Germany, and after having visited St. Petersburg, became one of the chief agitators for a national union of the south-Slavic tribes. He established a national printing office in Agram, introduced a new system of uniform orthography for the Croatian, Šlavonian, and Dalmatian dialects, called collectively the Illyrian language, and commenced in 1835 the publication of the "Croatian News." In the following year this paper assumed the title of "Illyrian News," but when the south-Slavic movement, though exceedingly effectual as a counterbalance to the national movement of the Magyars, seemed to become threatening to the interests of Austria, the appellation Illyrian was prohibited, and Gaj styled his journal Croato-Slavono-Dalmatine. In 1848, after the outbreak of the revolution in Austria, Gaj headed a deputation to the emperor, and returned from Vienna with the title of councillor. He continued his agitation against the Magyars, and was elected to the Slavic congress of Prague by the high school of Agram. In consequence of renewed political activity, which appeared untimely to the government, he was arrested for some time in 1853. He is also popular as a poet.

GALACTOMETER (Gr. yaλa, gen. yaλakтos, milk, and μerpov, measure), an instrument for determining the specific gravity of milk, as an indication of its quality. The common hydrometer may be used for this purpose, but a better instrument is that called the centesimal galactometer, invented by M. Dinocourt. This is a glass tube made to float upright in the liquid, and surmounted with a stem upon which are two scales, one intended to be used in skim milk, the other in milk from which the cream has not been removed. The normal range of each quality is designated upon one of the scales, and the divisions above are intended to mark hundredths of water that has been added. Though the specific gravity of genuine milk commonly is found between 1.026 and 1.031, the determination of this is a very uncertain test of its purity. Cream being specifically lighter than milk, its removal leaves the fluid comparatively heavier; water might be added to this, and the specific gravity be thus brought to that of genuine milk. The instrument therefore should be used only in connection with another called the lactometer, the object of which is to determine the proportion of cream present. This being known, and the specific gravity ascertained with the accuracy due to the graduation of the galactometer, the quality of the milk can be more correctly determined than by the use of other instruments.

GALAM, or KAJAAGA, a country of West Africa, in Senegambia, intersected by the parallel of 14° 45′ N. and by the meridian of 13° 10' W. It consists of a narrow but densely populated strip along the left (S. W.) bank of the Senegal river, bounded S. by Bondoo and Bambook, and divided by the Faleme into 2 parts, the W., called Lower Galam or Goye, and the E., Upper Galam or Kamera. It is a

mountainous region, abounding in fine scenery, and favored with a fruitful soil and fertilizing streams. The lion, elephant, wild boar, ape, hippopotamus, and crocodile are among its indigenous animals. The inhabitants, who occupy a string of towns on the Senegal, are mostly Serawollis. They are described as a robust, agricultural people, not ignorant of trade, and largely employed as carriers. They exchange the products of the country for European goods, and at one time Galam, or Fort St. Joseph, their capital, was the centre of an active commerce with the French and an important slave depot. Pagan worship is gradually giving way to Mohammedanism; every town has its mosque and priests, and the latter form the wealthiest and most respectable class of the nation. Honesty is a virtue little understood; the boundless exactions of the native chiefs, dignified by the name of customs, have doubtless contributed more to the destruction of commerce than almost any other cause; but in other respects their treatment of whites is friendly. The government is in the hands of a ruler called the tunka, whose power, however, is limited by a representative assembly. He derives his authority by collateral succession. The country was visited by Mungo Park in 1795-'6.

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, a group of islands in the N. Pacific ocean, comprising 11 of considerable size and a great number of islets, about 600 m. from the coast of Ecuador, to which state they belong. They lie between lat. 1° 30′ S. and 0° 44' N., and between long. 89° 20′ and 92° 10′ W. The largest of the group, Albemarle island, is 75 m. long and about 15 m. broad, and its highest summit is, according to Humboldt, 4,636 feet above the level of the sea. These islands are all of volcanic origin, and of comparatively recent formation. Their general appearance is not at all inviting, but in the interior of Charles island is an extensive plain, cultivated by convicts, and producing luxuriant crops of tropical fruits and vegetables. These islands so abound in elephant or land tortoises, which in Spanish are called galapagos, that they have derived their name from them. In 1832 the republic of Ecuador converted Charles island into a penal settlement, and sent thither a small colony. When Capt. Fitzroy visited it in 1835, there were 80 houses and some 200 souls, chiefly convicts, on the island. Humboldt in his "Cosmos" says: "Scarcely anywhere else, on a small space of barely 120 or 140 geographical miles in diameter, has such a countless number of conical mountains and extinct craters (the traces of former communication between the interior of the earth and the atmosphere) remained visible. Darwin calculates the number of the craters at nearly 2,000. When that able observer visited the Galapagos in the expedition of the Beagle under Capt. Fitzroy, two of the craters were simultaneously in a state of igneous eruption. On all the islands, streams of a very fluid lava may be

