circulated largely throughout the N. W. provinces. It was abolished in 1824. FÜRST, JULIUS, a German orientalist of Jewish race, born in Zerkowa, in the duchy of Posen, May 12, 1805, studied at Posen and Breslau, and in 1833 became teacher (Docent) of the oriental languages. His historical, grammatical, and lexicographical works are numerous and valuable; the principal of them are a "System of the Aramaic Idioms" (1835); Concordantia Librorum Sacrorum V. T. Hebraica et Chaldaica (Leipsic, 1837 et seq.); "Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary for Schools" (1842); "Religious Philosophy of the Jews in the Middle Ages" (1845); "History of the Jews in Asia" (1849 et seq.); Bibliotheca Judaica (3 vols., 1849-'53); "Manual Dictionary of the Hebrew and Chaldee Languages" (1851 et seq.). From 1840 to 1851 he edited the "Orient." FÜRTH, a town of Bavaria, in the province of Middle Franconia, situated at the confluence of the Rednitz and Pregnitz rivers, 44 m. by rail from Nuremberg; pop. 16,000. This railway, opened in 1835, was the first in Germany, and now extends from Frankfort to Munich. About 3,000 of the population are Jews, who have a high or Talinud school, 3 minor schools, several synagogues, 2 printing houses, a religious and civil court of justice, a hospital, and an institution for orphans and for the employment of their poor. FUSE, SAFETY, a tubular cord of cotton, rendered slowly combustible for communicating fire to the powder in blasting. The cavity in the centre of the cord is filled with some slowburning powder, and the cord is then wound with tarred twine, and covered outside with a coating of tar. It is thus protected from moist ure, and is made sufficiently firm and hard not to be cut by the fragments used in tamping. It is either "double" or "single," the former being protected with an extra quantity of tarred covering, so that it can be used for exploding the cartridges used in wet holes. The latter, being only about half the price, is commonly used in dry blasting. It burns about 3 feet in a minute. A method has been patented of introducing a combustible thread through the centre of the cord in the powder, with the view of providing another means of communicating the fire in case the powder is interrupted or the cotton of the tube does not continue to burn. For its use, see BLASTING. FUSEL OIL, a liquid colorless when pure, of offensive smell and burning taste, obtained by continuing the distillation of the fermented infusions used for the preparation of ardent spirits after the alcoholic portion has been drawn off. In this condition, however, it is mixed with water, from which it should be separated by a second distillation, the water coming over first. As this brings with it a portion of oil, it is to be set aside for the latter to separate, and form a layer on the surface. Ardent spirits contain fusel oil, particularly if the distillation has been pushed far. It is detected by redistilling whis key, especially that obtained from potatoes, a milky fluid coming over at the last, from which the oil separates by standing; or by redistillation, water first coming over, and then the oil at its boiling point of 269°. Thus obtained, it is usually of a pale yellow, of specific gravity 0.818; at 4° below zero it congeals in crystalline leaves. It inflames only when heated to 130°. It unites with alcohol in all proportions, but has little affinity for water. The resins, fats, camphor, sulphur, phosphorus, &c., are dissolved by it. Upon the animal system it acts as an irritant poison; its vapor produces nausea, headache, and giddiness. Its composition is represented by the formula Cio H12 O2; or, on the supposition of its being a hydrated oxide of amyle, its formula is C10 H11 O, HO. Fusel oil is used to some extent for burning in lamps, and for dissolving copal and other resins for varnishes, &c. Its presence is highly injurious to liquors, and when in sufficient quantity to be perceptible to the smell and taste, indicates bad rectification or the use of damaged grain. It may be detected by agitating the liquor with water, and leaving it to stand for the oil to rise and appear at the surface. It is separated in rectifying by the introduction of some soft wood charcoal, as pine or willow. Olive oil also may be added, and the mixture being well shaken the oils will afterward collect together at the surface, when they may be decanted and the spirits be again distilled. FUSELI, HENRY, a painter and writer on art, born in Zürich, Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1741, died in London, April 16, 1825. His father was John Casper Füssli, also a painter. Having been destined for the church, he received a good classical education at his native town, and in 1761 took orders; but his predilection for his father's art had led him from childhood to cultivate it in secret, notwithstanding the parental prohibition. A pamphlet written by himself and Lavater, who was his schoolfellow, in which a public functionary was severely handled, was the cause of his leaving Zürich, and after spending some time in Vienna and Berlin he went to England, where for a time he supported himself by literary labors. Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom he showed some of his drawings, advised him to devote himself to art, and he accordingly spent 8 years in Italy among the works of the old masters. Here he changed his name to its Italian form, which he ever after retained. Returning to England in 1778, he executed a number of pictures for Alderman Boydell's celebrated "Shakespeare Gallery." In 1790 he was elected an academician, and in 1799 he exhibited a series of 47 designs on a large scale from Milton's works. In the same year he became professor of painting in the academy. Among his literary labors was a translation of his friend Lavater's "Aphorisms on Man." He wrote in a clear and vigorous style, and his lectures before the royal academy were considered among the best specimens of art criticism in English literature. As a painter Fuseli possessed great invention, and his mind was capable of the most daring conceptions; but his imagination was too active for the control of his judgment, and the unnatural contortions and superfluous energy of his figures show that he had neither a true idea of form nor a just appreciation of the genius of Michel Angelo, of whom he affected to be an imitator. FUSIBILITY, FUSION. Bodies are said to be in fusion when, by absorption of latent heat, they pass from a solid to a liquid state. The property of fusibility at some temperature is probably possessed by all bodies, but some are so altered by chemical changes among their own elements or by the action of external bodies in contact, that they cease to retain their individual characteristics before their melting point is reached. Although it seems that in some crystalline organic compounds, and also in some of the fats, the fusing point varies after the body has been once melted, it is generally the case that the fusion takes place at a constant temperature for the same body, that this point is ascertained for many, and is given with each as one of the distinctive qualities. Carbon, however, resists this determination, and the assertions of its fusibility made by some experimenters are not generally admitted as establishing the fact. The range of the fusing point of bodies is very great, some existing in the solid state only far below the ordinary temperatures, while others require the most intense artificial heat to cause them to assume the liquid form. This is exhibited in the following table, which comprises many of the bodies thus arranged by Pouillet: Degrees 2.912 1,652 Degrees 1,600 ..1,300 to 1,400 1,200 1,050 1,250 1,180 1,000 900 432 860 820 202 396 280 446 twill of 4 or 5 leaves, of close and stout texture. Velveteen differs from velvet only in the material, which is cotton, while that of velvet is silk. Some fustians also are made in the same manner as satin. Moleskins are smooth fustians shorn before dyeing; beaverteens are the same material, but shorn after dyeing. Cantoon is a fustian with a fine cord visible upon the one side, and a satiny surface of yarns running at right angles to the cords upon the other side. The colors of these goods are usually leaden, olive, or dark. FUSTIC, the dye wood of the morus tinctoria, a tree which grows to a great height in Brazil and the West India islands. A yellow dye is obtained by boiling the wood, and this is principally used for converting silks and woollens, cotton yarns and light fabrics, already dyed blue, to a green. Its use is almost wholly for compound colors-bichromate of potassa and lead giving a better yellow. The yellow crystalline substance morin separates from a concentrated decoction of fustic by cooling. The wood is known as old fustic to distinguish it from the wood of the rhus cotinus, or Venice sumach, which is sometimes called young fustic, but more properly fustet, the name used by the French. It is a shrub cultivated in Italy and the south of France for purposes of dyeing and tanning. Its wood gives a yellowish decoction, which is used as an assistant to procure some particular tint. The color is too fugitive for use alone. The principle fustin is extracted from this wood. FUTTEHGHUR, FUTTYGURH, or FATAGHUR, a military station in the district of Furruckabad, N. W. provinces, British India, on the right bank of the Ganges, 3 m. below