be imbued. Among the multitudes of emigrants whom Germany sends forth to other continents, there are many thousands with whom the motive for voluntary expatriation is not social or individual misfortune, but merely a visionary longing after an ideal state of society. The sectional and local diversities of character are very great in Germany. While the Protestant northerners have many characteristics in common with the Anglo-Saxon, the Catholic southerners approach in some important respects the Latin race, particularly in a certain preponderance of imagination over reason. The low German assimilates far more readily to the English or American than to the Austrian or Swabian. In fact, the political division of Germany has, in its general features at least, a firm foundation in the diversities of the popular character by which a centralized form of government for the whole country would seem to be rendered all but impossible.-The vertical configuration of Germany presents 3 principal groups, viz.: 1, the Alpine region, S. of the Danube, comprising about 45,000 sq. m.; 2, the elevated and terraced central portion, over 100,000 sq. m. in extent; 3, the level northern country, comprising about 100,000 sq. m. 1. The principal chain of the German Alps extends from W. to E. nearly along the 47th parallel of latitude, bearing the names of Rhætian Alps and Noric Alps, the former sending a branch to the northward (Algau Alps), the latter being subdivided into the Trentine, Saltzburg, Styrian, and Austrian Alps, and branches off to the N. N. E. in the Wienerwald (Viennese forest). The western portion of this mountain system (Tyrol) rises in gigantic and precipitous masses, and is distinguished by the sombre grandeur of its scenery. It culminates in the Orteles peak and the Gross-Glockner (12,213 feet according to the latest statements), the highest mountain of Germany. The Inn, Salza, Enns, Adige, and Drave rivers rise from this section of the Alps. The eastern section, the physiognomy of which is determined by the valley of the Mur river, offers less striking features of mountain scenery, and few of its highest elevations attain the limit of perpetual snow. To the S. the Noric Alps gradually slope toward the plains on the northern bank of the Drave. On the other bank of the river the ridge of the Carnic Alps forms a water-shed between the Drave and the Save. Again, between the Save and the gulf of Trieste the Julian Alps stretch in a S. E. direction from the western portion of Illyria toward Dalmatia. 2. The terraced country of central Germany E. of the Rhine has its nucleus near the junction of the boundaries of Saxony, Bohemia, and Bavaria, about lat. 50° N., in the Fichtelgebirge, the water-shed of the tributaries of the Rhine, Danube, and Elbe. Thence a number of mountain chains of the secondary order radiate in all directions. To the S. E. the Bohemian forest runs nearly 150 miles in parallel rugged chains toward the Danube,

where it terminates abruptly opposite Lintz. Its highest elevation is the Great Arber, 4,650 feet high. To the N. E. the Erzgebirge, the loftiest peaks of which rise to an elevation of 4,000 feet, forms the frontier between Bohemia and Saxony. On the right bank of the Elbe they cluster in a group of sandstone mountains (Saxon Switzerland and Lusatia); after which, assuming the name of Sudetic mountains (Riesengebirge, Glatzerlebirge), they turn S. E., dividing Bohemia from Silesia, and extending to the head waters of the Oder, where they meet the Carpathians. They culminate in the Schneckoppe, 4,960 feet high. Nearly parallel to the Erzgebirge, from the point where the Bohemian forest approaches the Danube to the Glatzer section of the Sudetic mountains, run the Moravian mountains. Thus Bohemia, enclosed between 4 high mountain ridges in the shape of a parallelogram, appears as a vast hilly basin, or, in a historical aspect, as an immense fortified place d'armes, the command of which has at all times been considered essential in the wars of conquest fought upon German soil. To the S. E. of the Fichtelgebirge the Franconian Jura sweeps to the Danube and along its northern bank in a westerly direction into Würtemberg, where its long stretched, sharply defined ridges and table-lands are known by the names of Rauhe Alp, Swabian