Before he came to that country, in 1802, he had had seventeen years of military service under the British flag, in the West Indies, in Holland and Denmark. This long apprenticeship in Napoleonic strife had won him only the rank of colonel. Nine years of Canadian service, for the most part inactive and distasteful, brought him the appointment of administrator of the government of Upper Canada and the rank of majorgeneral. The declaration of war by the United States in June, 1812, gave him the opportunity for which his talents fitted him and his soul longed. He organized raw material into an auxiliary force for defense, and at Detroit was quick to take advantage of Hull's timorous readiness to surrender. His commander-in-chief, Sir George Prevost, was cautious, fearful, hopeful for peace without bloodshed. Brock was foresighted, resourceful, audacious-and fortunate. And at Queenston, where the American attempt at assault was weakened by incompetence in the commander and undermined by insubordination and cowardice in the militia, Brock died the ideal death of a military hero, and gave to Canadian history its most glorious figure since the days of Wolfe.

That the author's pro-British point of view should influence her conclusions, is natural. She essays to justify the British policy of supplying arms and food to Indians who dwelt within the United States; and belittles the exploits of General Harrison in the Tippecanoe campaign of 1811. She has, properly enough, drawn on The Life and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock, which was edited many years since by his nephew, Ferdinand Brock Tupper; but we do not note any acknowledgment to this source, or any other, for her facts.

A few statements are singularly careless. The author has confused (p. 54) the storehouse which LaSalle built at Lewiston in 1678, with the fort which Denonville built at the mouth of the Niagara, seven miles below Lewiston, in 1687; nor did Denonville build, as the author states, of stone. "Fort Chippawa, on Lake Erie, a mile and a half above the falls of Niagara" (p. 58), and "eighteen miles up the lake was Fort Erie" (p. 59), are blunders which are made obvious by the map of the Niagara frontier later on in the volume. The statement (p. 284) that "General Van Rensselaer relied in military matters on the advice of his cousin and adjutant, Col. Van Rensselaer," would be in a measure true, were the relationship correctly stated. Col. Solomon Van Rensselaer was a nephew of General Stephen Van Rensselaer, on whose staff he served at Queenston. The "Col. Clans" mentioned on p. 206, was no doubt of the famous Claus family; but no clue to this or many other names is afforded by the short and inadequate index.

Number eighteen of the Filson Club publications is devoted to The Battle of the Thames, in which the Kentuckians defeated the British, French, and Indians, October 5, 1813. The author, Colonel Bennett H. Young, deals with the decisive battle, which, following Perry's victory on Lake Erie, restored the supremacy of the United States in that portion of the Northwest which had passed under the control of the British by virtue of Hull's surrender of Detroit; and the recital calls

attention to the fact that the great Northwest, which was won for the nation by the valor and enterprise of Virginia, was restored to the Union by the descendants of those Virginians who originally achieved its conquest. It has been the pious purpose of the writer to put on record the names and exploits of the Kentuckians who so bravely retrieved the disasters which attended the first year of the War of 1812, and he has done this with a fullness that leaves nothing to be desired. The glow of state pride and satisfaction in the personal prowess of the leaders shines forth from every page; and if the muse of history shall seem for the time being to have parted from her usual reserve, all who delight in the sumptuous pages of the Filson Club publications will be willing to overlook the fact. It is to be noted, however, that notwithstanding the 274 broad pages of the monograph, the old conundrum. of "Who killed Tecumseh?" still remains unanswered.

CHARLES MOORE.

Economic Essays, by Charles Franklin Dunbar. Edited by O. M. W. Sprague, with an Introduction by F. W. Taussig. (New York, Macmillan, 1904, pp. xvii, 372.) The late Professor Dunbar of Harvard University is remembered by students, friends, and readers as a teacher, counsellor, and writer of sanest judgment and lucid in exposition. For ten years, 1859 to 1869, he was editor of the Boston Advertiser, and not until 1876 did he begin to write at length over his own name. Even then he was sparing in his contributions. What he did write, however, was always welcomed and his modest volume on banking is generally regarded as a masterpiece. There was a widespread hope that Professor Dunbar would publish a more comprehensive treatise before his death, but excessive caution on his part, combined with failing health, doubtless explains his failure to meet this anticipation. It is a sad loss, rendered more keen in reading these scattered essays which together illustrate most forcibly the characteristic abilities of the author. There are twenty essays. Fourteen of these appeared in the Quarterly Journal of Economics; one, a famous review of Economic Science in America, 1776– 1876, in the North American Review; and five are chapters never before published. These latter are strictly historical, and treat of the crises of 1857 and 1860, state banks in 1860, and the establishment and circulation of national banks. Especially helpful are the chapters on the panic of 1857 and the description of the state banking systems in the middle of the century. Historians of economic conditions in the United States too frequently jump from the panic of 1837 to the Civil War period, as if the twenty years intervening required but little analysis. These studies of Professor Dunbar, though belated in publication, will do something to make good our deficiencies, and they also serve as admirable examples of interesting and intelligible generalizations based upon trade and banking statistics. Professor Dunbar attributes the crisis of 1857, not to extravagant importations, but to expansion in internal trade with a lengthening of credits, and to the imprudent management of this mass of credit by a poor banking system.