Furruckabad, of which it is little more than the cantonment, and 703 m. N. W. from Calcutta. It contains a church, and a large factory and storehouse of gun carriages. On June 18, 1857, the Fut1,832 tehghur troops suddenly rose, and the Euro'810 peans, numbering about 100, of whom 30 were fit 680 to bear arms, fortified themselves in the yard of the gun carriage warehouse, where they made a gallant defence until July 4. Then, driven to extremities, they embarked on the river, where many perished by drowning or were shot by the rebels. A few reached the shore and escaped; one boat kept on its voyage to Bittoor, where its occupants were seized, placed in confinement at Cawnpore, and made to share the fate of the unhappy European residents of that town. 608 225 109 154 130 82 14 -83 The fusing point of oils, &c., is ascertained by introducing them together with a fine thermometer into small glass tubes, and placing these in water, which is gradually heated till the substances melt. The thermometer indicates the temperature. The method of determining the high melting points of the metals, &c., will be described in the article PYROMETER. FUSIBLE METALS. See ALLOY, and BIS MUTH. FUSTIAN, coarse twilled cotton fabrics, including corduroy, velveteen, velverett, thicksett, moleskin, &c. The common fustian is a FUTTEHPOOR, a district of British India, in the Doab, having N. E. and E. the Ganges and the province of Allahabad, and S. W. and N. W. the Jumna and Cawnpore; area, 1,583 sq. m.; pop. 679,787. The climate, like that of southern Oude, is remarkable for its aridity and wide range of temperature. The soil is fertile, and the principal productions are indigo, wheat, barley, cotton, opium, and sugar cane. The great trunk road from Calcutta to Delhi and the northern Doab passes through the ter ritory of Futtehpoor. This district formerly belonged to the nabobs of Oude, but was ceded to the E. I. company in 1801, who annexed it to the presidency of Bengal. Since the division of that presidency it has constituted part of the government of the N. W. provinces.-FUTTEHPOOR, the capital of the above district, is a large, well built town, 70 m. N. W. from Allahabad, with which it has communication by the great trunk railway, opened to this point March 25, 1858; pop. 20,864. The town was taken by the rebels during the great revolt, and was recaptured by Gen. Havelock, July 12, 1857, after an engagement of 4 hours, in which the rebels suffered severely and lost 12 guns, while no British soldier was either killed or wounded. FUTTIPOOR SIKRA, or FUTHEPOOR SIKRI, a town of the N. W. provinces, British India, in the district of Agra, and 23 m. W. from the city of that name; pop. 5,949. It is enclosed by a high stone wall, 5 m. in circuit, with towers and battlements, but contains little more than heaps of massive ruins, a grand mosque, and a good bazaar. The mosque is built on a commanding hill, and is still in tolerable repair. Its gateway is 72 feet high from the pavement to the summit of the interior outline, or 120 feet to the exterior summit. Westward of it are the remains of a vast palace, with terraces, gardens, irrigating canals, wells, and long rows of handsome stables. All the apartments are Ꮹ, the 7th letter of the Latin and of almost all other European alphabets, was originally the 3d in the Phoenician and other ancient Semitic graphic systems, as well as in the Greek and ancient Italic. Its Semitic name, gamal, gimel, changed into yauua, arose from its similarity in shape to a camel's neck. It was pronounced in all those languages, and in the Celtic, Maso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Frisian, and other ancient German tongues, as in our words go, get, give, glib. This sound was wanting to the Etruscans and Sabines; and as the Romans first wrote it with C, like the Umbri, employing K for the corresponding close sound (e. g. LECIONES, ECFOCIONT, &c., for legiones, effugiunt, on the columna rostrata of Duilius; Caius, Cnaus, pronounced Gaius, Gnaus; Kaso for Caso, &c.), a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga (6th century of the city) formed the G from the C, for the designation of this mild guttural sound. As such it was inserted between F and H, in the place of the Semitic zain, answering to ra. In Armenian and Georgian it is also the 3d letter, in Slavonic the 4th, in the various Irish writings the 10th or 12th, in the Runes stungen kaun (pointed K) or gnesol. Gim, the 5th Arabic letter, although made from the 3d Cufic, is uttered with the hissing dental sound of our J; while ghain, the 15th (intensive ain), represents the deepest VOL. VIII.