seen, which have forked off into different channels and have often run into the sea. . . . On the largest and most westerly island of the Galapagos group, Albemarle, the cone mountains are ranged in a line and consequently on fissures. The western bay, in which the peak of Narborough, so violently inflamed in 1825, rises in the form of an island, is described by Leopold von Buch as a crater of upheaval, and compared to Santorino. Many margins of craters on the Galapagos are formed of beds of tufa, which slope off in every direction. A part of what in the old descriptions is called tufa, consists of palagonite beds, exactly similar to those of Iceland and Italy, as Bunsen has ascertained by an exact analysis of the tufas of Chatham island, the most easterly of the whole group.' GALATIA, a province of Asia Minor, lying N. E. of Phrygia, of which it was once a part, and called Gallo-Græcia or Galatia from the Gauls, who, having left the army of Brennus, conquered this region and settled in it. No ancient geographer has laid down with precision the limits of Galatia. Its inhabitants, though intermixed with the Greeks, still retained their native language down to the days of the apostle Paul. Callimachus calls them "a foolish people;" and Hilary, himself a Gaul, as well as Jerome, speaks of them as unteachable. Though marked by that warmth and volatility of character for which the Gauls in all ages have been noted, they were less effeminate and less debased by superstition than the natives of Phrygia, and therefore more ready to receive the gospel when it was made known to them. Paul first preached Christianity and organized churches in Galatia. He was there once with Silas and Timothy (Acts xvi. 6) about A. D. 53, and again, several years later, on his return from Corinth (Acts xviii. 23).

GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE, addressed by St. Paul to "the churches of Galatia," and forming one of the canonical books of the New Testament. There is little evidence and much diversity of opinion as to when and where it was written. In the Galatian churches were many Hebrew converts, who had incorporated Jewish rites with the ordinances of Christian worship. Some of them seem even to have questioned the divine commission of Paul, with a view of exalting the authority of Peter, who was believed to be at variance with him concerning the relation of the Jewish to the Christian ceremonial. To recall the Galatians to the simplicity of the gospel was the object of Paul in this epistle, in which he vindicates his apostolic commission (i., ii.), urges the doctrine of salvation as the cardinal truth of Christianity, illustrates the relation of the Christian to the Jewish church (iii., iv.), and concludes with exhortations and benedictions.

GALATZ, or GALACZ (anc. Axiopolis), a town and the only port of Moldavia, capital of the district of Kovourloni, on the Danube, just below the mouth of the Sereth; pop. about 36,000. It is an important commercial town, one of the two

ports on the Danube open to foreigners, and an entrepot for most of the traffic between Germany and Constantinople. Steam packets ascend the river to Vienna, and a line of vessels established by the Austrian Lloyd company connects Galatz with Trebizond and Constantinople. In 1847 steamboat communication was also opened with Odessa. Galatz is a free port, is accessible by vessels of 300 tons burden, and though distant about 80 miles from the sea promises to become the chief emporium on the Danube. Since the removal of many oppressive commercial regulations in 1829 it has made great advances. It exports wheat, maize, barley, tallow, hides, skins, bristles, bones, jerked beef, lard, butter, wool, linseed, yellow berries, barilla, coarse cheese, timber, &c., and imports cotton goods, iron, steel, hardware, sugar, coffee, olives, and olive oil. The value of the exports, chiefly maize, in 1856, was about $4,000,000, and of the imports $5,000,000. The trade was formerly monopolized by the Greeks, and is still chiefly in their hands, although the English and other merchants now participate in it more than formerly. Galatz consists of an old and a new portion, the former of which is dirty, ill built, and crowded with miserable wooden huts. The latter has a number of handsome stone buildings, Greek churches, a convent, a hospital, and a large bazaar. A battle was fought here between the Turks and Russians in 1769; the Russians took the town in May, 1789; and the Turks gained a victory here in August of the same year. Between 1848 and 1856 Galatz was on several occasions occupied by Turkish, Russian, and Austrian troops.

