TWENTY-SEVENTH LECTURE.

History of papacy-Peculiar situation of the city of Rome-Relations of

the popes about the middle of the eighth century, with the Italian, Span-

ish, Anglo-Saxon, Gallo-Frankish, and Germanic churches-Their al-

liance with the early Carlovingians-Advantages which they drew

from it-Donation of Pepin and of Charlemagne-Sovereignty of the

Carlovingian emperors over the popes-Uncertainty of the ideas, and

incoherency of the facts concerning the rights of papacy-It increas-

es more and more in minds-It apparently acquires a legal title-False

decretals-Nicholas I.-His character-Affair of the marriage of Lo-

thaire and of Teutberge Affair of Rhotarde, bishop of Soissons-Tri-

umph of papacy: 1. Over temporal sovereigns; 2. Over national churches

-Its decided preponderance in the west

TWENTY-EIGHTH LECTURE.

p. 127

Of the intellectual condition of Frankish Gaul, from the death of Charle-

magne to the accession of Hugh Capet-Sketch of the celebrated men

of this period-The theological mind-The philosophical mind-Hinc-

mar and John Erigena are respectively their representatives-Life of

Hincmar-His activity and influence as archbishop of Rheims-1. Con-

cerning his relations with kings and popes-2. Concerning his admin-

istration in the interior of the Gallo-Frankish church and of his diocese

-3. Concerning his disputes and theological works-Origin of the the-

ology of the middle ages-Quarrel between Hincmar and the monk

Gottschalk upon predestination-Numerous writings upon this subject

-Councils of Kiersy, Valence, and Langres—Recapitulation

TWENTY-NINTH LECTURE.

p. 144

Object of the lecture-Of the philosophical spirit in the 9th century→→→

Scotus or Erigena-His country-Date of his birth-Tradition respect-

ing his travels in Greece-He settles in France at the court of Charles

le Chauve-Of the School of the Palace under Charles-Ancient philo-

sophy_studied there--Encouragement of Scotus Erigena-His learn-

ing-Relations of Christianity with the Neoplatonism of Alexandria-

Their struggle-Attempt at Amalgamation-History and pretended

works of Dionysius the Areopagite-Fundamental differences of the two

doctrines: 1 in the point of departure and the method; 2, in the bases

of the questions-These differences occur between Scotus Erigena and

the Christian theologians of the 9th century-Examination of his works:

1, De Prædestinatione: 2, De Divisione Nature-His celebrity and his

death-Recapitulation

THIRTIETH LECTURE.

p. 166

General summary of the course-Extent and variety of subjects-The his

tory of civilization, its price-It is the result of all partial histories-Uni

ty and variety of the existence of a people-Three essential elements

in French civilization, Greco-Roman antiquity, Christianity, Germany

-1. Of the Roman element, from the 5th to the 10th century-Under

a social point of view-Under an intellectual point of view-2. Of the

Christian element, from the 5th to the 10th century-Under a social

point of view-Under an intellectual point of view—3. Of the German-

ic element, from the 5th to the 10th century--Under a social point of

view-Under an intellectual point of view-Two principal facts charac-

terize this epoch: 1. The prolongation, more or less apparent, but every-

where real, of Roman society and its influence-2. The disorderly and

indeterminate fermentation of the different elements of modern civili-

zation-Conclusion

p. 189

ILLUSTRATIONS AND HISTORICAL TABLES

I. Table of the organization of the court, and of the central govern-

ment of the Roman empire at the commencement of the fifth

century

.

II. Table of the hierarchy of ranks and titles in Roman society at

the same epoch

p. 203

209

III. Narrative of the embassy sent in 449 by Theodosius the Younger,

emperor of the east, to Attila, established on the banks of the

Danube

211

V. Chronological table of the principal events in the ecclesiastical

history of Gaul, from the fifth to the tenth century

VI. Chronological table of the principal events of the literary history

of Gaul, from the fifth to the tenth century

IV. Chronological table of the principal events of the political history

of Gaul, from the fifth to the tenth century

230

233

VII. Table of the councils and canonical legislation of Gaul, from

the fifth to the tenth century

237

246

SECOND COURSE.

LECTURE THE FIRST.

Object of the course-Elements of national unity-They exist and begin

to be developed in France towards the end of the 10th century-Thence

dates French civilization-The feudal period will be the subject of this

course-It includes the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, from Hugh Ca-

pet to Philippe de Valois-Proof that these are the limits of the feudal

period-Plan of the course: History; 1st, of society; 2d, of the human

mind, during the feudal period-The history of society resolves itself

into, 1st, history of civil society; 2d, history of religious society-The

history of the human mind resolves itself into, 1st, history of learned

literature; 2d, history of national literature in the vulgar tongue-Im-

portance of the middle ages in the history of French civilization-The

present state of opinions concerning the middle ages-Is it true that

there is danger in historical impartiality and poetical sympathy for this

period?-Utility of this study.