-3 arched, and appear to have been highly decorated. Near it there is a column 40 or 50 feet high, built of composition moulded to imitate elephants' tusks; and outside the walls is a ruined embankment, 20 m. in circuit, which pent up the waters of a torrent till they formed a broad lake, on the margin of which was an amphitheatre for public games, elephant fights, and other amusements. These great works were constructed as late as the year 1571 by the emperor Akbar. On Oct. 28, 1857, a body of rebels were defeated here by a British force from Agra. FYZABAD, or BANGLA, a town of British India, in the territory of Oude, situated on the right bank of the Goggra, which in the rainy season is here sometimes 1 m. wide, 89 m. E. from Lucknow; pop. estimated at 100,000. It was founded by Saadat Ali Khan, 1st vizier of Oude, and was beautified by his successors, particularly by Surajah Dowlah, under whom it became the capital instead of the ancient city of Oude or Ayodha, adjoining it on the S. E. In 1775 the seat of government was removed to Lucknow. Since that time the deserted city has been falling to decay, and its population is rapidly decreasing. On June 8, 1857, 2 native infantry regiments, a troop of cavalry, and a detachment of artillery, mutinied here, placed their officers in confinement, and next day sent them in boats toward Dinapoor. G H (G) Old High German. CH K G The genuine sound of G is guttural, and is thus produced: the posterior part of the tongue is raised toward the velum palatinum, which sinks to meet it; after a slight contact both are suddenly withdrawn, allowing the breath to pass, while the larynx oscillates and the margins of the glottis are contracted. This oscillation renders the G more sonorous and mild than K. The spurious sounds are more or less harsh dental hisses. G is guttural in the Romanic languages and in high German before a, o, u; before e, i, y, it is dental and hissing, and might be indicated by dzh in Italian, English, and Portuguese, and by zh in French (like z in glazier). In Spanish it sounds in those positions like h in helmet. The Bohemians pronounce it, even before a, o, u, like y in yard. In Italian gli answer to Fr. ill mouillé, Span. ll, Portug. lh, Magyar ly; Ital. and Fr. gn to Span. n, Portug. nh, Magyar ny. But Magyar gy is pronounced as if it were written dy. In Latin the final sound of a preposition, followed in composition by a g, is assimilated to the latter, as aggero, suggero, for ad-gero, sub-gero.-The following are specimens of interchanges of G with various letters: C, K-Heb. gadesh, Arab. kadis, heap of sheaves; Heb. ganaz and kānas, to collect, &c.; Gr. yvodepos (dark), Lat. creperus, crepuscus; Пpokvη, Progne; KUKVOS, Cygnus; rego, rexi, (recsi), rectum; vicesimus and vigesimus; largus, longus, Provençal lare, lone; Gades, Cadix; crassus, grossus, acutus, Fr. gras, gros, aigu; Fr. cicogne, second, pronounced cigogne, segond; Gr. yovu, Lat. genu, Eng. knee; Lat. genitus, Germ. Kind; Lat. generosus, generatus, Engkind, kindred, &c. Ch, H-Gr. xn, Germ. Gans, Eng. goose, gander, Bohem. hus; Gr. xns, Lat. hesternus, Germ. gestern, Eng. yester-day, &c. I, J, Y, U, V, W, X-Provençal essag, Fr. essai, essayer (barb. Lat. exagium); Lat. rex, regem, regalis, lex, legalis, &c., Sanscrit rajah (dialect. rayah), Fr. roi, royal, Sp. rey; Fr. loi, Sp. ley, Eng. law; Germ. Nagel, Segel, Regen, Tag, Säge, sagen, folgen, sorgen, &c., Eng. nail, sail, rain, day and dawn, saw, say and said, follow, sorrow; Lat. gilvus (helvus, fulvus, flavus), Germ. gelb, Eng. yellow; Lat. hortus, Germ. Garten, Eng. yard, ward; Germ. Hagen and Hain, Hecke, Hagedorn, Fr. Haie, Eng. Hague, hedge, haw thorn; Gr. yupevew, Lat. gyrare, Provenç. virar, Fr. virer, whence environ, &c. Promiscuous examples: Germ. Gundobert, Fr. Jombert; Ang. Sax. gaflad, Eng. gavelock, Fr. javelot; Sp. hielo, hiema, hieso (obsolete yelo, yema, yeso), from Lat. gelu, gemma, gypsum; Sp. hermano, (Portug. irmao), hinojo, from Lat. germanus, genu (geniculum); Sp. laya, from Germ. Lage; Germ. schlagen, Schlacht, Eng. slay, slaughter. Compare guardian, guerre, guêpe, gain, Gallus, with warden, war, vespa, win, Wallon and Wales; Fr. Javoux, Lat. Gabali urbs; Slavic dialects, hospodin, hlava, holub, Halicz, hora, &c., with gospodin (master, lord), golova (head), golub and golomb (Lat. columba), Galicia, gora (mountain), &c.; gallus with Germ. Hahn. Gr. Kaum (a bent) gave Fr. jambe, ingambe, Eng. ham, Fr. jambon. Unorganic, accidental substitutions: Fr. changer, from barb. Lat. cambiare; Turkish Gharandaberk (for Prussia), from Brandenburg; Gr. yaλavos and Baλavos, Lat. glans, Eng. acorn; Gr. yλnxwv and Bλnxwv, whence Lat. pulegium; Gr. AnunTnp and гnunTηp, deukos and yλevkos, yλukus, Lat. dulcis; Gr. oayua, Romanic salma, soma, Germ. Saum, load of a beast of