Alp, Aalbuch, &c. In the S. W. corner of Germany (grand duchy of Baden), near the head waters of the Danube, the mountain ridge of the Black forest sets off at a sharp angle from the Swabian Alp in a northerly direction, nearly parallel to the Rhine, and skirting the fertile bottom-land of its E. bank. The spurs of this ridge, extending as far N. as the Neckar river, there meet with the Odenwald (grand duchy of Hesse), which, by the Spessart and Rhön (N. W. frontier of Bavaria), and again by the Thuringian and Franconian forests, is connected with the Fichtelgebirge. The territory enclosed by these different ridges, being those sections of Bavaria and Würtemberg N. of the Danube, nearly the whole of Baden, part of the grand duchy of Hesse, and a few of the petty Saxon duchies, is intersected by a number of lesser hill chains. Between this Franconian and Swabian mountain system and the Rhætian Alps of Austria there extends a vast level plain (southern Bavaria), bounded by the Danube to the N., the Iller to the W., the Inn and Salza to the E. The N. W. section of central Germany-always taking the Fichtelgebirge as the centre-appears like a labyrinth of hill chains, few of which, however, attain a considerable elevation. The more important of them are: the Werra mountains, the Habichts-Wald (Hesse-Cassel), the Eder hills, Egge hills, Rothhaar hills, the Haarstrang (Prussian Westphalia), the Westerwald, and Die Höhe or Taunus (Nassau). These are all situated between the Rhine on the W., the Main and Kinzig rivers on the S., the Werra on the E., and the Lippe on the N. The highest summit is the Astenberg in Westpha

lia, 2,536 feet high. To the N. of the Lippe only one other hill chain stretches in a N. W. direction nearly parallel to the Ems, viz., the Teutoburg forest, renowned in the history of Germany as the theatre of the conflict by which the rule of the Romans east of the Rhine was broken. East of the Weser the Weser hills run parallel to that river, while S. E. of them and N. of the Thuringian system the Hartz appears as an isolated mass of mountains, the highest summit of which (Brocken) reaches the height of 3,508 feet. On the left or western bank of the Rhine the northern spurs of the Vosges, extending into Rhenish Bavaria and Rhenish Prussia, are called the Haardt, the Hochwald, and the Hunsrück (1,800 to 2,000 feet high). Further N. the Ardennes send into Rhenish Prussia the ridge of the Eifel (1,800 feet high) and the Höhe Venn. 3. The great plain of northern Germany extends over the entire breadth of the country N. of a line drawn from the Holland and Oldenburg frontier to Osnaburg and Minden, thence E. S. E. to Leipsic, thence S. by E. to a point where the head waters of the Oder and Vistula approach one another. This vast plain, which at some former geological period has undoubtedly formed the bottom of the sea, is traversed only by two ridges of hills, none of which rise above 400 feet. One of these ridges extends from the lower Vistula W. to the Oder above Stettin; the other from Tarnovitz in Silesia S. of Breslau along the Oder to lat. 52° N., then a little to the N. of that parallel through the Prussian provinces of Brandenburg and Saxony into Hanover. Each of the 3 seas by which Germany is bounded has a peculiar coast configuration. While the coast of the North sea or German ocean is largely indented by deep bays (Dollart and Jahde bays) or wide embouchures (Weser and Elbe), and its "marshes" are the richest and most fertile soil in all Germany, the shores of the Baltic form many extensive lagoons (Haffs), and are generally uninviting and sterile. The shores of the Adriatic sea are steep cliffs and bluffs, with two excellent inlets, the bays of Trieste and Fiume, both of them of the utmost importance to the commercial interests of Germany. All together Germany has a coast line of 1,330 miles, viz.: 830 on the Baltic sea, 270 on the North sea, and 230 on the Adriatic. The advantages which the formation of the shores of the North sea would seem to offer to the development of the maritime interests of Germany, are to a great extent neutralized by the fact that a series of sand banks, called Watten, stretch nearly all along the coast. Beside this, the island which commands the entrance of all German ports on the North sea (Helgoland) has been ceded to Great Britain.—The diversified surface of Germany is intersected by many rivers. Their total number, not including the small creeks, is 500, 60 of which are navigable by nature and several others by means of slack water canals. The principal river systems are those of the Danube, Rhine, Weser, Elbe, and

