19 See a fragment of Peter Patricius in the Excerpta Legationum; and with regard to its probable date, fee Tillemont, Hift. des Empereurs, tom. iii. p. 346.

20 Omnium harum gentium infigne, rotunda fcuta, breves gladii, et erga reges obfequium. Tacit. Germania, c. 43. The Goths probably acquired their iron by the commerce of amber.

21 Jornandes, c. 13, 14.

22 The Heruli, and the Uregundi or Burgundi, are particularly mentioned, See Mafcou's Hiftory of the Germans, 1. v. A paffage in the Auguftan History, p. 28, feems to allude to this great emigration. The Marcomannic war was partly occafioned by the preffure of barbarous tribes, who fled before the arms of more northern barbarians. 23 D'Arville, Géographie Ancienne, and the third part of his incomparable map of Europe.

24 Tacit. Germania, c. 46.

25 Cluver. Germ. Antiqua, 1. iii. c. 43.

26 The Venedi, the Slavi, and the Antes, were the three great tribes of the fame people. Jornandes, c. 24.

27 Tacitus most affuredly deserves that title, and even his cautious fufpenfe is a proof of his diligent inquiries.

28 Genealogical Hiftory of the Tartars, p. 593. Mr. Bell (vol. ii. p. 379.) traverfed the Ukraine in his journ from Petersburgh to Conftantinople. The modern face of the country is a juft reprefentation of the ancient, fince, in the hands of the Coffacks, it ftill remains in a ftate of nature,

29 In the fixteenth chapter of Jornandes, instead of fecundo Mæfiam, we may venture to fubftitute fecundam, the fecond Mafia, of which Marcianopolis was certainly the capital (fee Hierocles de Provinciis, and Weffeling ad locum, p. 636. Itinerar.). It is furprising how this palpable error of the fcribe could efcape the judicious correction of Grotius.

30 The place is ftill called Nicop. The little stream, on whose banks it ftood, falls into the Danube, D'Anville, Géographie Ancienne, tom i. p. 307.

31 Stephan. Byzant. de Urbibus, p. 740. Weffeling Itinerar. p. 136. Zonaras, by an odd miftake, afcribes the foundation of Philippopolis to the immediate predeceffor of Decius.

32 Ammian. xxxi. 5.

33 Aurel. Victor. c. 29.

34 Victoria Carpica, on fome medals of Decius, infinuate these adyantages.

35 Claudius (who afterwards reigned with so much glory was pofted in the pass of Thermopyle with 200 Dardanians, 100 heavy and 160 light horfe, 60 Cretan archers, and 1000 well-armed recruits. See an original letter from the emperor to his officer, in the Auguftan History, p.

200.

36 Jornandes,

account of this war, it is eafy to difcover the oppofite prejudices of the Gothic and the Grecian writer. In careleffness alone they are alike.

37 Montefquieu, Grandeur et Décadence des Romains, c. viii. He illuftrates the nature and use of the cenforship with his usual ingenuity, and with uncommon precision.

38 Vefpafian and Titus were the last cenfors (Pliny Hift. Natur. vii, 49. Cenforinus de Die Natali). The modefty of Trajan refused n honour which he deferved, and his example became a law to the Antonines. See Pliny's Panegyric, c. 45 and 60.

39 Yet in spite of this exemption Pompey appeared before that tri bunal, during his confulship. The occafion indeed was equally fingular and honourable. Plutarch in Pomp. p. 630.

4° See the original fpeech, in the Auguftan Hift. p. 173, 174. 41 This tranfaction might deceive Zonaras, who fuppofes that Valerian was actually declared the colleague of Decius, 1. xii. p. 625. 42 Hift. Auguft. p. 174. The emperor's reply is omitted.

43 Such as the attempts of Auguftus towards a reformation of manTacit. Annal. iii. 24.

ners.

44 Tillemont, Hiftoire des Empereurs, tom. iii. p. 598. As Zofimus and fome of his followers miftake the Danube for the Tanais, they place the field of battle in the plains of Scythia.

45 Aurelius Victor ws two diftinct actions for the deaths of the two Decii; but I have preferred the account of Jornandes.

46 I have ventured to copy from Tacitus (Annal. i. 64.) the picture of a fimilar engagement between a Roman army and a German tribe. 47 Jornandes, c. 18. Zofimus, 1. i. p. 22. Zonaras, 1. xii. p. 627. Aurelius Victor.

48 The Decii were killed before the end of the year two hundred and fifty-one, fince the new princes took poffeffion of the confulship on the enfuing calends of January.