burden; Bagdad, Ital. Baldacco; Gr. σpapaydos, Ital. smeraldo, Fr. éméraude. The degeneration of the guttural G into the dental is foreshadowed by the Greek Z, which sounds as if it were written with the English dz or zd combined; hence the correspondence between nos and Ital. geloso, Fr. jaloux, Eng. jealous; Zevs, Aios, Diespiter, Jupiter, Ital. Giove, like giorno from Lat. diurno, Fr. jour, &c. G is omitted in Latin fibula, examen, con tamino, &c., from figibula, exagmen, contagmino; nascor, nosco, narus, navus, which correspond to yiyvouai, gignor, yivwoкw, retaining the g in compounds, as in cognatus, cognitus, ignarus, ignavus; Ital. Aosta, Fr. août, Lat. Augusta; Ital. nero, leale, sciaurato, conoscere, from Lat. nigro, legale, exaugurato, cognoscere, &c.; Sp. pereza, Fr. paresse, Lat. pigritia; Provençal flairar, Fr. flairer, Lat. fragrare; Ital. coitare, freddo, paese, &c., Sp. cuidar, frio, pais, from Lat. cogitare, frigido, pagense; Ital. aumentare, frammento, from Lat. augmentare, fragmento; Fr. bénin, malin, Lat. benignus, malignus. The German particle ge (Lat. cum, que, ac), a formative of the past participle, collective nouns, &c., is expressed in English by e, y, a; thus: enough, yclad, agone, Germ. genug, gekleidet, gegangen. From the last we obtain also yon, yonder.— During the decline of Latinity G was used to designate 400, and G 400,000. As an abbreviation it denotes Gellius, Gallia, Germania, Galeria tribus, gens, gratia; and in the middle ages Senarius. On modern coins it indicates Poitiers, Geneva, Nagy-Bánya in Hungary, and Stettin in Pomerania. It is the last dominical letter.-In music, it is the name of the 5th diatonic interval, and the 8th string of the diatonochromatic string. It is the clef-altered into of the violin or the treble. Capital G marks the deepest tone of the human voice; its octave being the small g. It is named sol in solmization. GABELENTZ, HANS KONON VON DER, a German philologist, born in Altenburg, Oct. 13, 1807, has written Éléments de la grammaire Mandschoue (Altenburg, 1832); Grundzüge der Syrjanischen Grammatik (1841); Beiträge zur Sprachenkunde (Leipsic, 1852-3); Grammatik und Wörterbuch der Kassiasprache (1857), &c. GABELLE, a French word derived from the German Gabe, gift or tribute, meaning originally every kind of indirect taxes, but afterward applied exclusively to the duty upon salt. This, from the beginning, was the most unpopular of taxes; its arbitrary assessment, and the tyrannical measures of the officers intrusted with its collection, frequently caused rebellions among the poor people in the provinces of France; while every kind of subterfuge was resorted to in order to avoid the payment of it. It was finally repealed in 1790. GABOON RIVER, called also the Mpongwe in the language of the people at its mouth, is a large river of western Africa, in lat. 0° 30' N., long. 9° E., about 120 miles in length, which takes its rise in the Sierra del Crystal mountains. It empties into a large bay 12 or 15 m. wide, 10 long, and 7 wide at its mouth, which receives also the waters of several smaller streams, and in which are two islands known as Parrot and Konig islands. The Gaboon is a broad and deep stream, with hardly any current, the mass of its waters being due to the tide, which rises from 7 to 9 feet at 60 m. from its mouth. The river is very unhealthy; mangroves abound along its shores. At the mouth of the river the French established in 1843 a fortified factory. The exports in 1854, consisting chiefly of various kinds of gum, amounted in value to $174,689. GABRIEL (Heb., the mighty one of God), the angel sent to Daniel to interpret the vision of the ram and the he-goat (Dan. viii.), and to communicate the prophecy of the 70 weeks (Dan. ix. 21-27); employed also to announce to Zachariah the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 11), and that of the Messiah to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 26). Though nothing is stated in the Scriptures concerning his rank, he is accounted both by Jewish and Christian writers one of the archangels. According to rabbinical legends, he is the prince of fire, and presides over the ripening of fruit; he alone of the angels understood Chaldee and Syriac, and taught Joseph the 70 languages spoken at Babel; and he with Michael set fire to the temple at Jerusalem and destroyed the host of Sennacherib. Mohammedan writers esteem him one of the 4 most highly favored angels; he is styled the spirit of truth, and to him a copy of the Koran was committed, which he dictated in successive portions to Mohammed. GACHARD, LOUIS PROSPER, principal archivist of Belgium, born in France about 1800, was at first a journeyman printer, joined the Belgian revolution