Oder. The Danube, flowing from W. to E., has within Germany a length of 600 m., and its river system an area of over 72,000 sq. m. Its principal tributaries are on the left or N. bank, the Altmühl, Nab, Regen, and March; on the right bank, the Iller, Lech, Isar, Inn and Salza, Traun, Enns, and Leytha, all within the limits of Germany, beyond which it still receives the waters of the Mur, Drave, and Save. The North sea receives the river systems of the Rhine (over 500 m. within Germany, and with a territory of over 45,000 sq. m.), the Ems (235 m. in length, 5,000 sq. m. of territory), the Weser (377 m. and 17,500 sq. m.), and the Elbe (700 m. and 55,000 sq. m.). The principal tributaries of the Rhine are the Nahe and Moselle on the left bank; the Kinzig, Murg, Neckar, Main, Tauber, Lahn, Sieg, Wipper, Ruhr, and Lippe on the right. The Weser is formed by the confluence of the Werra and Fulda, and receives only a few tributaries (Werre, Aue, and Hunte on the left, Aller and Leine, Ocker, Wümme, and Geeste on the right). The Elbe has, next to the Danube, the largest river system. Its affluents are the Moldau, Eger, Mulde, Saale, Elster, Ohre, Aland, Jetze, Ilmenau, Schwinge, and Oste on the left bank, the Iser, Black Elster, Havel and Spree, Stecknitz, Elde, and Stör on the right bank. The territory drained by the rivers which flow into the Baltic sea has an area of 40,000 sq. m., of which two thirds belong to the system of the Oder (616 m. in length), and its numerous tributaries, the Oppa, Neisse, Weistritz, Katzbach, Bober, Welse, Ucker, and Peene on the left, the Ostrau, Olsa, Klodnitz, Malapane, Weide, Bartsch, Warta, Plöne, and Ihna on the right. Of the small river systems the following may be mentioned: the Eider (boundary between Germany and Denmark), 115 m. in length, with 4,000 sq. m. of territory; the Pomeranian rivers Rega, Persante, Wipper, Stolpe, Lupow, and Leba, with an aggregate territory of over 8,000 sq. m.; the Vistula, which in Germany has a length of only 55 m. and a territory of 620 sq. m.; the Adige (Etsch) and Isonzo, both emptying into the Adriatic sea (the Adige without, the Isonzo within Germany), and draining together an area of 8,000 sq. m. A number of canals connect several of the large river systems, but only a few of them can compare with the American canals. The most important is the Ludwigs canal, connecting the Danube with the Main (and through this with the Rhine), thus furnishing an uninterrupted navigation from the North to the Black sea. It has a length of 95 m. with 103 locks, and its cost of construction has been over $4,000,000. The Bremervörde canal connects the Oste and Schwinge, tributaries of the Elbe; the Kiel canal connects the North and Baltic seas by the Eider, and the Stecknitz canal furnishes an outlet from the Elbe into the Baltic by the Trave; by the Finow and Müllrose canal the river systems of the Elbe and Oder are connected.-The number of lakes in Germany is large, but most of them are inconsiderable. The following deserve to be

mentioned: the lake of Constance (Bodensee), the banks of which belong to 5 different states, Baden, Würtemberg, Bavaria, Austria, and Switzerland; the lake of Garda, a small part of which only belongs to Germany; Achen lake, Tyrol; Zeller and Wolfgang lakes, Styria; Atter and Traun lakes, Austria; Staffel, Ammer, Würm, Tegern, Chiem, and Königs lakes, Bavaria; Feder lake, Würtemberg; lake of Steinhude (Steinhuder Meer), in Hanover and Lippe; Zwischenahner Meer, Oldenburg; the lakes of Plōn, Kell, Seeleut, Westen, and Grub, in Holstein; lake of Ratzeburg, Lauenburg and Mecklenburg; the lakes of Schwerin, Plau, Malchin, Flesen, Kalden, and Müritz, in Mecklenburg; Schwieloch and Scharmütz lakes, Brandenburg; the lakes of Madüe, Damm, Papenzin, and Plön, Pomerania; Zarnovitz lake, in Pomerania and western Prussia; the Salt lake near Eisleben, in the Prussian province of Saxony; the lake of Laach, in Rhenish Prussia. The climate of Germany is