GALAXY (Gr. yaλaĝıas kukλos, milk circle, the milky way), an irregular band of whitish light surrounding the heavens, stretching in winter evenings from S. E. to N. W., in summer from S. W. to N. E., and caused, as may be seen with telescopes of low power, by numerous stars too faint to be seen singly by the naked eye. It is the almost unanimous opinion of astronomers that this faintness arises chiefly from distance, so that the sun and the fixed stars may be considered as the central portion of an immense flat cluster of stars whose circumference is the milky way. Other specimens of such clusters of stars, it is believed, are visible in some of the great nebulæ.

GALBA, SERVIUS SULPICIUS, a Roman emperor, born near Terracina, Dec. 24, 3 B. C., died Jan. 15, A. D. 69. Inheriting great wealth and possessing great talents, it was predicted both by Augustus and Tiberius that he would become the head of the Roman world. He attained the prætorship in A. D. 20, and the consulship in 33, carried on a war in Gaul in 39 against the Germans, was intrusted with the administration of Africa in 45, lived in retirement for several years under Nero, but in 61 was invested with the government of Hispania Tarraconensis. He was faithful to the empire till in 68 Vindex rebelled in Gaul, and his own assassination was plotted by Nero. He then

took the title of legate of the Roman senate and people, marched toward Rome, and upon the death of Nero received the imperial dignity from the senate. He offended the prætorian guard by refusing the donative which had been promised in his name, and completed his ruin by adopting Piso, a noble young Roman, for his successor. Otho, who had hoped for the adoption, immediately formed a conspiracy among the soldiers, and Galba was murdered in the forum 7 months after the beginning of his reign. GALBANUM, a gum resin obtained from India and the Levant. The tree which produces it is not known with certainty. On doubtful authority it has been referred to the bubon galbanum of the eastern coast of Africa, to the ferula ferulago of Linnæus, and the F. galbanifera of Lobel. Lindley named the tree from which he supposed it came opoidia galbanifera, and Don from some seeds found in the gum proposed a new genus, galbanum, with the specific name officinale for the tree producing the gum, or rather the seeds found in it. A German traveller, F. A. Buske, saw the galbanum plant growing on the shores of the Caspian with the gum exuding from it, and according to his description it is a ferula, very similar to the F. erubescens of Boissier, if not this species. The drug is imported in massive lumps of irregular shapes, apparently made up of agglutinated tears. They are of brownish yellow color, sometimes greenish, the tears sometimes translucent and of a bluish or pearl white color. Its consistency in cold weather is that of wax; in warm weather it is soft and adhesive, and at 212° F. it can be strained, a process requisite to separate the stems and other impurities with which it is commonly mixed. When quite cold it is brittle and may be pulverized. The taste of galbanum is bitterish, hot, and acrid, and its odor balsamic, peculiar, and disagreeable. It is wholly soluble, except impurities, in dilute alcohol; less so in ether. Its specific gravity is 1.212; and its composition, by the analysis of Meissner, is as follows: resin, 65.8; gum, 22.6; bassorin, 1.8; volatile oil, 3.4; bitter matter with malic acid, 0.2; vegetal remains, 2.8; water, 2; loss, 1.4; total, 100. An essential oil is obtained by distillation, of a fine indigo blue color, which it imparts to alcohol. Varieties of galbanum of somewhat different qualities are occasionally met with. The uses of galbanum are medicinal, rarely as an internal remedy, though it possesses stimulant, expectorant, and antispasmodic properties, on account of which it is sometimes prescribed in catarrhs, chronic rheumatism, &c. Its most useful application is in the form of a plaster, alone or in combination with other substances, for promoting resolution or suppuration of indolent swellings.

