of the ditch not level, but forming an acute angle, so that the enemy entering it, are forced to crowd one on another, and cannot get a footing for their ladders. They are also exposed to artificial fire and shells, (then a novelty, and not in general use for 50 years after,) of which he gives a very clear description.

In one design of Castriotto's for a "gagliardo balluardo," or jolly strong bastion, we have the triple flank of the Count de Pagan very distinctly. Another design, for a star-shaped fortress with a polygonal interior retrenchment, has a strong general resemblance to some of Montalembert's outlines.

A project of Maggi's for retrenching a bastion is ingenious. The casemated flanks of the bastion are connected by a vaulted passage resting on masonry piers. These piers are mined, and when the enemy masters the bastion the mines are sprung. This throws off the roof of the passage, converting it into a deep ditch with masonry scarps, isolating the bastion.

In Book iii. Chap. 20, both authors give brief and good instructions for the benefit of a governor expecting his place to be attacked. Provision of sufficient aid in doctors and medicines is mentioned.

Several detached memoirs are included in the 3d Book. One is a discourse on field intrenchments by Maggi, in which he alludes to, and appears to appreciate, intrenched camps attached to fortified cities, giving as an example a drawing by Castriotto of one executed in Picardy in 1557, under the walls of Compiègne. Some recommend, he says, when a prince is in personal command, that an inner work should be constructed surrounding his pavilion. But this he objects to as implying distrust of the general intrenchments of the camp, and so disheartening the troops. He suggests that portable intrenchments might be carried about, consisting of mattresses stuffed with wool or sea-weed, covered with leather cases. Besides, quoth he, when they are not wanted for fieldworks they would serve to sleep upon! “I would not here omit to mention that, when the enemy is advancing to attack you before you have finished the intrenchment of your position, and begins to disturb your work with his artillery, it is a good plan to have webs of canvass or other stuff, such as are used in driving boars and other large game to the nets, which you may spread in front as screens, so that the pioneers who are at work shall not be exposed to the aim of the enemy's bombardiers; and from not seeing, as well as from not being seen, they will work both with more spirit and with greater security." An admirable suggestion, which has been too rarely acted on.*

Then follows a Report by Captain Francesco Montemellino of Perugia, on the Fortification of the Borgo at Rome, which very clearly and intelligently discusses the pro and con of high and low sites for fortifications.

Next comes a treatise on various orders of battle by Captain Giovachino da Coniano, as practised by him when sergeant-major (i.e. adjutant-general) of the Italian infantry in the service of King Henry VIII. in his last campaign against Francis the First, in the neighbourhood of Boulogne-the Conte di Sore (Surrey) being general of the army. It

* See ante, p. 123. A similar device is mentioned in Albert Durer's book.

is amusing to observe his mention of the corps of Irish Salvaticisavages, just as we should speak of Red Indian allies in an American campaign.

The book concludes with Castriotto's memoir on the defects of exist

ing fortresses. His principal remedies are the demi-revetment (compelling the enemy to crown the counterscarp before they can open breaching batteries), and the more general employment of wet ditches. The illustrations, which are numerous, are very rude woodcuts.

NOTE M.-THE CHEVALIER DE VILLE.

Antony De Ville, an engineer of high reputation in his day, was born at Toulouse in 1596, of an honourable Dauphinese family. After acting for some years as engineer to the Duke of Savoy, who acknowledged his merits by bestowing on him the orders of St Maurice and St Lazarus, he returned to his native country, and served with distinction on the Belgian frontier, in the war with Spain, from 1636 to 1639. On the conclusion of peace he was employed in fortifying the towns ceded to France by the treaty. He died in 1656 or 1657, having attained the rank of Maréchal-de-camp.

His principal work, Les Fortifications du Chevalier A. de Ville, was first published at Lyons in 1628, and several times reprinted in the next forty years. It is illustrated with plates engraved by himself. He also published a treatise on the duties of Governors of Fortresses, (folio, 1639,) and narratives of the sieges of Corbeye (1637,) Landrecies (1637,) and Hesdin (1639,)* containing many judicious observations, besides illustrating in an interesting manner the practice of sieges at that time (Biographie Universelle; Allent, Hist. du Corps du Génie.) The works of Antony Deville are very highly spoken of by Carnot, and he quotes them copiously in his Essay on the Defence of For

tresses.

