fend the house in which he was; but within an hour or two (interposito autem haud ita longo tempore), he is taken and carried away to prison.

Though the nominative of the participle present active is very inelegant, and is better rendered by a periphrasis with a conjunction, yet where two verbs come together joined by the conjunction and, if the first is of the past time, it may be turned elegantly into the participle of a verb deponent; as, He kissed me, and forbade me to cry: Me osculatus vetuit flere.

1. A very few, trusting to their strength, swam over; all the rest, our horse overtook and slew.

2. He promised better things of himself for the future, and then he raised his eyes to Heaven, and invoked the protection of the gods.

3. He thought that he could easily escape out of their hands, and suddenly rushed through the thickest of the enemies, but he soon fell to the ground, pierced with a thousand weapons.

After the verbs malo, volo, nolo, curo, &c. participles passive agreeing with their case are more elegant than the present of the infinitive active; as,

I'll take care to find you, and bring your Pamphilus with me: Inventum tibi curabo et mecum adductum tuum Pamphilum.

1. We beg this one thing of you, that, if, out of your clemency, you have determined to save us, you would not strip us of our arms. 2. But there is also something of which I should wish to advise you in a few words.

3. He wishes now more than ever, that his son should die. 4. The tyrant would not wish to free him from his anguish.

The participle future passive, with the dative of the person, is more elegant than the verbs debeo, oportet, necesse est; as, Diogenes, being asked at what age a man ought to marry, said, young men not yet, old men never:

Diogenes interrogatus quâ ætate ducenda sit uxor; juvenibus, inquit, nondum, senibus nunquam.

1. There is nothing, which old age ought to guard against so much as sinking into languor and inactivity.

2. We must not only acquire wisdom, but we should exercise it for the good and advantage of mankind (ad hominum utilitatem promovendam).

The gerund in do is often elegantly used, with the omission of the adjectives signifying convenience, &c. as, par, idoneus, &c.; as,

He is equal to paying: Est solvendo.

1. Farmers should take care what seed they put in the earth; for old and worn out seed is not fit for sowing.

2. Brown or pack paper (charta emporetica) is not fit for writing. 3. I know not whether I ever saw a stronger man; he is equal to bearing any weight.

The gerund followed by a substantive is elegantly changed into the participle future passive, and agrees with that substantive in gender, number and case; but only in those verbs that govern an accusative; as,

I shall ease all my regret by sending and receiving letters: Omre desiderium literis mittendis accipiendisque leniam.

1. In all my distresses and difficulties, it has always afforded me a heartfelt satisfaction to behold your alacrity and readiness in defending my cause.

2. I have always been the foremost in defending your liberty. (Princeps with a genitive.)

3. What can be more difficult than, in determining the differences of adverse parties, to acquire the good will of all?

4. We are by nature prone to love virtue, and to detest vice.

A finite verb, or a verb which determines the sense, or the action, is often changed into the participle future passive, will or the Judysse, ithout where the subject depends upon the tror, existimo, credo, censeo, juanco, statuo, duco, videor or the agent, and the verbs puto, arbivideo, curo, &c. are added; as, scribendum putavi, for scripsi; but care must be taken, that the choice of these verbs be appropriate to the sense, as we would not say, that a man moriendum putavit for mortuus est, as not depending is will.

1. Cæsar, seeming sufficiently to understand the minds of his soldiers, tried, or thought fit to try, what intention or inclination Pompey had to fight.

2. I wish to explain more at large, in this assembly of learned men, that discipline which Petronius has lightly touched upon, especially as, in the examination of it, I may be able to exhibit and explain that plan and method of doctrine which I myself pursue.

3. The wisest men have drawn from these sources, (that is, from Greek and Latin,) every improvement of human genius, all true and

With these few exceptions, however, the accusative with the infinitive is most frequently used by the ancients.

:

But the conjunctions ut and quòd are not to be used indiscriminately the chief difference seems to be, that, when the preceding clause is or ought to be the cause or reason of the following, we should use ut; otherwise the accusative with the infinitive, or sometimes quòd.

1. You have often exhorted me to make a collection of my epis tles, if I should write them with any degree of accuracy. (Here the exhortation is evidently the cause of collecting the epistles.)

2. So many and great favours have you heaped upon me, that so far from repaying them, I must live and die conscious of my own ingratitude.