temperate, and, considering the extent of the country, remarkably uniform, the greater heat of the lower latitudes being tempered by the greater elevation of the country and its Alpine character. The limit of perpetual snow is in different parts of Germany from 7,200 to 8,000 feet above the level of the ocean. On the great plain of northern Germany the districts exposed to the moist W. and S. W. winds have a more inclement climate than central Germany; while the southernmost districts, though drier than the northern, have less heat than more northern latitudes. The average decrease of the mean temperature, going from S. to N., is 1° F. in 52 m., and going from W. to E. 1° F. in 72 m.; measured by the vertical elevation, it is 1° F. in 256 feet. The mean annual temperature of Goritz in Illyria (lat. 45° 56' N., long. 13° 37′ 32′′ E.) is 59° F.; the mean temperature in summer 78.4°, in winter 37°. The mean annual temperature of Stralsund (lat. 54° 18′ N., long. 13° 5′ 23′′ E.) is 46.4° F.; the mean temperature in summer 63°, in winter 29.8°. The mean annual temperature of the valley of the Rhine is 52°, of Thuringia 47.5°, of Silesia 47°, of all Germany 48.8°. The extremes of temperature in the country N. of the Alps are 95° F. above and 31° below zero. In an average of 10 years the Rhine had been frozen over 26 days during each winter, the Weser 30 days, Elbe 62 days, Oder 70 days. The atmosphere is pure and wholesome, unfavorable to the development of endemic or hereditary diseases, except in the high Alpine valleys, where cretinism prevails. Epidemics generally appear in a less destructive form in Germany than in the neighboring countries. Of wild animals, the deer, hare, rabbit, fox, hamster (a kind of marmot peculiar to Germany), marten, badger, weasel, otter (rare), &c., are found nearly everywhere, stringent game laws preventing their destruction. Chamois, ibex, and bears are met with in the Alps, the last two rarely; wolves in the Alps E. of the Oder and W. of the Rhine. As to domestic animals, a good breed

of horses is raised in Mecklenburg, Holstein, and Hanover; cattle raising is a most important branch of husbandry in Oldenburg, the N. W. part of Hanover, Franconia, and the Alpine country; sheep are raised extensively in Saxony, Silesia, and Brandenburg; Saxony furnishes the finest quality of wool; goats, mules, and asses are reared principally in the mountainous districts of the south; hogs in all states, but chiefly in the west. Large birds of prey (the eagle and vulture) are rarely found beyond the Alpine districts; fowl of all kinds, wild and domestic, are plentiful in all parts of the country. The pheasants of Bohemia are celebrated; canary birds are raised in large numbers in Tyrol. Of amphibia Germany has only a limited number of species; of snakes there are only 2 venomous kinds, vipera berus and V. chersea. The different species of fish found in Germany number 110, of which 60 inhabit exclusively the ponds and lakes. Carp and pike are numerous in nearly all rivers and ponds, the salmon only in the larger rivers; sturgeon, cod, and sheatfish in the Elbe, trout in all mountain streams; herring and sardines in the Baltic and North sea. Oysters of good quality are obtained near the shores of Holstein, pearl mussels in some rivers of the interior. The silkworm is not raised on an extensive scale.-Germany is rich in mineral products, and mining has employed there a great number of persons from the remotest times. Gold is found only in a few places in limited quantities (in the Hartz mountains, Saltzburg, and Tyrol), but silver abounds in the mountain ranges which diverge from the Fichtelgebirge in a N. E. direction, also in the Hartz mountains, in southern Westphalia and Styria. An extensive quicksilver mine, one of the largest in the world, is worked at Idria in Illyria. Copper is mined principally in Tyrol and Styria. Iron is found in large quantities in nearly all the mountain ranges; the best qualities are those worked in Styria, Westphalia, and Rhenish Prussia. Tin of an excellent quality abounds in Bohemia and the Erzgebirge; lead in Carinthia, Styria, Saxony, Bohemia, and Upper Silesia; calamine and zinc in Silesia; cobalt in Saxony. Salt is obtained in quantities more than sufficient for domestic consumption in all the states except