apprehension. A very neat little house, sixteen by twenty-four feet, a story and a half high, containing five rooms, is furnished and delivered on the cars for about $200. When within one hundred and fifty miles of Chicago, it is put up, plastered, painted, and made ready for occupancy for $350. There are regular manufactories of these portable houses, at which they can be purchased ready made, and the settler fitted out without delay.

But the great West is full of instances like the foregoing. It is true that there have been disastrous failures. Whoever goes there must make up his mind to dispense with some of the comforts and conveniences to which he may have been accustomed. If without capital, he should avoid hanging round the towns, but strike directly for the country, where labor is in demand at paying rates. When able to buy a team, to fence his farm, and pay for a cheap dwelling, then he may safely purchase land. Let him avoid grasping after too many acres at first. The great rock on which many have split is that of seeking to own greater tracts than they can either manage or pay for. Three years of working out will enable a man to save money enough to make a safe beginning. His first crop of sod corn, with a little money, will carry him through the first year, and the second year his land will be mellow enough to bring him a crop of double value.

The Central Railroad Company have given no encouragement to speculators, few of whom are either permanent or improving owners. Their effort has been to secure the actual settler by offering him

extraordinary inducements, for it is he whose labors enhance the value of the neighboring lands, and contribute to the traffic of the road. The good effects of this policy have long been apparent. More than a hundred cities and villages now line the railroad, with populations varying from 200 to 10,000 or more, having factories, mills, stores, postoffices, schools, churches, and newspapers. They rapidly increase in numbers and wealth, distributing the comforts and luxuries of civilized life to the settlers, while they open up unlimited opportunities for profitable employment to the business man, the trader, and mechanic.

Other western States afford diversified openings for all classes of enterprising men, whether rich or poor. Kansas has some thirty thousand farms already hewed out of the forest and prairie, on which at least ten millions of dollars have been invested. Some of her towns have grown up as in a single night. Leavenworth expanded, in three years, from a population of 100 to 8,000, with eight newspapers. All the towns of Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, are growing rapidly. The immigrant can find a farm under the Homestead Law, let him look in what direction he may.

Missouri has been extensively settled by colonies of German wine-growers. These form communities by themselves, who are covering the hillsides with vineyards, and have already had remunerating vintages, their wine carrying off the premium at Cincinnati, and coming everywhere into demand. The. single town of Hermann, with less than 2,000 inhab

itants, produced in one season 80,000 gallons. A vineyard of three to four years old yields the owner two hundred and fifty to three hundred gallons per acre, while a very favorable site has yielded 1,000. One industrious man manages five acres; and as the wine sells for $1.25 to $1.50 per gallon, five acres are sufficient to secure an ample subsistence. The climate is more favorable to vine growing than that of Germany. The German population detests slavery. Now that it has been swept from the soil of Missouri, immigrants are pouring in with every arrival, lands are rising in value, and the Homestead Law is providing thousands of them with permanent homes.

Further west, the territories contain millions of acres of the public domain, all open to settlement by whomsoever chooses to locate upon them. How vast the quantity is, and where situated, will be seen by the following table of acres :

These figures are an approximation to the true

amounts, which in all cases are understated.

CHAPTER XII.

Land in the South-Effect of civil war on titles-Progress and results of Pacification-Openings in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Virginia—Great demand for Labor-Cotton GrowingSociety after the War.

WHILE the eyes of thousands have for years been directed westward, in search of homes, the slaveholders' rebellion has opened up in that region a new field for enterprising and adventurous spirits from the North and West.

It is a peculiarity of civil war to unsettle or destroy the titles to real estate. A foreign war, even when attended by invasion, produces no such result. When the British overran our northwestern frontier, destroyed Buffalo and other settlements on the Lakes, though personal property was carried off, and houses burned, yet the title to real estate was unimpaired. When they landed on the Chesapeake, sacking Washington and Havre de Grace, holding a possession that was but feebly disputed except at Baltimore, it was personal property alone that changed owners. If the people abandoned their domicils as the enemy approached, they returned to them as he retired. No interlopers having occupied them during their absence, there were none to set up claim to title by possession. The flight of loyal

people under such circumstances worked no civil disability. What they suffered was simply a misfortune of invasion. If the enemy had temporarily deprived them of their rights, holding them for the moment in abeyance, yet when he retreated they immediately revived.

But it was not so during the revolutionary contest. That was so emphatically a civil war, that in every State there were two parties in arms against each other. One party fought for American independence, the other for British supremacy, but both were composed of native-born citizens. One was aided by the presence of a British army, the other depended on itself. Had the American people been unanimous in their opposition to Great Britain, it would not have been a civil war, neither could it have been so long maintained against them. But citizen being arrayed against citizen, gave to it a mixed character-it was foreign and civil war combined. To fight for independence was held to bẹ loyal, to oppose it was held to be disloyal.

Those who opposed it were universally known as Tories. Many of them had been office-holders under the king; many of them belonged to the highest classes of society; many were educated, talented, and wealthy; while the fact cannot be disputed, that Toryism was so prevalent that it furnished more armed men to assist in crushing independence, than the Continental army was able to muster for maintaining it. As the Whigs of the Revolution staked their all upon the issue of the contest, the Tories necessarily assumed a like hazard. Many of the