the jury. Longenberger v. Kase, 74.

TRESPASS ON THE CASE. A demurrer to
a narr. in trespass on the case wherein the defendant is
charged with having maliciously and wilfully poisoned
the plaintiff. (C. P.) Platt v. Hospital, 346.

Per quod servitium amisit. See PARENT AND CHILD.
Trespasser. Erections by a railroad company upon
land entered upon without authority of law do not be-
come the property of the real owner of the land. Jus-
tice v. R. R., 374.

TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES. Although a trust
has ceased to be executory, if it still remains active and
operative to effectuate some purpose of the testator,
the trustee is still entitled to retain control of the
estate. Penn Gaskell's Estate, 84

A trust created by will for M. and H., neices of the
testator, their heirs, executors, administrators, and
assigns, with a provision that if either of them die
without issue then the share of the deceased was given
to the survivor, and if both died without issue then
the estate was given to C., is active, because the failure
of issue referred to is definite. Campbell v, Ingersoll,
125.

Courts are more ready to uphold trusts covering
personal property than real estate, and where there is
a manifest intention that the first taker should only
have a life estate, the Court will sustain the trust for
the protection of the remaindermen. (O. C.) Craige's
Estate, 318.

An obscure will construed to create an active trust.
Varner's Appeal, 409.

Resulting trusts. What constitutes. (C. P.)
Eichart v. Grayson, 298.

A resulting trust in land can only be raised from
frand in obtaining title thereto or from the payment of
purchase-money when that title is acquired. Bickel's
Appeal, 225.

Under the Act of 15 April, 1834, the township super-
visors must be joined as co-defendants in suits brought

The property of a fire company is held in trust for
the public, and its members have no power to divide it
among themselves. Humane Fire Co.'s Appeal, 442.

A trustee, who in the exercise of an honest discre-
tion has failed to exercise a power of sale, will not be
surcharged with the depreciation of the value of the
estate. (O. C.) Getz's Estate, 416.

WAGERING. Whether a particular contract is
or is not a wagering contract is a question for the jury.
Fareira v. Gabell, 490.

WAGES. When not entitled to preference in dis-
tribution of proceeds of execution. See EXECUTION.
Fell v Duffy, 44. Dunn v. Magarge, 204.

What not exempt from attachment as wages.
(C. P.) Schwaake v. Langton, 124.

WAIVER, of condition in lease. See LANDLORD
AND TENANT. Wilgus v. Whitehead, 537.

Waiver of notice of protest. See BILLS AND Notes.
Waiver of exemption. See EXECUTION.
WARRANTY. See INSURANCE.

Warranty of quality. See SALE.

Warranty of title. See VENDOr and Vendee.
WATERCOURSE. Non user of a watercourse

USES AND TRUSTS. Although a deed may
not in strictness come within the statute of uses and
trusts, 27 Henry VIII., if the consideration be a valua-
ble one, parties equitably interested can enforce it as
well as if a bargain and sale, or a covenant to stand
seised to uses. Taylor v. Mitchell, 378.

USURY. Creditors cannot claim that usurious
interest paid by their debtor is a fraud upon them
unless they show a fraudulent combination between
the debtor and the creditor receiving usury to deprive
other creditors of their rights. Titusville Bank's Ap-
peal, 153.

State Courts have jurisdiction over actions against
national banks to recover the penalty prescribed by
the Act of Congress for the reservation of usurious in-
terest. Bletz v. Bank, 1.

National Banks may, under sec. 5197 of the Revised
Statutes, take such interest on loans made by them,
as any State bank of issue doing business in the same
State may take. First National Bank of Mt. Pleasant
v. Duncan, 158.

Whether the circumstances of a particular case dis-
closed a usurious contract or an honest sale of paper
at a discount, discussed. (C. P.) Wilson v. Lein-
bach, 483.

See CONFLICT OF LAWS. Mills v. Wilson, 325.

VARIANCE. See PLEADING.

VENDOR AND VENDEE. In an action upon a
purchase-money mortgage, damages arising from breach
of warranty of title may be set off. Wacker v. Straub,
381.
Ib.

See MEASURE OF DAMAGES.
Where land was sold, and through an uncertainty
as to the county lines a deed was delivered describing
the property in one county, whereas it really lay in
another adjoining, the vendor, in the absence of fraud,
was not responsible for damages alleged to have been
suffered by the vendee through the misdescription.
Holmes v. McGee, 265.

Breach of covenant for title. See COVENANT.
Shaffer v. Greer, 323.

In the absence of special contract in regard to the
use of land, the vendee stands to his vendor just as he
does to others, and, the maxim applies sic utere tuo ut
alienum non lædas. Brown v. Torrence, 280.

A vendor is not responsible for expenses of convey
ancing, nor is he required to furnish a brief of title,
but it is the duty of the vendor to supply missing links
in the title at his own expense, but remuneration for
so doing cannot be claimed against vendor by convey-
ancer of the purchaser in the absence of a previous
contract. (0. C.) Frowert's Estate, 239.

the right to use it. Gordon v. R. R., 405.
Obstruction of. See DAMAGES. Ib.
WATER-PIPE. Cost of laying in Chester, how
collected. Baker v. Gartside, 315.

WATER-POWER. Grant of, construed. See
DEED. Klaer v. Ridgway, 113.

WHARVES AND DOCKS. The dock room in
a navigable river belongs to the Commonwealth, and a
vessel mooring between docks unless it prevents ves-
sels from approaching the wharves is not chargeable
with any sum of money to the owner of the adjacent
wharves. (C. P.) Easby v. Patterson, 318.

WILL. An issue devisavit vel non is not the pro-
per method of trying the validity of an agreement
pleaded as a revocation of a will. Bridaham v. King,
261.

Where an estate is given to A. for life, and at her
death to descend in fee simple to such of her children
as she may direct in a writing signed by herself, the
power is not well executed by a will directing the es-
tate to be sold by an executor, and the proceeds to be
divided among certain of her children. Stephenson v.
Richardson, 184.

A covenant not to sell or incumber lands, but to
permit the same to descend to the heirs of the cove-
nantor is not overcome by a will. Taylor v. Mitchell,
378.

A lapsed legacy goes to the residuary legatee, while
a lapsed devise descends to the heir-at-law. Massey's
Appeal, 529.

Where technical words used in a will have a clearly-
defined object upon which to operate, no extrinsic evi-
dence can be introduced to limit or extend their appli-
cation. (O. C.) Wright's Estate, 387.

A presumption of an intent to die intestate, as to any
part of the testator's estate, will not be allowed when
the words of the testator are sufficient to carry the
whole. Raudenbach's Appeal, 213.

Although the grammatical construction of language
is always entitled to weight in the interpretation of a
will, the rule will be relaxed when the testator is evi-
dently a person not familiar with grammatical rules
and usage. Ib.

A bequest of the income of a fund without limitation
as to time, is a gift in perpetuity, and carries the corpus
with it, and the estate of the legatee is not reduced
by the provision that such income be paid to him if he
shall be sober and industrious, at such time and in
such a manner as the trustee might deem right and
proper. Millard's Appeal, 211.

Words which by themselves import a fee, may, when
taken in connection with other clauses in a will show-
ing the general intent, be construed as a devise of a
life estate only. Uhrick's Appeal, 247.