OF VERBS.

As it is scrimes doct to decermaine, wien in locuSI tre with the mine is to be used, afer the Engist convacuon that, and when it is better to us that to grid or of with a notitative füowed by an indicative or subjuncthe, it will be proper to amend to these few cbservados.

It was used, and never the accusative with the infinitive, after ita, sic, talis, or is for tals, tantus, odko ; after verbs of cmning or fluting, persuading, impelling, exhorting, adeiving, competing, entreating, beseeching, decreeing. Comcranding, except juke; and after verbs of telling, writing, and anouncing, when they carry with them the force of a command; and also after accidit, fit, contingit.

1. He persuaded me to write.

2. I beseech you to come. 2. I happened! ee you.

4. He comman c me to come.

5. Your neighbour is plunged into such profligacy and luxury, that words cannot describe his desperate condition.

But let it be observed, that when moneo denotes information, and not advice, it is always joined with the infinitive; ; as,

He apprized him by a trusty messenger, that it was in agitation to break down the bridge.

In the same manner persuadeo, though generally followed by ut, when it signifies to convince, is always followed by an infinitive; as,

I wish you thoroughly to convince yourself, that no one is dearer to me.

Observe also, that the articles of every agreement, or condition of a bargain, are expressed by ut.

After verbs denoting a doubt or opinion, the Latins elegantly use fore or futurum esse, followed by ut or qui, with 'the subjunctive, instead of the future of the infinitive; as, I doubt not that there will be many who...... Non dubito fore plerosque, qui.....

1. I hope that he will return into your favour.

2. I do not doubt that many will think this mode of writing trifling and insignificant, and altogether unworthy of the characters of those great personages.

3. I never thought that a power, which seemed so firmly established, would so soon fall to the ground (tam citò in ruinam præcipitaretur)

This form seems to have been originally made use of in verbs which wanted a supine, and consequently a future of the infinitive, and to have been afterwards adopted more universally on account of the elegance of the variation.

After the verbs to will, to wish, to desire, to suffer, and after æquum est, oportet, necesse est, sequitur, either ut or the accusative with the infinitive may be used indifferently.

1. I desired that my father should write.

2. A man must die.

3. It is right this should be done.

4. Hence it follows, that no man can make a great progress in literature without genius.

5. He wished him to assemble his forces, and to march against the

enemy.

Actives should be changed into passives, or quòd and ut should, if possible, be used where two accusatives with an infinitive might create an ambiguity, which of the two was the case of the infinitive; as, patrem te amare dicunt. Here it is doubtful, whether you love the father, or the father you. We should therefore say, either patrem a te amari, or a patre te amari.

Quòd may be used when it implies the cause or reason of what goes before, when it might easily be changed into quia; and after verbs of certain affections, as of rejoicing, grieving, &c., quòd may be safely used, as well as the accusative with the infinitive; as,

I am glad that you are returned safe.

Quòd redieris incolumis, or te rediisse incolumem gaudeo.

1. After the troubles of mind, and the pains you have endured, I cannot but rejoice that you are so well. (Quòd, here implying the cause or reason that I rejoice, may be equally used, or the accusative with the infinitive.)

2. I have received letters from home, and am overwhelmed with the deepest sorrow, that my father is so ill (quòd in morbo sit pater).

With these few exceptions, however, the accusative with the infinitive is most frequently used by the ancients.

But the conjunctions ut and quòd are not to be used indiscriminately the chief difference seems to be, that, when the preceding clause is or ought to be the cause or reason of the following, we should use ut; otherwise the accusative with the infinitive, or sometimes quòd.

1. You have often exhorted me to make a collection of my epistles, if I should write them with any degree of accuracy. (Here the exhortation is evidently the cause of collecting the epistles.)

2. So many and great favours have you heaped upon me, that so far from repaying them, I must live and die conscious of my own ingratitude.

After the comparative, the sign of which is too, too much, we must make use of quàm ut, with the subjunctive; as, He is too proud to teach you: Superbior est, quàm ut te doceat.

1. His learning and virtue are too great to be set forth with advantage by me, and too well known every where to need it, unless I would, according to the proverb, show the sun with a lantern.