GALEN (GALENUS), CLAUDIUS, a physician of antiquity, born in Pergamus in Mysia, A. D. 130, died, according to Suidas, in 200 or 201, but according to his Arabic and some other biographers, from 10 to 18 years later. Galen received the rudiments of his education from his father, and

when 15 years of age he began to study logic and philosophy. Two years afterward he was placed under the best instructors in the science of medicine; and at about the age of 20, after the death of his father, he travelled into various countries to complete his studies. He was absent 9 years from Pergamus, and when he returned he was appointed city physician to the school of gladiators. Some popular commotions having arisen in Pergamus a few years after his appointment, he went to Rome, where he remained 4 years and acquired great reputation for skill in anatomy and medicine. As soon as the troubles in Pergamus had passed away, Galen hastened back with the intention of remaining there; but hardly had he reached his destination when he was summoned by the emperors Aurelius and Verus to attend them at Aquileia in Venetia, where a fearful pestilence raged in the camp. The emperors set out for Rome shortly after Galen presented himself. Verus died of apoplexy on the way, and Galen accompanied Aurelius to the capital. When returning to the camp after the apotheosis of his colleague, Aurelius urged Galen to accompany him, but the latter declined under pretence that Esculapius had enjoined him to remain. How long he sojourned in Rome during his second visit is uncertain, but while there he continually added to his fame by his lectures, writings, and successful practice. We know little more of his latter days than that he ultimately returned to his native city, and died there. Galen was not only the most eminent physician, but also one of the most learned and accomplished men of his age. He was a very voluminous writer on medical and philosophical subjects. There are still extant 83 treatises of his, and 15 of his commentaries on various works of Hippocrates, beside the fragments of his lost works and those writings which are falsely attributed to him. The best edition of his works is that by Kühn, which appeared at Leipsic, 1821-'33, in 20 vols. 8vo. Writings attributed to him were discovered and published in Paris by Minas in 1844, and by Daremberg in 1848.

GALENA, sulphuret of lead, the ore which furnishes most of the lead of commerce. It occurs in highly crystalline masses, which separate into cubical fragments. Its structure is also granular, and sometimes fibrous. Freshly fractured, it presents a brilliant lustre like polished steel, which changes by exposure to a dull leadgray color. Its hardness is from 2.5 to 2.75; its specific gravity 7.25 to 7.7. Its composition, represented by the symbol PbS, is lead 86.6, sulphur 13.4; but it often contains other metals, as antimony, silver, zinc, iron, and copper, as well as the substance selenium. It is also largely intermixed with the earthy gangues that form the principal portion of the veins in which it is found. From these, and from the sulphurets of zinc and the pyritous copper and iron usually associated with the ore, it is separated as far as practicable before smelting by the processes of stamping or crushing, jigging, &c. (See LEAD,

and METALLURGY.) In some veins and beds it is frequently found in large groups of cubical crystals, which are very free from mixtures with foreign substances. In this form it is met with in the fissures in the limestone of the lead region of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois, imbedded in the clay with which the fissures are filled. Galena is a valuable ore for the silver it often contains, as well as for the lead. In reducing the ore by smelting, the silver all goes with the lead, which is run out; and from this it is afterward separated either by the process of cupellation, or parting by crystallization, or other method. The lead ores do not, however, all contain silver enough to render its extraction profitable; and of those worked in the United States, only the ores of Davidson co., N. C., are sufficiently argentiferous for the separation of the silver to be an object, and yet the separation is so cheaply conducted that 3 oz. of silver to the ton of lead will pay for the operation. Galena much richer in silver than this is a product of numerous veins in the granitic and metamorphic rocks of New England and other parts of the United States; but the more argentiferous it is, the less certain is the yield of the veins in quantity, and none of this character has been found profitable to work. In Cornwall and Devonshire, England, mines of argentiferous galena have been worked profitably for centuries, even when a product of 9 or 10 oz. of silver to the ton of silver-lead was required to pay the expense of separation. The richest metal was from the ores of mines near Beer Alston in Devonshire, which yielded from 80 to 120 oz. of silver to the ton of lead; one portion of the mines, known as the South Hooe, yielded lead containing 140 oz. of silver to the ton. These mines, though now of little importance, were celebrated for their production in the time of Edward I. and II. Other mines produce, some 40, some 50, and some 70 to 100 oz. of silver. In Ireland the product of the lead ores in silver in 1851 was 3,860 oz. of the value of £1,029 68. 8d. The average yield of the lead was 7 oz. to the ton. The lead from the mine of Shallee yielded 25 oz., of Luganure 8 oz., of Ballyhickey 15 oz., and of Kilbricken 120 oz. Argentiferous galena is a common product of mines upon the continent of Europe, and also of Mexican mines. Among the localities in the United States where it is met with are Shelburne and Eaton, N. H., the lead obtained from the ores of each locality yielding from 3 to 7.53 lbs. of silver to the ton; Middletown, Conn., 40 to 70 oz.; Uxbridge, Mass., a specimen from one of the small veins of which yielded at the rate of 13.53 lbs. troy to the ton; Ancram, Columbia co., N. Y., 25 to 30 oz. to the ton of lead; Ellenville, Ulster co., N.Y., 12 oz.; Phoenixville, Chester co., Penn., 25 to 37 oz. The mines at all these localities have been abandoned.