of 1830, was naturalized in Belgium in 1831, appointed archivist, and in 1834 a member of the academy of Brussels. He has most diligently explored the archives of Simancas in Spain, and others at home and abroad, and has published a great number of works and documents relating to the history of Belgium. Among his more recent publications are: Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne (4 vols. 8vo., Brussels, 1847-'51); Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays-Bas (2 vols. 4to., Brussels, 1848-'51); Correspondance du duc d'Albe sur l'invasion du comte Louis de Nassau en Frise (Brussels and Leipsic, 1850); Lettres écrites par les souverains des Pays-Bas aux états de ces provinces, 1559-1794 (Brussels and Leipsic, 1851); Retraite et mort de Charles V. (Brussels, 1854); and Relations des troubles de Gand sous Charles V., par un anonyme, accompanied with 330 documents (4to., Brussels, 1856). Mr. Prescott says, in his edition of Robertson's "History of Charles V." (Boston, 1857), that M. Gachard's work on that emperor places at the disposition of the future biographer of Charles the original materials with which to reconstruct the history of his latter days. During the recent discussions in Brussels (July, 1859) respecting a national monument to Egmont and Horn, the city authorities decided against it, chiefly upon the ground of the new and less favorable light thrown upon the character of these heroes by the historical documents which were published under M. Gachard's auspices. GADARA, a city of Palestine, the capital of Peræa (or "the country beyond the Jordan"), and one of the 10 cities called the Decapolis. It was E. of the Jordan, and about 8 miles S. E. of Lake Tiberias, and gave its name to the can ton or district known as Gadaritis or the country of the Gadarenes. In Matthew it is called the country of the Gergesenes, but this term, as well as the existence of the city of Gergesa, is supposed to have been invented by Origen in the endeavor to reconcile various readings, as no such city can be traced. Though now wholly in ruins, in the time of Josephus Gadara was an important city, strongly fortified, having a court of justice, and in its vicinity several famous hot baths and medicinal springs, reckoned by the Romans inferior only to those of Baia. It was probably near this place that Christ wrought the miracle recorded in Luke viii. 26-36, on the demoniac who "had his dwelling among the tombs;" and we are told by modern travellers that there may still be seen the remains of those ancient tombs, hewn in the rocks by the early inhabitants of Galilee, which even now seem a fit resort for such wretched outcasts of society as had their dwelling in them 2,000 years ago. GADDI. I. GADDO, a Florentine artist, born in 1249, died in 1312. He was an excellent worker in mosaic, and a friend of Cimabue, whose manner he combined with the Greek style then prevalent in Italy. He is considered the founder of the modern mosaic art, which, in conjunction with his friend Andrea Taffi, he brought to great perfection. He also painted altarpieces. II. TADDEO, son of the preceding, a painter, born in 1300, was living in 1352. He was the godson and favorite pupil of Giotto, whose style he developed, and whom he is even considered to have excelled in beauty and grandeur. Many of his finest works in Florence, and all that he painted in the Campo Santo at Pisa, have been destroyed by time, but his smaller pictures are to be found in the principal galleries of Europe. His decorations of the Spanish chapel in the church of Santa Maria Novella at Florence, in competition with Memmi, are among the finest specimens of art produced in the 14th century. Some figures of the fathers of the church in the latter series, representing religion, have been considered the grandest development of the allegorical style introduced by Giotto. On one of the walls of this chapel are the reputed portraits of Petrarch and Laura. Taddeo was also distinguished as an architect. III. ANGELO, son of the preceding, also an artist, born, according to Baldinucci, about 1324, died in 1389. He was an imitator of his father and of Giotto, but did not improve in proportion to his abilities. He lived for many years in Venice, where he engaged in commerce, and has been considered, though on doubtful authority, the founder of the Venetian school. GADE, NIELS WILHELM, a Danish composer, born in Copenhagen, Oct. 22, 1817. He commenced the study of music at a comparatively advanced age, and in a few years became an accomplished performer on the violin and piano forte, after which he devoted himself to composition. In 1841 his overture entitled Nach Klänge von Ossian ("Echoes of Ossian") received |