1. He, who despises riches, is a wise man.

2. But if we retreat through fear and consternation, these same circumstances will be adverse to us; neither the advantage of situation, nor the number of allies, will be able to protect him, whom arms could not protect (quem arma minimè potuerint).

The relatives qualis, quantus, quot, are elegantly placed before the antecedents, talis, tantus, tot; and the relative adverbs quantò, ubi, quò, quàm, quamdiu, quoties, before tantò, ibi, hoc, or eò, tam, tamdiu, toties; as,

Atlas was made as great a mountain, as he was a man: Quantus erat, tantus mons factus Atlas.

1. Citizens usually conform themselves to the example of those, who govern the state. (Say, such as those, who govern the state, such are usually citizens.

2. There are almost as many different kinds of speaking, as there are orators.

3. The more elevated we are in rank, the more submissive should we behave ourselves.

For omnis qui, and omnia quæ, it is often much better, as it is more concise, to put quicunque, quisquis, and quidquid.

I wish you to consider that in all things, in which you can show a kindness to my friend, you will bind me to you by the strongest ties of gratitude.

The pronoun quid is most frequently used for the adverb

And, on the contrary, it is more elegant to use the adverbs cur, quare, quamobrem, instead of propter or ob quem, quam, quod; &c. as,

Many reasons occurred to my mind, for which I thought that labour would prove an honour to you :

Multa mihi veniebant in mentem quamobrem illum_laborem tibi honori fore putarem.

1. Nor yet have I been able to devise any reason, for which he ought to undertake their cause.

2. But if there is no reason, for which you should load this miserable wretch with so great calamities, my advice is, that you should spare him (ut ei parcătur).

3. But there were many reasons, for which I wished to be there

To the interrogatives quis, quæ, quid, quò, quando, the particle ec is elegantly prefixed; as,

Brutus ecquid agit? What does Brutus ?

1. I pray you, what so great misfortune can you imagine, which does not fall to my lot?

2. Who had the power of entering into the forum?

3. When did you suppose that you would give in an account of your proceedings?

Id quod is most frequently used for quod, when it refers not merely to one substantive, but to the whole preceding sentence; as,

You love virtue, which I commend: Amas virtutem, id quod laudo.

1. The undeserving are often loaded with wealth and honours, whilst the good meet with contempt and repulse; which is the reason that virtue itself is not practised with much zeal.

2. But the man who feels no shame, which I find happens in many, I consider not only worthy of reprehension, but even of punishment. 3. You have signified your intention to leave this country soon, which has affected us all with the most lively concern.

When the pronoun is is used for talis, it is elegantly followed by qui, quæ, quod, instead of ut is, ut ea, &c., as, by the same rule, quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, will be more elegantly put for ut tantus, talis, tot, toties; as,

Such, or so great, is your desire of revenge, that, riflamed with it, I should be the most miserable :

if I were

Ea or tanta est tua vindictæ cupido, quâ or quantú si flagrarem miserrimus essem.

1. Such indeed is your learning, that, if I possessed it, I should call myself fortunate.

2. You have read Homer so often, that, if I had read him as often, things would go on much better with me.

3 We have gained so many trophies from our enemies, that no na tion can boast of ever having gained so many.

Qui, quæ, quod, is often elegantly used simply for talis, or tantus, or qualis; as,

Such is thy love towards me: Qui tuus est ergà me amor.

1. Such is thy hardness of heart, the divine judgments will at last fall upon thy guilty head.

2. Cities also, as well as other things, spring from the lowest beginnings afterwards such as their own bravery and the gods assist, get themselves great power and a great name.

3. Each person holds an inward and secret conversation with his own heart, and such as it highly concerns him to regulate properly.

And what deserves to be imitated, as being particularly elegant, is the use of qualis, without being preceded by talis; as,

You are blessed with such a child, that, if I had such a one, I should greatly rejoice:

Felix es puero, qualis si mihi esset, magnoperè gauderem. Especially as the senate and people of Rome had then such a leader, that, had they now his fellow (qualis si nunc esset), the same fate would overtake thee, which then befell them.