NOTE N.-THE COUNT DE PAGAN.

Blaise François, Count de Pagan, descended of a noble Neapolitan family settled in Provence, was born in 1604, entered on his military career at twelve years of age, and before he was twenty had been present at many, and had directed some sieges. Before Montauban, in 1621, he lost his left eye by a musket-shot. In every action he was distinguished by some feat of courage or address, and Louis XIII cited him as one of the most gallant and accomplished gentlemen of his kingdom. In 1642 having been sent to Portugal, his remaining eye was there destroyed by disease. Retiring with the rank of Maréchal-decamp, (then next to that of Marshal of France,) he devoted the rest of his life to mathematical studies, and published several works on astronomy of considerable merit, though tinged with astrological views. One of his books (1655) was a translation of an account of the Amazons

* See an outline of Deville's attack on this occasion, in Plate VII., fig. 102.

Beiarica Lepre de Tarian was born in BarınČT, May 1m 1653, of wove ut ipovertet far, deren of wise men bers died on the Salt is the verre of their every.

At weretet de tega tit mary e in Conde's regiment, then in the wrim & byla a drevusaate line surprising in the bewildering enrolments of that period, when the most lustrious generals of the nation are found fyzing now for France, and now for her enemies. He had already been employed as an engineer before he was twenty years old, at which age be was exptored by the Royalists, and induced by Mazarin to enter the King's service.

He speedy rose to his acknowledged position as the first of French engineers; and his military life would embrace a chronicle of all the siges in the wars on the Flemish frontier-with Spain first, and then with Holland-which filled the last half of the seventeenth century. Ail the most notable of these sieges he directed in person, but it so chanced that he never was called on to act in the defence of a besieged place.

After fifty years of unflagging exertion for the benefit of his country he received the Marshal's baton (1703,) not then for the first time offered, and died March 30th, 1707, full of years and honour, leaving behind him one of the most spotless names in military history, as “the first of engineers and best of citizens,”—a noble example in the devoted servant of an absolute monarch, of a patriot in the best sense of the word. Besides carrying the arts of defence and attack to a degree of perfection unknown before, he was eminently a humane and honest man, at once loyal and independent, clear-souled, and guided in the right course as by a natural instinct; in war prodigal of no man's blood but his own. He was often wounded, and a shot in the cheek which he received at Douay in 1667 marked him to his dying day, and is indicated in his portraits. Voltaire says that he was "ignorant,” referring, I suppose, to scholarship, for in no usual sense could Vauban be called an ignorant man. Ilis exterior was that of a bluff soldier; but his simple and kindly manners agreed with the modest, truthful, and genial character of the man. When Louis XIV., at Cambrai (1677,) threatened a violation of one of the humaner laws of war, Vauban alone fearlessly raised his voice in dissuasion; and not once only, but again and again, did this noble soldier in writing remonstrate with the King on his treatment of the Protestants, and his revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

In peace Vauban was as laborious as in war, and left behind him a vast mass of MSS., embracing projects for internal navigation, for the improvement of ports, for the defence of the frontiers, and the fortifica

tion of the capital, (accomplished in our day); essays on tactics, finance, commerce, the relation between church and state, geography, mathematics, and many other practical subjects, besides those immediately connected with his own professional duties.

He is said to have been present at one hundred and forty actions, to have conducted fifty-three sieges, to have repaired or improved some three hundred fortresses and ports, besides constructing thirty-three new ones. But, as is well said by the historian of the corps of which Vauban was so long the glory and the patriarch, "Such services as his are to be weighed, not numbered." *

NOTE P.-THE TENAILLE.

In

Though the introduction of the work now so called is due to Vauban, an outwork bearing the same name was in use before his time. Cromwell's account of his attack on Drogheda, he says, "There was a Tenalia to flanker the south wall of the town, between Duleek gate and the corner tower, which our men entered; wherein they found some 40 or 50 men of the enemy, which they put to the sword." + In a plan of the attack of Bois-le-Duc by Frederic Henry, Prince of Orange, in 1629, a work is represented under the name of the Tenaille. It is like a hornwork, but having on the front two complete bastions, instead of demi-bastions, and the long side branches expanding towards the gorge, so that the whole outline is really like a Tenaille, or pair of tongs.