Saxony, Nassau, and Anhalt. The production of coal has been enormously increased within the last 20 years. The most extensive coal beds occur in Rhenish Prussia, Westphalia, Upper Silesia, Saxony, Bohemia, and Styria. The N. W. districts have, instead, an abundant supply of peat for fuel. Sulphur, saltpetre, alum, vitriol, gypsum, chalk, ochre, emery, porcelain clay, graphite, marble, alabaster, and amber (on the shores of the Baltic) are found in larger or smaller quantities in different districts. Precious stones are comparatively scarce. eral springs Germany possesses a great number, and several of them enjoy a world-wide reputation for their sanative virtues.-The soil of the country is, on the whole, only of moderate fer

Of min

tility. If there are many tracts exuberantly productive, there are as many others almost as barren and sterile as the Russian steppes. Nay, a large portion of the northern level country would be less fertile even than they, if it had not the advantage of abundant rains. The most fertile tracts of land in Germany and in Europe are the marshes on the shore of the North sea. Rational agriculture has improved the natural condition of the soil in a high degree. The vegetable kingdom numbers 3,413 species of phenogams (390 trees and shrubs, 2,170 perennial, 169 biennial, and 684 annual plants), and 4,306 species of cryptogams (73 ferns, 585 mosses, 112 liverworts, 2,490 fungi, 670 lichens, and 376 algæ). All kinds of grain and fruit belonging to the temperate zone are raised in Germany: rye, barley, oats, potatoes, peas, and beans, everywhere; maize principally in the S.; wheat in the S. and W.; buckwheat in the N.; millet in the S. E.; rapeseed, poppy, anise, and cummin in the central and N. W. districts. The largest grain fields are in Würtemberg, the smallest in Mecklenburg. Moravia, Bavaria, Würtemberg, Saxe-Altenburg, Mecklenburg, Holstein, &c., produce a larger quantity of breadstuffs than is required for home consumption, while Tyrol, Lower Austria, Saxony, and some of the Saxon duchies are importers of breadstuffs. Flax and hemp, madder, woad, and saffron are cultivated more in the S. and central region than in the N. Tobacco is extensively raised (even for exportation to other tobacco-growing countries) on the upper Rhine, the Werra and Oder, and in Brandenburg. Hops of an excellent quality are furnished by Bohemia, Bavaria, and Brunswick. Beets are used in enormous quantities for the manufacture of beet sugar, and their cultivation has almost entirely superseded the grain culture in the Prussian province of Saxony, Anhalt, Hesse-Darmstadt, S. Bavaria, and Bohemia. Chicory, as a substitute for coffee, is raised in the country between the Elbe and Weser rivers. In garden culture Würtemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, and the Saxon duchies hold the highest rank. The fruit raised on the banks of the Rhine and Neckar, in Saxony and N. W. Bavaria, is of the very best quality to be found anywhere. Peaches and figs ripen only in localities protected from the cold. The apples of Bohemia and Saxony are of the choicest kind, and are exported to Russia in large quanties. Marron chestnuts, almonds, &c., are raised in the S. W. states; oranges, figs, pomegranates, lemons, &c., only in Tyrol and Illyria. Great attention is paid to the improvement of fruit. In all the states there are pomological societies, which from time to time hold national conventions. The culture of the vine extends to lat. 51° 30' N.; the best wine-growing districts are the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, Neckar, Main, and Moselle. The best qualities are raised in the district between Mentz and Bingen on the right bank of the Rhine (Johannisberger, Steinberger, Geisenheimer, Hattenheimer, Hochheimer-ab