After the comparative, the sign of which is too, too much, we must make use of quàm ut, with the subjunctive; as, He is too proud to teach you: Superbior est, quàm ut te doceat.

1. His learning and virtue are too great to be set forth with advantage by me, and too well known every where to need it, unless I would, according to the proverb, show the sun with a lantern.

2. Some boys are too idle to learn, and too contumacious to obey the precepts of their masters.

The conjunctions ut ne, joined together, are often elegantly used for ne; as,

The first principle of justice is, that no one should do an injury to another: Justitiæ primum munus est, ut ne cui

noceas.

1. And do not so far commit yourself, lest, when you have been supplied with every thing by us, you should appear to have been wanting to yourself.

2. We must also take care that we may not appear to do this through anger.

The common rule, that, when two verbs come together, the second is put in the infinitive, must be restricted within very narrow limits. It is chiefly and only used after certain verbs, as volo, nolo, cupio, amo, conor, tento, audeo, studeo, cogito, possum, nequeo, obliviscor, debet, cœpi, incipio, constituo, soleo, consuevi, cogor, scio, &c.

1. My father urged me to write to him, by the tenderest motives of affection and gratitude (per amorem et omnia pietatis officia). (We should not say impulit scribere, but ad, or ut.)

2. Since my parents wish to educate me in the liberal arts, I shall do my utmost endeavours to learn many things (ut discam quàm plurima).

Care must be also taken not to fall rash a use of the infinitive; as,

He instigated him to ask for this.

would be wrong.)

into Græcisms, by too

(Here the infinitive

He went to the river to wash away the blood.

The same caution must be used after adjectives; as, He is a fit person to do that (idoneus est qui hoc faciat). My brother is very desirous to learn.

That lesson is very easy to understand.

Quin is used for ut non, followed by a subjunctive.

It is impossible that a man of genius and of great industry should not be a learned man.

Often for quòd non :

I dare not blame what you have done, not that I do_not differ from you in my opinion, but because I know you have acted from the best of motives, and to the best of your judgment (ex optima sententiâ atque consilio id egisse). For qui non in these forms:

There is none, who does not know.

Who is there, who does not believe it?

Very often for cur non, followed by an indicative.
Why do you not fly hither (quin huc advolas)?
Why do you not arm yourself?

Why, if we feel the vigour of youth, do we not mount our

horses?

After a negative expression, or even an interrogation, the Latins make use of nisi, quin, where the English usually has the particle but; and sometimes of qui, quæ, quod; as,

They are fit for nothing, but to be slaves: Eos non decet nisi esse servos.

1. There is a time, when the richest women ought to marry; they seldom let slip an opportunity at first, but it fills their minds with disappointment and bitter anguish.

2. Among the Epicureans, there is nothing but what a crowd of atoms can perform.

3. Cæsar's translation of estates from the rightful owners to strangers ought not to be accounted liberal; for nothing is liberal, but what is, at the same time, just.

4. What is it to recollect one's self, but to rally the scattered and disordered parts of the soul into their proper place (in suum locum)?

The conjunction quasi has a subjunctive mood after it; but it must be observed, that it is always used by the ancients with a present, if the preceding verb, or the subject itself, be concerning a thing present, though the English has the perfect or imperfect; and if the subject refers to the past, it is always used with the perfect, though the English has a pluperfect; as,

You are silent, as if you did not know that the thing is so: Taces, quasi nescias rem ita esse.

1. You are silent concerning this business, as if you did not know it.

2. Are you not a foolish fellow, to ask me what I think will be done in this business, as if I were acquainted with what he himself does not know?

3. For he writes in such a manner, as if I had been obliged to go to them, and not they to me.

The conjunction quum, or cùm, when implying a reason previously known, or given, and answering to the English since, is usually followed by the subjunctive; and when it is used for etsi.

1. When I know you are accustomed to read good books, I wonder that you reap so little advantage from them (te fructus nullos ex iis percipere).

2. Things being so, or this being the case, I shall say no more.

The English particle being, implying a cause, is variously rendered into Latin: chiefly by quum, cùm, quippè, qui, ut qui, utpote, utpote cùm, ut.

1. He was noted for the wisest person that had ever been; there being no sort of knowledge with which his mind was not stored in great abundance.

2. He was as much valued and esteemed by the whole party as any man; and he deserved it, being more accomplished than any of them (quippe qui, si quis unquam, summis animi dotibus instructus).