2. Some boys are too idle to learn, and too contumacious to obey the precepts of their masters.

The conjunctions ut ne, joined together, are often elegantly used for ne; as,

The first principle of justice is, that no one should do an injury to another: Justitiæ primum munus est, ut ne cui

noceas.

1. And do not so far commit yourself, lest, when you have been supplied with every thing by us, you should appear to have been wanting to yourself.

2. We must also take care that we may not appear to do this through anger.

The common rule, that, when two verbs come together, the second is put in the infinitive, must be restricted within very narrow limits. It is chiefly and only used after certain verbs, as volo, nolo, cupio, amo, conor, tento, audeo, studeo, cogito, possum, nequeo, obliviscor, debet, cæpi, incipio, constituo, soleo, consuevi, cogor, scio, &c.

1. My father urged me to write to him, by the tenderest motives of affection and gratitude (per amorem et omnia pietatis officia). (We should not say impulit scribere, but ad, or ut.)

2. Since my parents wish to educate me in the liberal arts, I shall do my utmost endeavours to learn many things (ut discam quàm plurima).

Care must be also taken not to fall into Græcisms, by too rash a use of the infinitive; as,

He instigated him to ask for this.

would be wrong.)

(Here the infinitive

He went to the river to wash away the blood.

The same caution must be used after adjectives; as,
He is a fit person to do that (idoneus est qui hoc faciat).
My brother is very desirous to learn.

That lesson is very easy to understand.

Quin is used for ut non, followed by a subjunctive.

It is impossible that a man of genius and of great industry should not be a learned man.

Often for quòd non :

I dare not blame what you have done, not that I do not differ from you in my opinion, but because I know you have acted from the best of motives, and to the best of your judgment (ex optima sententiâ atque consilio id egisse). For qui non in these forms :

There is none, who does not know.

Who is there, who does not believe it?

Very often for cur non, followed by an indicative.
Why do you not fly hither (quin huc advolas)?
Why do you not arm yourself?

Why, if we feel the vigour of youth, do we not mount our horses?

After a negative expression, or even an interrogation, the Latins make use of nisi, quin, where the English usually has the particle but; and sometimes of qui, quæ, quod; as,

They are fit for nothing, but to be slaves: Eos non decet nisi esse servos.

1. There is a time, when the richest women ought to marry; they seldom let slip an opportunity at first, but it fills their minds with disappointment and bitter anguish.

2. Among the Epicureans, there is nothing but what a crowd of atoms can perform.

3. Cæsar's translation of estates from the rightful owners to strangers ought not to be accounted liberal; for nothing is liberal, but what is, at the same time, just.

4. What is it to recollect one's self, but to rally the scattered and disordered parts of the soul into their proper place (in suum locum) ?

The conjunction quasi has a subjunctive mood after it; but it must be observed, that it is always used by the ancients with a present, if the preceding verb, or the subject itself, be concerning a thing present, though the English has the perfect or imperfect; and if the subject refers to the past, it is always used with the perfect, though the English has a pluperfect; as,

You are silent, as if you did not know that the thing is so: Taces, quasi nescias rem ita esse.

1. You are silent concerning this business, as if you did not know it.

2. Are you not a foolish fellow, to ask me what I think will be done in this business, as if I were acquainted with what he himself does not know?

3. For he writes in such a manner, as if I had been obliged to go to them, and not they to me.

The conjunction quum, or cùm, when implying a reason previously known, or given, and answering to the English since, is usually followed by the subjunctive; and when it is used for etsi.

1. When I know you are accustomed to read good books, I wonder that you reap so little advantage from them (te fructus nullos ex iis percipere).

2. Things being so, or this being the case, I shall say no more.

The English particle being, implying a cause, is variously rendered into Latin: chiefly by quum, cùm, quippè, qui, ut qui, utpote, utpote cùm, ut.

1. He was noted for the wisest person that had ever been; there being no sort of knowledge with which his mind was not stored in great abundance.

2. He was as much valued and esteemed by the whole party as any man; and he deserved it, being more accomplished than any of them (quippe qui, si quis unquam, summis animi dotibus instructus).