49 Hift. Auguft. p. 223. gives them a very honourable place among the fmall number of good emperors who reigned between Augustus and Diocletian.

5° Hæc ubi Patres comperere 51 Zonaras, 1. xii. p. 628.

decernunt. Victor in Cæfaribus.

52 A Sella, a Toga, and a golden Patera of five pounds weight, were accepted with joy and gratitude by the wealthy king of Egypt (Livy, xxvii. 4.). Quina Millia Eris, a weight of copper in value about eighteen pounds fterling, was the usual prefent made to foreign ambaffadors (Livy, xxxi. 9.).

53 See the firmness of a Roman general fo late as the time of Alexander Severus, in the Excerpta Legationum, p. 25. Edit. Louvre. 54 For the plague, fee Jornandes, c. 19. and Victor in Cæfaribus. 55 Thefe improbable accufations are alleged by Zofimus, I. i. p. 23,24. 56 Jornandes, c. 19. The Gothic writer at least obferved the peace which his victorious countrymen had fworn to Gallus.

Zofimus, 1. i. p. 25, 26.

58 Victor in Cæfaribus.

59 Zonaras, 1. xii. p. 628.

60 Banduri Numifmata, p. 94.

61 Eutropius, 1. ix. c. 6. fays tertio menfe. Eufebius omits this emperor.

62 Zofimus, 1. i. p. 28. Eutropius and Victor ftation Valerian's army in Rhætia.

3 He was about feventy at more probable, of his death.

the time of his acceffion, or as it is Hift. Auguft. p. 173. Tillemont, Hift.

des Empereurs, tom. iii. p. 893, note i. 1

64 Inimicus Tyrannorum. Hift. Auguft. p. 173. In the glorious ftruggle of the fenate against Maximin, Valerian acted a very spirited part. Hift. Auguft. p. 156.

65 According to the diftinction of Victor, he seems to have received the title of Imperator from the army, and that of Auguftus from the fen ate.

1

66 From Victor and from the medals, Tillemont (tom. iii. p. 710.) very juftly infers, that Gallienus was affociated to the empire about the month of Auguft of the year 253.

67 Various systems have been formed to explain a difficult paffage in Gregory of Tours, 1. ii c. 9.

68 The Geographer of Ravenna, i. II. by mentioning Mauringania on the confines of Denmark, as the ancient feat of the Franks, gave birth to an ingenious fyftem of Leibnitz.

69 See Cluver Germania Antiqua, 1. iii. c. 20. M. Freret in the Mémoires de l'Académie des Infcriptions, tom. xviii.

7° Moft probably under the reign of Gordian, from an accidental circumftance fully canvaffed by Tillemont, tom. iii. p. 710. 1181. 71 Plin. Hift. Natur. xvi. I. The panegyrifts frequently allude to the moraffes of the Franks.

72 Tacit. Germania, c. 30. 37.

73 In a fubfequent period, most of thofe old names are occafionally mentioned. See fome veftiges of them in Cluver. Germ. Antiq. 1. iii. 74 Simler de Republica Helvet. cum notis Fueslin.

75 Zofimus, 1. i. p. 27.

7 M. de Brequigny (in the Mémoires de l'Académie, tom. xxx.) has given us a very curious life of Pofthumus. A series of the Auguftan History from Medals and Inscriptions has been more than once planned, and is ftill much wanted.

77 Aurel. Victor, c. 33. Inftead of Panè direpto, both the fenfe and the expreffion require deleto; though indeed, for different reafons, it is alike difficult to correct the text of the beft, and of the worst, writers.

78 In the time of Aufonius (the end of the fourth century) Ilerda or Lerida was in a very ruinous ftate Aufon. Epift. xxv. 58.), which probably was the confequence of this invasion.

79 Valefius is therefore miftaken in fuppofing that the Franks had invaded Spain by fea.

8° Aurel. Victor. Eutrop. ix. 6.

SI Tacit. Germania, 38.

$2 Cluver. Germ. Antiq. iii. 25.

83 Sic Suevi a ceteris Germanis, fic Suevorum ingenui a fervis feparantur. A proud feparation !

84 Cæfar in Bello Gallico, iv. Ž.

85 Victor in Caracal. Dion Caffius, lxvii. p. 1350.

86 This etymology (far different from thofe which amufe the fancy of the learned) is preserved by Afinius Quadratus, an original historian, quoted by Agathias, i. c. 5.