GALENA, a city of Illinois, county seat of Jo Daviess co., and the centre of the region known as the "Galena lead mines," situated upon both sides of Galena river, 3 m. from its

junction with the Mississippi, 468 m. above St. Louis, and 406 below St. Anthony; lat. 42° 22′ N.; pop. in 1832, 1,000; in 1841, 2,225; in 1850, 6,004; in 1859, 14,000. The first house was built at Galena in 1819, the place at that time being known as La Pointe or Frederic's Point. In 1827 a village was laid out by Capt. Martin Thomas of the U. S. army, and named Galena, that being the name of the sulphuret of lead which abounds in the locality. In 1828 the first newspaper was established, entitled the "Miner's Journal," and in the same year the village comprised about 100 houses. The city has a high and healthy location, far enough removed from the Mississippi to be entirely free from the miasmatic exhalations of the river, and yet sufficiently near to enjoy all its commercial advantages. Galena river is always navigable for any steamboats that can ascend the rapids of the Mississippi. The ground upon which the city is built rises abruptly at a short distance from the river on both sides, and some of the bluffs reach a height of upward of 200 feet. These bluffs, which encircle the whole city, are composed of mountain limestone, and give the place an extremely irregular and picturesque appearance. In the environs are many streams of water, which afford ample power for manufacturing purposes. On these streams are 12 or 15 mills. The public and private buildings of Galena are mostly of brick, and many of them in a good style of architecture. There are 12 churches, 2 daily newspapers, 10 public school-houses with 1,500 scholars, a seminary, a U. S. marine hospital, and a custom house and post office built of stone at a cost of $70,000. There are 3 large steam saw mills, 1 large steam flouring mill, 2 lead furnaces, 2 iron founderies and machine shops, 2 extensive plough manufactories, 5 wagon shops, 2 large furniture manufactories operated by steam, 1 pottery, 8 lumber yards, 3 large leather furnishing houses, 3 soap and candle manufactories, 7 breweries, and 2 carriage manufactories. Two daily lines of steamboats run to St. Paul and St. Anthony, and intermediate points, and 2 daily lines to St. Louis; and there are 4 daily passenger and 2 freight trains of the Illinois central railroad. Galena is 8 hours from Chicago, 18 from St. Louis, 24 from Cincinnati, and 48 from New York. The steamboat tonnage owned there amounts to 4,962 tons, and there were 490 arrivals and departures of steamboats in 1857. The exports of lead in 1857 were valued at $801,324, while the value of horses, cattle, grain, flour, potatoes, pork, and bacon exported was $839,014. The total amount of lead shipped from the Galena mines from 1821 to 1858 was 820,622,839 pounds, the value of which was $32,824,913. The greatest amount in any one year was in 1845, when 54,494,850 pounds were shipped. In 1857 the amount shipped was 34,183,250 pounds.-The Galena mines will be described in the article LEAD.

GALERIUS, CAIUS VALERIUS MAXIMIANUS, & Roman emperor, reigned from A. D. 305 to 311.