D. R. D.

A Monograph of the Origins of Settlement in the Province of New Brunswick. By William Ganong, Ph.D. (From the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol. X., Sect. II. For sale by J. Hope and Sons, Ottawa, 1904, pp. 185.) This monograph by Prof. Ganong deserves much more than a passing notice owing to the richness of newly acquired data and the originality of its method. In the origin of settlements of any country the author discovers three determining factors. These are termed the historical, environmental and sociological. The historical factors are such as are connected with the discovery, conquest or peaceful expansion of a particular community. The environmental factors concern the physical nature, accessibility, lines of communication, natural wealth and climate of a country. The sociological factors are such as determine the manner in which a given people adapt themselves to a particular environment, and relate to government, occupation, racial peculiarities and religion. Too frequently history has been regarded as a narrative of interesting and important events. But the distinguishing feature of this work is the prominence which, in addition to the historical, is given throughout to the environmental and sociological factors. The operation of all three factors in the growth of New Brunswick settlements is here traced through every stage of its history from the earliest period to the present time. Much new and accurate information is to be found in almost every period. The cartography, too, is by the author himself and represents the location of the settlements in each era treated. A supplement contains an alphabetical list of New Brunswick settlements with a brief statement of their origin and the sources of information concerning them. A useful bibliography completes a monograph which can profitably be consulted by every student of New Brunswick history.

BENJAMIN RAND.

NOTES AND NEWS

GENERAL.

The Honorable John Hay, who died at his summer home on Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, in July, was a life member of the American Historical Association. His career is too well known to need extensive notice in these columns; historically his chief work was his collaboration with John G. Nicolay in the preparation of their life of Lincoln. A large number of articles in periodicals have dealt with various phases of Mr. Hay's life and work, among which may be noted "John Hay in Literature" by W. D. Howells, in the North American Review, for September; "John Hay" by Shelby M. Cullom, Independent, July 13; "John Hay: An American Gentleman" by Walter Wellman, and “Mr. Hay's Work in Diplomacy" by John Bassett Moore, both in the August Review of Reviews.

Dr. Arthur L. Perry, professor emeritus of history and political economy in Williams College, died during the summer. He was better known as a writer on economic than on historical subjects. He published, in 1894, Origins in Williamstown, and in 1900, Williamstown and Williams College.

Friedrich Heinrich Suso Denifle, member of the Dominican order since 1861 and one of its greatest savants, died at Munich June 10, aged sixty-one. With Father Ehrle he founded in 1885 the Archiv für Litteratur- und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, and in the same year published the first volume of Die Universitäten des Mittelalters bis 1400 (never finished). With M. Emile Chatelain he edited the Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis; in 1897-1899 he published La Désolation des Églises, Monastères et Hopitaux en France (3v.). In has last years he wrote a strongly Roman Catholic biography of Luther and took a prominent part in Luther polemic.

Gymnasialoberlehrer Dr. Reinhold Roehricht died in Berlin in May. aged sixty-five. His important work was almost wholly on the Crusades, the eight main works published since 1874 comprising probably the most important contribution by any one scholar in this field. His latest publication was a supplement to his Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani (1904), comprising an analysis of nine hundred documents.

Dr. Curt Wachsmuth, professor of ancient history and classical philology in the University of Leipzig, died at Leipzig June 8, aged sixtyeight. He is known chiefly by his Die Stadt Athen im Altertum.

Professor A. C. Coolidge of Harvard is on leave of absence for the current year and is travelling in Asia and Eastern Europe. During his

absence Professor A. L. P. Dennis of Wisconsin will deliver two courses during the first half-year: one on European history in the Napoleonic period, the other on the history of British India.

Dr. Arthur L. Frothingham, Jr., has resigned his professorship of ancient history and archaeology at Princeton University in order to devote himself to the work of original research.

We note a number of academic changes and appointments: Professor Allen Johnson of Iowa College is to be professor of history in Bowdoin College; Dr. William H. Allison has been elected professor of history in Franklin College, Indiana; Mr. Yates Snowden, formerly of the Charleston News and Courier, has been elected professor of history in South Carolina College; Dr. William K. Boyd has been appointed instructor at Dartmouth, in place of Dr. H. R. Shipman, who, together with Dr. Hiram Bingham, formerly of Harvard, has been appointed preceptor in Princeton; Dr. R. B. Merriman has been appointed permanent instructor in Harvard, and Mr. E. W. Pahlow, who has been an assistant at Harvard, goes to Wisconsin as instructor. Dr. O. P. Chitwood is to be professor of history in Mercer College, Georgia.

An international congress on facsimiles, or international congress for the reproduction of manuscripts, coins and seals, was held at Liège. August 21-23, on the invitation of the Belgian minister of public instruction. Professor Kurth of Liège was chairman, Father van den Gheyn of the Bollandist Society secretary of the organizing committee. About eighty delegates were present, the United States being represented by Professor Charles M. Gayley of the University of California. M. Henri Omont, keeper of manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, was chosen president. From such reports as have been received (see New York Evening Post, September 9) it appears that the papers which were read, and which will soon be accessible in print, were of great value to all who are interested in facsimile reproductions. Among the resolutions adopted was one favoring the formation in every country of a commission composed of specialists for the purpose of designating the manuscripts most desirable to be reproduced in facsimile; another requesting governments to draw up regulations permitting scholars to obtain, on the most liberal terms possible, the reproduction of manuscripts in which they are interested; and others looking toward the preparation of bibliographical lists of facsimiles already executed, and expressing opinions as to technical processes. A permanent international committee was formed, to prosecute the various interests represented. It consists of Messrs. Brambach of Carlsruhe, S. de Vries of Leyden, Ehrle of Rome, Gaillard of Brussels, Gayley of California, Karabacek of Vienna, Lange of Copenhagen, Nicholson of Oxford, Omont of Paris, Putnam of Washington, Salomon Reinach of Paris, Traub of Munich, and Van den Gheyn of Brussels. The committee has discretion to call another congress when and where it thinks best, and may possibly convene it in America. Professor Gayley's project for an