Qui, quæ, quod, with or without quippè, is very elegantly used for cùm, or quòd ego, cùm tu, &c., and cujus for cùm ejus, cùm meus, cùm tuus; cui for cùm mihi, &c., with the verb that follows in the subjunctive mood; as,

What wonder that men die, when we know that they are mortal?

Quid mirum homines mori, quos sciamus mortales esse? Quos used for cùm eos.

1. How is it possible that you should converse on the subject of literature, since you never paid the least attention to it?

2. And certainly that conduct of mine is entitled to the highest commendation, in that I was unwilling that my fellow citizens should be exposed to a band of armed ruffians.

3. They rated and blamed the Belgæ, for having surrendered themselves to the people of Rome, and abandoned the bravery of their progenitors (patriam virtutem projecissent).

The relative qui, quæ, quod, is elegantly used after idem, instead of ac or cum; as,

Nor had he the same master as his father: Nec eodem magistro, quo pater, usus est.

1. The wise man is not confined within the same bounds with the rest of the world. No age, no time, no place, limits his thoughts, but he penetrates and passes beyond them all.

2. At the same time with the Edui, the Ambarri also acquaint

Cæsar, that, their country being depopulated, they cannot easily keep off the violence of the enemy from their towns.

3. This nation is not so warlike as the neighbouring states; and it does not make use of the same weapons in war as other nations.

Qui, quæ, quod, is also elegantly used for et is, et ego, et tu, &c., for is verò, tu verò, &c., in the beginning of a sentence, or a member of a sentence, when it may be easily referred to what goes before; as,

It happened in my absence, and had I been present:

Me absente accidit, qui si adfuissem; for et ego, si, or si verò, &c.

1. You have always given me wholesome advice; and if I had always followed it, I should have been happy (ex felicissimis fuissem). 2. A friend was then at my house, and he told me that he feared it would not succeed (ut succederet.) (Vereor ne fiat expresses what we wish not to happen; vereor ut fiat, what we wish to happen, but are afraid it may not.)

3. I asked him this question; and when he did not answer, I re

fused to do it.

Qui, quæ, quod, may also be used for quia, nam ego, tu, is, &c., when it is clear, from the context, that though the causal conjunction is not inserted, yet it may be easily inferred from the sense; as,

You are truly reprehensible, for, when you stand in need of the friendship of all, you injure all :

Verè reprehensione dignus es, qui, cùm omnium amicitiâ indigeas, omnibus noces; for nam cùm tu omnium, &c.

1. For certainly it is not my part, since, as you are used to wonder I apply generally so much industry in writing, to commit myself so far as to appear to have been negligent in it, especially as that would be the crime, not only of negligence, but also of ingratitude.

2. It was not the part of that general, since he knew that he was in the midst of enemies, to suffer his soldiers to go out of the camp unarmed, and to straggle about the fields.

Qui, quæ, quod, is also often used for cùm in a narration.

1. Cæsar, knowing that the enemy would immediately abandon their camp, advanced with his forces against them.

2. The man, being of some authority, of a grave demeanour, advanced in years, and a father too, was struck dumb with astonishment at the barefaced proposal of this shameless man (obstupuit hominis improbi dicto).

The relative qui, quæ, quod, is often used for a substantive, especially after the verbs sum and habeo, when the sense seems to demand such a variation; as,

I have a request to make to you: Est quod te rogem.

1. If thou bring thy gifts to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against thee, (that is, a complaint, that of which he may complain,) leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.

2. I have an accusation against thee, that thou hast deserted thy first love.

Qui, quæ, quod, may, in some instances, be used for the English particle after; as,

The fourth year after he had come: Quarto quo venerat

anno.

What! have you not heard of Cæsar's achievements in Spain? Two armies beaten? Two generals defeated? Two provinces taken? These things were done forty days after Cæsar was co ne in view of the enemy.

It must be observed, that though the English very often omits the relative, yet the ellipsis must always be supplied in Latin.

1. The man I saw yesterday told me of your disaster.

2. Go into the village over against you (qui vobis e regione est), and bring away all the provisions you can collect, that we may set sail again immediately.