A native of Dacia and the son of a peasant, he distinguished himself in the armies by his courage, and was appointed Cæsar in 292 by Diocletian, whose daughter he married. Receiving Thrace and Macedonia for his province, he was defeated by the Persian king Narses, but was so disdainfully received by the emperor at Antioch on his return that he again set out, crossed the Euphrates, and gained a decisive victory over the Persian king. His power was now such that he extorted from Diocletian an edict of proscription against Christianity, which was bloodily executed. After the abdication of Diocletian in 305 he reigned over the East; but when Italy recognized the authority of the usurper Maxentius, he marched thither to besiege Rome, which he had never yet seen, but was defeated by Maxentius, and died at Sardica. GALES, JOSEPH, an American journalist, born in England about 1760, died in Raleigh, N. C., Aug. 24, 1841. He was originally a printer and bookseller at Sheffield, where he founded and published the "Sheffield Register." His sympathy with the French revolution and his republican principles involved him in difficulty with the government, and in 1793 he sold his journal to James Montgomery the poet, and emigrated to the United States. He settled in Philadelphia, which was then the seat of the federal government, where he conducted the "Independent Gazetteer" for 2 or 3 years. He was the first to introduce the practice of reporting by short hand the debates in congress. In 1799 he sold the "Independent Gazetteer" to Samuel Harrison Smith and removed to Raleigh, N. C., where he established the "Register," which he conducted for nearly 40 years.JOSEPH, son of the preceding, also an American journalist, born April 10, 1786, in Eckington, near Sheffield, accompanied his father to the United States at the age of 7 years. He was educated at the university of North Carolina, went to Philadelphia to learn the art of printing, and in 1807 settled at Washington as the assistant and afterward as the partner of Samuel Harrison Smith, who in 1800 had removed the "Independent Gazetteer" to Washington and changed its name to the "National Intelligencer." In 1810 Mr. Smith retired from business, and Mr. Gales became sole proprietor of the journal, which was at that time published triweekly. In 1812 he took into partnership his brother-in-law, Mr. William W. Seaton, and in Jan. 1813, began to issue the "National Intelligencer" daily. The journal is still conducted and published by Gales and Seaton.

GALESVILLE, the capital of Trempeleau co., Wisconsin, situated on Beaver creek, 6 m. E. of the Mississippi river, 20 m. N. W. of the city of La Crosse, and 12 m. E. of the city of Winona, Minnesota; pop. in 1858, about 500. The village plot was first laid out in the summer of 1854 by the Hon. George Gale, the proprietor of the land on which it is situated. It is the seat of Galesville university, chartered by the legislature of the state in 1854. It has an en

dowment of $44,000, of which $32,000 were given by the Hon. George Gale. A stone edifice for the normal department was erected in 1858 at a cost of $10,000. It is under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal church, which nominates one-third of the board of trustees.

GALIANI, FERDINANDO, a Neapolitan author, born in Chieti, Dec. 2, 1728, died in Naples, Oct. 30, 1787. He received a learned education, devoting himself especially to antiquities and political economy. He wrote in his 16th year a remarkable dissertation upon the money current at the siege of Troy, and soon after revenged himself for a slight from the Neapolitan academy by publishing a collection of addresses in prose and verse upon the death of an executioner, after the manner of the academical eulogies. In 1750 he published an ingenious treatise on money, which gained him the friendship of the leading savants and statesmen of Italy and admission into the academy della Crusca of Florence. In 1760 he went as secretary of legation to Paris, where he remained 10 years, and became associated with the principal personages of the time in philosophy and letters. He wrote in French in 1770 his Dialogues sur les blés, a work which had great success; but as it took part against the economists who were favored by Choiseul, the latter demanded his recall. His brilliant wit and his vast erudition made Voltaire say that Plato and Molière seemed to be united in him. He returned to Naples, received important civil offices, composed a life of Horace with extracts from his poems, and a philosophic comic opera entitled the "Imaginary Socrates." In his various poems and short novels he is often not inferior to Rabelais.

GALIANO, ANTONIO ALCALA, a Spanish author and politician, born in Cadiz, July 22, 1789. He is the son of a distinguished naval officer who fell in the battle of Trafalgar, took an active part in the revolt which resulted in the constitution of 1820, became in 1821 a member of the cortes, and one of the principal and most eloquent orators of the liberal party, but in 1823, after the French intervention under the duke of Angoulême, he was compelled to take refuge in England and resided there 7 years, familiarizing himself with the English language, and writing for the leading English reviews. He was appointed the first professor of the Spanish language and literature of the London university (1828), and published in the "Athenæum" (1834) a "History of Spanish Literature in the 19th Century," which attracted considerable attention. He left England in 1830, but was not permitted to return to Spain till 1834. He has since been again compelled to resort to flight on several occasions, but while in Madrid he was reelected to the cortes, and held other offices, and at the same time exerted much influence as a journalist, chiefly as a writer for the Piloto, which he had established in concert with Juan Donoso Cortes. He has translated into Spanish Dr. Dunham's "History of Spain," and Thiers' "History of the Consulate and the Empire."