SECOND LECTURE.

p. 324

Necessity for studying the progressive formation of the feudal system-It

is often forgotten that social facts form themselves but slowly, and in

forming themselves, undergo many vicissitudes-Analysis of the feudal

system in its essential elements. They are three in number: 1. The

nature of territorial property; 2. Amalgamation of sovereignty and pro-

perty; 3. Hierarchical organization of the feudal association-State of

territorial property from the 5th to the 10th century-Origin and mean-

ing of the word feodum-It is synonymous with beneficium-History of

benefices, from the 8th to the 10th century-Examination of the system

of Montesquieu concerning the legal gradation of the duration of bene-

fices-Causes of the increase of the number of benefices-Almost all

landed property became feudal

THIRD LECTURE.

p. 339

Of the amalgamation of sovereignty and property, the second characteris-

tic of the feudal system-True meaning of this fact-Its origin-It

comes neither from the Roman society nor from the German band—Is

it the result of conquest only?—Of the system of feudal publicists on

this subject-Two forms of society in Germany, the tribe and the band

-Social organization of the tribe-Domestic sovereignty is there dis-

tinct from political sovereignty-Twofold origin of domestic sovereignty

among the ancient Germans-It arose from family and from conquest-

What became of the organization of the German tribe, and especially

of domestic sovereignty after the establishment of the Germans in Gaul

-What it retained of the family spirit gradually diminished; what it

retained of conquest became dominant-Recapitulation and true char-

acter of feudal sovereignty.

FOURTH LECTURE.

p. 359

General association of the possessors of fiefs among themselves; third char-

acteristic of the feudal system-From the very nature of its elements

this association must have been weak and irregular-It, in fact, always

was so-Fallacy of the view which the apologists of this system trace

of the feudal hierarchy-Its incoherency and weakness were especially

great at the close of the 10th century-The formation of this hierarchy

from the 5th to the 10th century-Three systems of institution are seen

together after the German invasion: free institutions, monarchical insti-

tutions, aristocratical institutions-Comparative history of these three sys-

tems Decline of the two first-Triumph of the third, which yet remains

incomplete and disordered

FIFTH LECTURE.

p. 376

Method to be followed in the study of the feudal period-The simple fief

is the fundamental element, the integrant molecule of feudalism-The

simple fief contains: 1, the castle and its proprietors; 2, the village and

its inhabitants-Origin of feudal castles-Their multiplication in the 9th

and 10th centuries-Causes of this-Efforts of the kings and powerful

suzerains to oppose it-Futility of these efforts-Character of the castles

of the 11th century-Interior life of the proprietors of fiefs-Their iso-

lation-Their idleness-Their incessant wars, expeditions, and adven-

tures-Influence of the material circumstances of feudal habitations

upon the course of civilization-Development of domestic life, condition

of women, and of the spirit of family in the interior of castles

p. 395

TWENTY-FIRST LECTURE.

Object of the lecture-Of capitularies in general-Review of the capitularies of the Carlovingian Frank kings-Of the two forms under which the capitularies have descended to us-Scattered capitularies -Collection of Angesise and of the deacon Benedict-Of the edition of the capitularies by Baluze-Erroneous idea generally entertained as to capitularies-They are not invariably laws-Great variety in these acts-Attempt at classification-Table of contents of the capitularies of Charlemagne : 1. Moral legislation-2. Political legislation-3. Penal legislation-4. Civil legislation-5. Religious legislation-6. Canonical legislation-7. Domestic legislation-8. Incidental legislation-True character of the capitularies.

I ANNOUNCED to you my intention of laying before you a summary of the reign of Charlemagne, and its results, reviewing his government and his influence upon intellectual development. In the first of these respects, the picture I have placed before you appears to me sufficiently complete; it presents, I think, a clear and precise idea of the part filled by the wars of Charlemagne in the history of civilization in the west; and, moreover, I could not enter more fully into the subject, without going through an absolute and continuous narration of events. As to the government of Charlemagne and its action upon mind, what I have said in the last lecture is altogether incomplete, and I may, without losing myself in details, enter more closely into this part of the subject. I will proceed to do so. The legislation of Charlemagne will now occupy our attention: that which he did in protecting intellectual development, with an account of the distinguished men who lived and labored under his influence, will be the subject of following lectures.

It is commonly supposed that the term capitularies applies only to the laws of Charlemagne; this is a mistake. The word capitula, "little chapters," equally applies to all the laws of the Frank kings. I have no remark to make at present respecting the capitularies, in themselves of very slight importance,' of the first race; of those of the second race, there have come down to us 152, namely:

The table in the twentieth lecture mentions only sixty; but there were besides five private acts, which, upon reflection, I think ought to be inserted among the capitularies.