A hornwork of somewhat similar shape, at Tortosa, as besieged by Suchet in 1810, is termed the fort "de las Tenaxas,"―of the tongs.

In some old books of Fortification the name of Tenaille is given to a large advanced work, covering the whole of the ravelin, and having its front broken into a simple re-entering angle.

Coehorn, in speaking of Vauban's Tenaille, does not give it that name at all. "Les Français ont très joliment inventé un ouvrage devant la courtine, qu'ils appellent une Fausse-braye, que nous appellerons Bassecourtine." §

It is curious that an outwork exactly corresponding to Vauban's Tenaille, (except that it is straight,) is described and drawn by Castriotto,|| as he had seen it in the English fortifications at Calais, when that town was taken by Henry II. of France in 1558. A somewhat similar work is the only feature of any mark to be found in a large folio on fortifications, by Galasso Alghisi, Venice, 1570.¶ It appears hopeless for any engineer to vindicate his claim to the invention of a novelty in fortification; let us go back as far as we can find books on the subject, we seem fated to encounter the elements of every feature in modern engineering, and an anticipation of each improvement, which is

* Allent, Histoire du Corps du Génie, Paris 1805, which contains a detailed history of Vauban's services, and (in Appendix) a list of his writings. + Carlyle's Cromwell.

§ Coehorn's New Fortification-French trans., 1706.

Fort. delle Città, book ii. chap. 24.

Atlas to Suchet's Memoirs.

The curtain forms a deep re-entering angle; and this work, called Isola, is of a

delta form, occupying the space.

supposed to be invented in our day. Captain Nelson, writing in the R.E. Professional Papers * aptly compares the projects of system inventors to the variations of the Kaleidoscope, changing in pattern, but still only permutations of the same few pieces. And he illustrates his own remarks by himself bringing forward a project for discussion, the main feature of which appears to be a revival of the "reinforced or indented curtains of Marchi and Castriotto. In the Corps Papers, vol. i. p. 418, another officer, writing on improvements in sapping, suggests the substitution of rectangular coffers of wicker-work for cylindrical gabions. The same change is insisted on by Girolamo Maggi, in book iii. chap. 20, of the Fort. delle Città, and with similar reasons urged for its adoption. A modern Italian author quoted in the same volume, (p. 388,) attributes the invention of the cunette to Jacopo Lanteri in 1565, whilst that work is to be found distinctly described and recommended by Albert Durer, 1527, and by Francesco of Siena in the previous century. The casemated caponières, and angular towers of Montalembert, are only enlargements of the capannati and keeps of the last-mentioned engineer.

NOTE Q.-PETER Navarke.

Peter Navarre, once famed over Europe as the first engineer of his time, was born of an obscure family in Biscay after the middle of the fifteenth century, and spent his youth as a mariner. Enlisting in the Genoese ranks, he was present at the siege of the hill-fort of Sarzanella,† held by the Florentines in 1487,‡ and witnessed there the first recorded attempt to apply gunpowder in mining.

Next entering the Spanish army, he rose to distinction in King Ferdinand's war against the Moors, and on the capture of Velez-Malaga (1487) he was made governor of the place. Peter afterwards accompanied the great Gonsalvo on his expedition to Italy (1500,) and in the siege of the principal fortress of Cephalonia, captured from the Turks after a resolute defence of fifty days, he repeated the trial of the mines which he had witnessed in his youth, but without marked success. He continued to distinguish himself in the war then in the south of Italy, directed against the French, (who were for a time commanded by our countryman Stuart of Aubigny ;)§ and at Naples, in 1503, the complete success of his mines in the successive capture of the castles Nuovo and Del Ovo marked an epoch in military history, and raised him to the highest reputation. The galleries under the latter fortress, which stands in the sea, were driven from covered boats which Peter constructed for the occasion.

* New series, vol. i. 1851.

The forts of Sarzana, Sarzanella, and Pietra Santa, in the vicinity of Lucca, are mentioned in Guicciardini (book i.) repeatedly, as bones of contention between the Genoese and Florentines.

There seems some inconsistency in these two dates being the same; but I cannot explain it.

"Obegnino suam aciem promovente neque Siculi nec Hispani equites Scotorum cataphractorum vim tulerunt, quin celeriter terga darent."-Paul. Jov., Vita Consalvi Magni.