breviated in English, Hock-and Rüdesheimer), in the grand duchy of Hesse (LiebfrauenMilch at Worms and Niersteiner), and in the Palatinate (Forster, Deidesheimer, Dürkheimer). In the valley of the Main the Würzburg wines are equal to the best qualities of Rhine wine. Lighter wines of a good quality are raised in the valleys of the Moselle, Aar, and Neckar, also in Bohemia (Melniker and Aussiger), in Moravia, Styria, and Tyrol. A very inferior quality is raised in Saxony (Meissen and Naumburg) and in Silesia (Grünberg). Altogether the vineyards of Germany cover an area of nearly 510,000 acres, and the value of the crop in favorable seasons comes near $25,000,000. The physical culture of Germany is highly developed, and inferior only to that of England. The products of agriculture have been nearly doubled by the introduction of more rational methods of cultivation since 1816. All German states possess agricultural colleges, some of which enjoy a worldwide reputation. The methods of cultivation are, however, different in different portions of the country. The triennial and quadrennial rotation of crops are most in use. According to the first method, winter grain is raised in the first year, spring grain in the second, and potatoes, pulse, or fodder in the third year; according to the second method, recommended by Thaer, a grain crop is always followed by a crop of fodder or pulse. In some of the northern states crops of grain are raised upon a certain portion of the farm for several successive years, after which the field is allowed to lie fallow for 3 to 7 years according to the number of lots into which the farm is divided. In Mecklenburg agriculture approaches to horticulture, inasmuch as many different kinds of fruit are raised on little plots of ground, one by the side of another.-The culture of forests is carried on in Germany on a more scientific basis than in any other country. Having in former times thoughtlessly wasted their wealth in forests, many German states have been compelled to replant them in order to satisfy the wants of agriculture and industry. In many states the forests mostly belong to government, and are as carefully kept as gardens; but even private owners are prohibited by law from wasting their forests without regard to the public good. The most extensive forests are found in central and southern Germany and in the eastern provinces of Prussia. The entire superficies of woodland in Germany is 38,500,000 acres, of which Austria has 16,000,000, Prussia 10,200,000, Bavaria 5,400,000, Hanover, Würtemberg, and Baden about 1,250,000 each. Of all European countries, Germany has the oldest manufactures. Within the last century it has fallen in regard to the extent of its mechanical pursuits behind England and Belgium, but within 20 or 30 years it has advanced rapidly, and is now in a fair way to recover its former position. As early as the 13th century Germany was celebrated for its cloth and linen manufacture, its glass wares, carved and chis

elled wares, &c. In the 14th century the silk manufacture was introduced, and the first paper mill was established as early as 1390. During the 15th century Germany became celebrated for its watch manufacture. Printing works were established at Augsburg and the lace manufacture introduced into Saxony in the 16th century. At that time Germany was to Europe, in regard to industry and commerce, what England is now. The 30 years' war destroyed all prosperity for a long time. At the beginning of the 18th century German industry again flourished, principally in consequence of the immigration of the Huguenots expelled from France. Frederic II. of Prussia and Joseph II. of Austria strove to raise it to its former eminence, but the French revolutionary wars blighted it once more. Since then it has recovered the lost ground, principally by means of the Zollverein, a commercial union of the majority of states (without Austria), by which free commerce is established among all its members, while a high tariff protects their industry against foreign competition. The progress made by Germany under this system is truly remarkable. While 40 years ago it had preeminently become an exporter of raw products of the soil, it is now one of the principal exporters of industrial products and importers of raw materials. The centres of German industry are the kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia, Moravia, and Bohemia. The linen manufacture stands highest in Saxony, Silesia, and Rhenish Prussia. Cotton mills are numerous in all the Zollverein states. They required in 1858 1,109,190 cwt. of raw cotton and 577,527 cwt. of cotton yarn. The German provinces of Austria had in 1857, 164 cotton mills with 1,408,752 spindles. How the woollen manufacture of Germany has been increased by the Zollverein may be