87 The Suevi engaged Cæfar in this manner and the manœuvre deferved the approbation of the conqueror (in Bello Gallico, i. 48.) 88 Hift. Auguft. p. 215, 216. Dexippus in the Excerpta Legationum, p. 8. Hieronym. Chron. Orofius, vii. 22.

9° Aurel. Victor, in Gallieno et Probo. His complaints breathe an uncommon fpirit of freedom.

91 Zonaras, 1. xii. p. 631.

92 One of the Victors calls him King of the Marcomanni; the other, of the Germans.

93 See Tillemont, Hift. des Empereurs, tom. iii. p: 398, etc.

94 See the lives of Claudius, Aurelian, and Probus, in the Auguftan History.

95 It is about half a league in breadth. Genealogical Hiftory of the Tartars, p. 598.

96 M. de Peyffonel, who had been French conful at Caffa, in his Obfervations fur les Peuples Barbares, qui ont habité les bords du Danube.

97 Euripides in Iphigenia in Taurid.

98 Strabo, 1. vii. p. 309. The first kings of Bofphorus were the allies of Athens.

99 Appian in Mithridat.

100 It was reduced by the arms of Agrippa. Orofius, vi 21. Eutropius, vii. 9. The Romans once advanced within three days march of the Tanais. Tacit. Annal. xii. 17.

101 See the Toxaris of Lucian, if we credit the fincerity and the virtues of the Scythian, who relates a great war of his nation against the kings of Bosphorus.

102 Zofimus, 1. i. p. 28.

103 Strabo 1. xi. Tacit. Hift. iii. 47. They were called Camara. 104 See a very natural picture of the Euxine navigation, in the xvith letter of Tournefort.

105 Arrian places the frontier garrifon at Diofcurias, or Sebaftopolis, forty-four miles to the east of Pityus. The garrifon of Phafis

confifted in his time of only four hundred foot. See the Periplus of
the Euxine.

106 Zofimus, 1. i. p. 30.

107 Arrian (in Periplo Maris Euxin. p. 130.) calls the diftance 2610
ftadia.

108 Xenophon. Anabasis, 1. iv. p. 348. Edit. Hutchinson.

109 Arrian, p. 129. The general obfervation is Tournefort's.

11o See an epistle of Gregory Thaumaturgus, bishop of Neo-Cæfarea,
quoted by Mafcou, v. 37.

111 Zofimus, l. i. p. 32, 33.

112 Itiner. Hierofolym. p. 572. Weffeling.

113 Zofimus, l. i. p. 32, 33.

114 He befieged the place with 400 gallies, 150,000 foot, and a
numerous cavalry. See Plutarch in Lucul. Appian in Mithridat. Cicero
pro Lege Maniliâ, c. 8.

115 Strabo, 1. xii. p. 573.

116 Pocock's Defcription of the Eaft, 1. ii. c. 23, 24.

117 Zofimus, 1. i. p. 33.

11 Syncellus tells an unintelligible ftory of Prince Odenathus, who
defeated the Goths, and who was killed by Prince Odenathus.

119 Voyages de Chardin, tom. i. p. 45. He failed with the Turks
from Conftantinople to Caffa.

120 Syncellus (p. 382.) fpeaks of this expedition, as undertaken by
the Heruli.

121 Strabo, 1. xi. p. 495.

122 Plin. Hift. Natur. iii. 7.

123 Hift. Auguft. p. 181. Victor, c. 33. Orofius, vii. 42. Zofimus,
1. i. p. 35. Zonaras, 1. xii. 635. Syncellus, p. 382. It is not without
fome attention, that we can explain and conciliate their imperfect
hints. We can ftill difcover fome traces of the partiality of Dexippus,
in the relation of his own and his countrymen's exploits.

124 Syncellus, p. 382. This body of Heruli was for a long time
faithful and famous.

125 Claudius, who commanded on the Danube, thought with pro-
priety and acted with fpirit. His colleague was jealous of his fame.
Hift. Auguft. p. 181.

126 Jornandes, c. 20.

127 Zofimus and the Greeks (as the author of the Philopatris) give
the name of Scythians to thofe whom Jornandes, and the Latin
writers, conftantly reprefent as Goths.

128 Hift. Auguft. p. 178. Jornandes, c. 20.

129 Strabo, 1. xiv. p. 640. Vitruvius, 1. i. c. I. præfat. 1. vii. Tacit.
Annal. iii. 61. Plin. Hift. Nat. xxxvi. 14.

130 The length of St. Peter's is 840 Roman palms; each palm is
very little short of nine English inches. See Greaves's Mifcellanies,
vol.
p. 233; On the Roman foot.

The policy, however, of the Romans induced them to abridge