nufactures and trade. A congregation of Proteftant Spaniards in London.-Improvements of land made by Inclosures, which occafioned Ket's rebellion.

1550 Iron 'bullets firft ufed. The Portuguese first trade to Japah.

1552 Hops and Saffron planted in England.-No Taverns but in cities and towns, and those limited to a certain number. 1553 Spain pays a thousand pounds annually, for leave to filh on the Irish coaft.-Firft English attempt for a NorthEaft Paffage to China. Sir Hugh Willoughby frozen to death in Lapland.-The Whale-fifhery difcovered.

1554 The Ruffia Company firft incorporated.

1555 Firft general law obliging every parish to mend their own

roads.

1557 Glass first made in England.

1560 Amfterdam next to Antwerp in Commerce.-First Infurance on merchandise at fea.

1561 Queen Elizabeth wears the firft pair of knit filk-ftockings. -A Copper mine, and Lapis Calaminaris, found in Cumberland. A Licence granted for exporting grain, which encourages hufbandry.

1563 The Ruffia Company fends Agents to the Court of Perfia. The first compulfory law for the relief of the Poor. -A law to promote Shipping, and encourage Mariners. -Knives first made in England.

1565 Two new projects in England for making Brimftone and Oil.-Wire-drawing by a mill, first introduced into Eng

land.

1566 Wales and Shrewsbury have a confiderable woollen manufacture.

1567 Perfecution in the Netherlands drives people into England, who introduce the manufacture of bayes, fayes, &c. -The old Royal-Exchange built in London.

1568 Perfecution of the Proteftants in France, drives fome of them into England.

1569 The art of Italian Accounts, or Book-keeping by double Entry, first published in England.

1570 The rife of the Dutch republic.

1571 Felt-Hats made in England.

1573 Keeping poffeffion of Ireland very expenfive to England. 1577 Watches firft brought into England from Germany. 1578 The ufe of whale-bone not yet known, but the oil only. -Firft treaty between England and the States-General of the Netherlands.

1579 Union of the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands.--Second voyage round the world, by Drake.

1580 Norwich becomes more populous by the perfecuted Ne

therlanders

therlanders fettling in it.-The first coach used in England by the Earl of Arundel,

1581 Turkey Company erected.

1582 Queen Elizabeth correfponds with the Grand Seignior, in order to establish a Commerce with his dominions.

The Artichoak, the Mufk-rofe, the Apricot, feveral forts. of Plumbs, divers kinds of Flowers, particularly Tulips, first planted about this time in England; but no Peaches or Nectarines.

1583 First proposal of fettling a colony in America.

We would have proceeded in our chronological feries, but that the limits of our Review will not well permit one article to be extended fo far: and because we have already inserted fo much as, we apprehend, is fufficient to give our Readers a proper, tho' not adequate, idea of the defign and execution of our Author's work. An intelligent Enquirer may receive from it the fulleft information of the feveral steps and degrees by which modern Europe hath arifen to its prefent ftate, out of the ruins of ancient Europe; and by which Great Britain, from being no better than a great foreft, inhabited by a few tribes of Savages, hath attained to its present populousness and profperity, and arifen to be the moft opulent and potent king,` dom in Europe. This work the Author properly dedicates to the noble and worthy Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, in the following terms.

My Lords and Gentlemen,

The profeffed intention of your fociety fufficiently justifies my infcribing to you a work which has fo near a relation to the great and good purposes of your noble inftitution. The illuftri ous catalogue of Contributors for the promoting of a plan fo extenfively useful, founded upon principles the most generous, benevolent, and difinterefted, reflects equal honour on this age and nation. The falutary effects of a scheme fo well concerted, are already fenfibly felt; and pofterity will one day have abundant reafon to bless the names of thofe who gave birth to what will then have naturalized to the British empire in America every excellence of product, manufacture, or improvement; whilft at the fame time, it will have fecured for themselves at home, whatever before was wanting to compleat our fuperiority over the rest of the commercial world.- -Permit me to express my ardent wishes for your increasing luftre, and to fubfcribe myself, My Lords and Gentlemen, Your moft obedient and very humble Servant,

A. ANDERSON,"

The Roman Hiftory, from the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth. Illuftrated with Maps and other Plates. Vol. III. By N. Hooke, Efq; Concluded. See Review for Feb.

OUR laft account of the History before us concluded with

the ufurpation of Sylla; an ufurpation of a very extraordinary nature, being made under the fpecious fanction of law, which gave him, as Perpetual Dictator, a full and abfolute power over the lives and fortunes of his fellow Citizens. Well might our Hiftorian obferve, that it was harder to conceive how a law, fo contrary to the very effence of civil fociety, fhould ever be proposed, than that it should pass at this juncture without oppofition.

In fact, daily experinces convince us, that there is nothing, fo contrary to common fenfe, fo repugnant to the principles of juftice, freedom, and humanity, but what will pafs at certain junctures, when the infatuation of party-rage has turned the giddy brains of the unthinking multitude. How often have the people of this country rifked their lives to oppofe tyranny and oppreffion in one man, and have afterwards given a legal fanc tion to that fame tyranny in another!

It is not measures, but perfons, which are the objects of vulgar concern; and it will ever be in the power of bold ambitious Leaders to ride the people, by perfuading them, that they are in danger of being ridden. As they are ignorant of the reality, or diftance of their danger, they are eafily taught to believe, that it is great and imminent; and in the heighth of their credulity and timidity, they place an implicit and unbounded con fidence in thofe from whom they expect their deliverance. Thus it happens, that, in every revolution, the bulk of the people do but change their masters.