seen from the fact that in 1825 Germany exported to England alone 280,000 cwt. of raw wool, while in 1851 the quantity of woollen yarn imported into Germany amounted to 340,000 cwt., and the quantity exported to 90,000 cwt., leaving not less than 250,000 cwt. as the net import of raw material. In the same year the quantity of woollen cloth exported amounted to 120,000 cwt. The German silk fabrics equal in quality the French and English, but are somewhat inferior in design. The principal silk manufactories are in Prussia (Berlin, Elberfeld, and Crefeld), Austria (Vienna and Illyria), and Saxony. The export of silk fabrics from Germany is nearly equal in amount to the domestic consumption. The paper manufacture has made considerable progress, although the finest qualities are still imported to some extent. Thirty years since Germany supplied the world with rags, and imported paper; in 1851 the net import of the former was 370,000 cwt., the net export of the latter 35,000 cwt. In some fabrics of wood, as the choicest kinds of cabinet furniture (Berlin and Vienna), and all kinds of toys, Germany stands unequalled, and is a large exporter to all countries of the world. The iron

manufacture has of late increased rapidly. In 1854, 2,193,839 cwt. of iron were mined in Prussia, and 3,381,169 cwt. in 1857, an increase in 4 years of 44 per cent. Still the consumption has increased in a higher ratio, there having been imported, in 1854, 2,650,308 cwt., and in 1857, 4,793,486 cwt., an increase of 80 per cent. The best iron and steel wares are manufactured in Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Bohemia, and Styria. The machine shops of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, and Austria rival, if they do not excel, the largest establishments of their kind in England. In 1858 a machine shop at Berlin, established in 1837, turned out its 1000th locomotive. Other important branches of industry are gold and silver wares (Augsburg, Vienna, and Berlin), glass wares (Bohemia and Silesia), leather (Rhenish Prussia), porcelain (Saxony, Vienna, and Berlin), musical instruments (Vienna), geometrical and astronomical instruments (Munich, Vienna, and Berlin), clocks (Baden), &c. Brewing is one of the most extensive branches of industry, especially in Bavaria. The manufacture of beet sugar has increased wonderfully within the last 20 years. There were on May 1, 1857, in the Zollverein states, 232 beet sugar manufacturing establishments, which during the 9 months preceding had made 1,800,000 cwt. of sugar from 23,421,179 cwt. of beets. At the same time the Austrian provinces had about 50 establishments, producing 360,000 cwt. of sugar.-The foreign commerce of Germany is of great importance, the total value of the imports and exports being estimated at about $800,000,000 per annum. To give exact figures is impossible, since the official tables of the two largest territories, the Zollverein and Austria, include the non-German provinces of Prussia and Austria respectively, and no trustworthy statements exist in regard to some of the smaller territories. Beside the Prussian customs union, which includes 26 states, and the Austrian (Austria and the principality of Liechtenstein), the following states have each different tariffs: Holstein-Lauenburg (incorporated into the Danish customs territory), the two grand duchies of Mecklenburg, Limburg (to Holland), and the Hanse towns Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck. The latter, with Trieste on the Adriatic sea, are the principal outlets of German commerce. Hamburg holds the third rank of all European ports, London and Liverpool only being superior to it. In 1856 the aggregate value of its imports and exports was, seaward, $183,000,000, Îandward, $198,000,000; but in this statement a large portion of the imports into Hamburg from Germany figures also among the exports to foreign countries, and vice versa. The value of goods exported of Hamburg manufacture exceeded in the same year $10,000,000. Next follows Trieste, with an aggregate export and import in 1856 of $120,000,000, and Bremen, over $100,000,000. Lübeck, Stettin, and Altona are less important. Altogether the commerce of these ports is now 5 times as large as in 1816. The shipping of Germany, though large in numbers (over 15,000