But with regard to the ufurpation of Sylla, as it took place by very extraordinary means, fo it ended in the most extraordinary manner, as is particularly fet forth in the eighth book of this Hiftory, which comprizes the time from the year 671, when Sylla was created Perpetual Dictator, to the commencement of the first Triumvirate, formed in the end of 693.

Sylla, after having filled Rome with flaughter, that he might be able to make a fafe retreat from public life, laid the foundation of an Ariftocracy in the Roman State, by fuch ordinances as, upon his abdication of the Dictatorship, would leave all authority and power in the hands of the Senate; taking efpecial care, at the fame time, that the Senate fhould confift wholly of his own creatures.- -His firft ftep to the execution of his defign, was a refufal of the people's offer to continue him in the REV. Mar. 1764. Confulfhip.

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Confulfhip. He caufed his old friend P. Servilius Vatia, and Appius Claudius Pulcher, to be elected Confuls. And now, to the great aftonishment of the public, Sylla, in the highest fortune to which any mortal had ever attained, and in poffeffion of the most extenfive defpotifm, refigned, of his own mere motion, and without the leaft compulfion from any quarter, the reins of government to the new Confuls, and retired from pub

lic life.

The ceremony of his abdication paffed in the calmest manner poffible. He came to the Forum with his Lictors and guards, mounted the roftra, and from thence declared to the people affembled, that he abdicated the Dictatorship, and was ready to give an account of his Adminiftration to any perfon who fhould require it of him. He then came down, difimiffed his Lictors and guards, and, accompanied only with a small number of friends, walked ferenely up and down the Forum, every body ftruck with amazement, and fcarce believing the testimony of their own eyes. He received no affront, no mark of difrespect, but from one young man this youth not only attacked him with injurious language, while in the Forum, but, with repeated infults and reproaches, followed him quite to his houfe. Sylla feemed undisturbed; he only faid, as he entered the door, The behaviour of this young fellow will hinder any man, who may hereafter be in the ftation which I have held, from ever entertaining the thoughts of quitting it.

He retired to his country-houfe at Cume, where he abandoned himfelf to pleafure. In the midft of his banquetings and debaucheries he was feized with an horrible diftemper, called the loufy difeafe; his entrails were corrupted, and his flesh was full of vermin; the multitude and rapid propagation of which rendered fruitlefs all the pains that could be taken to make him clean, by bathing and rubbing him, and continually changing his linen. In this miferable condition, to divert his thoughts as much as poffible from it, he had recourfe to bufinefs. Ten days before his death, being informed that the people of Puteoli, in his neighbourhood, were at variance among themselves, he drew up a body of bye-laws for their better government.

A few days before his death he compofed his own epitaph, wherein we may read, not only his true character, but a fatiffactory anfwer to that question, How could Sylla after so many murders, and other violences, relinquish with fafety the fovereign power? The epitaph was in fubftance to this effect; that No man had ever outdone him, either in obliging his friends, or in avenging himself on his enemies.

Some think that Sylla's abdicating the Dictatorship, infallibly

proved that ambition was not his predominant paffion, and that he had feized the fovereign power only to make fure of his Revenge. This vindictive fpirit continued with him to the laft, as appears by his treatment of Granius, the chief Magiftrate of Puteoli. A certain tax had been impofed on all the cities for the reparation of the Capitol. Granius had received the contributions of his fellow Citizens, but deferred paying in the money, imagining he should be able to retain it for his own ufe, in cafe Sylla died foon. Sylla informed of this, and enraged at the infolence of a man who built hopes upon the profpect of his fpeedy death, fent for him, and caufed him to be ftrangled in his prefence. The anger and violent agitation he was in, on this occafion, broke an impofthume within him: he threw up a vaft quantity of black and corrupted blood, and died the night following, through extremity of pain, having concluded all the acts of his life with a stroke of dear revenge.

This laft act of Sylla's gives us a most horrid idea both of his inhuman difpofition, and of the difordered conftitution of Rome at that time. That Sylla, to attain abfolute fovereignty, and to fupport himself in his ill-gotten power, fhould commit the shocking maffacres and barbarities which ftained his Dictatorfhip, is not fo aftonishing, as that, when reduced to the character of a private man, he should offer fuch violence to humanity and the laws of his country, as to facrifice one of the chief Magiftrates on fo flight a provocation.

The unsuccessful attempt of Lepidus to imitate Sylla-The war of Sertorius in Spain-The war of Spartacus the Gladiator With the rife and progrefs of Craffus and Pompey, form the contents of the ensuing chapters.

The fixth chapter treats of the confecration of the CapitolThe war against the Cretans-The war against the PiratesAnd the Gabinian and Manilian laws in favour of Pompey.

The feventh and eighth chapters relate to the occafion and commencement of the fecond and third Mithridatic wars; the laft of which was carried on by L. Licinius Lucullus, in the year 687, and continued under the conduct of Pompey to the death of Mithridates in 690. In our laft, we made the Reader acquainted with the early hiftory of this unfortunate Prince; and the following account of his deplorable exit, affords the most moving picture of the diftrefs to which pride and ambition feldom fail to reduce their Votaries.

Mithridates carrying on the war with ill fuccefs in his own dominions, and feeing treafons multiply around him, formed the defperate refolution of marching into Italy, and there attacking the Romans, as Hannibal had done, at their own doors.

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