have a future perfect. It generally follows these particles, cùm, ubi, si, quando, and is used when the verb, that accompanies it, is in the future imperfect, and itself denotes a future action absolutely completed; as,

When he comes, we shall sing: Cùm venerit ille, ca

nemus.

1. When your father comes, I shall tell him (certiorem faciam) what progress you have made in your learning.

2. When you have sent me that book, I shall give it to my father. 3. If you do this, I shall be highly indebted to you.

4. Whatever you resolve will please me.

5. To-morrow, if the enemy go out of their camp to forage and lay waste the neighbouring country, I shall give orders for a chosen troop to sally forth, and, if possible, to take the foraging party in the rear, and cut them off from their main army.

This tense is by some grammarians very erroneously called a future subjunctive. The Latins invariably use the participle future, and the verb sum, to form a future subjunctive; as, I do not doubt but he will prove a learned man: Non dubito, quin evasurus sit doctus. When verbs have no supine, and consequently want a participle future, they employ the periphrasis fore ut, as we have already observed; as, I hope he will learn; spero fore ut discat.

1. Such is his skill, bravery, and knowledge of the military art, that he will, without doubt, extricate himself from that danger.

2. He will use so many arts, that he will corrupt my son.

3. I think that, if misers bury their treasures in a chest, not only their thoughts but their bodies will always hang over that chest.

And, often where the English has a future, the Latins, speaking with greater accuracy, make use of a present, when the matter relates to a thing present.

1. Who will deny this? I am so far from invalidating the force of this argument, that I wish to pay all possible respect to so high an authority.

2. Every one will easily understand, that the whole of my discourse tends to confute so erroneous an opinion.

The Latins often very elegantly use the perfect subjunctive, instead of the present.

1 Some one may say, that virtue is its own reward; but few men

will be induced to love virtue for its own sake, if they are not at the same time impelled by other more powerful reasons.

2. You may object to this, that man is born to labour, and therefore he cannot expect a life of repose.

The present subjunctive of the verbs volo, malo, nolo, possum, is often used for the imperfect, as is the case with other verbs, when there is an interrogation.

1. I would rather please you and Brutus.

2. If he must be sent for, which I should by no means wish, he cannot but be struck with astonishment at this unheard of prodigy. 3. Who could not understand a thing so intelligible?

in

4. Who could believe, that you, who are already so much advanced years, should think of marriage?

Concerning the SUCCESSION OF TENSES to each other, as far as it varies from the English, as it is often attended with some difficulty, it may be observed, that after ut, ne, quò, quo minùs, quin, qui, quæ, quod, quis, and other particles, that govern the subjunctive, if a present or future goes before, it is right to use the present; if an imperfect, perfect or pluperfect, then the imperfect follows: as, he will be worthy to be loved; dignis erit, qui ametur; he was worthy to be loved: dignus erat, qui amaretur. But it will be necessary to pay strict regard to the nature of the tenses, and the sense of the subject; hence some exceptions may sometimes occur.

A PRESENT after a PRESENT,-When speaking of things present.

1. You tell me that your destiny is placed in my own hand, as if it were possible, that I should obtain this boon.-(Here it would be wrong to say consequerer, because fieri possit goes before, though the English might seem to authorize it.)

2. I do not think, that there are any men, who would not wish to be informed of the fate of their absent friends.

But these will be excepted:

A perfect must come after the present, if speaking of a circumstance that is past; and a future, if speaking of the future.

1. You are now afraid, as if you had not at all been present, as if you yourself had not obtained that wealth unjustly.

2. Is it not very necessary, that a man should learn (should have learnt) many things, before he ventures to instruct others? (Here it would be very improper to say ut discat.)

3. How rash and impious are those men, who, in the hour of despair (spe abjecta), often wish, that they had never been born!

4. It is to be hoped, that that report of the murder of our friend was false.

5. It is not possible, that an indolent man can ever acquire dignity. (A future.)

6. I fear lest my father should return before that can be done. 7. I am not a man, who never is to die (qui nunquam moriturus). 8. Tell me when your father comes (venerit).

In like manner, an imperfect or a pluperfect must come after a present, in such forms as these:

1. Tell me what you would do.

2. Tell me whether you would have come.

3. I wish that you had avoided those associates.

In a succession of three verbs, where the principal verb is in the preterite tense, and a future time is denoted by one of the following verbs, that which comes after the future infinitive, and implies an event then completed, will be elegantly put in the pluperfect subjunctive; as, He promised, that he would do it, when they returned: Se id facturum esse, сит rediissent, pollicitus est.

1. O the memorable voice of that youth, who, having shaken off the chajns of idleness..3′′d sam jind & rat mode or alte, which his 'parents advised.

2. He said, that he should cease to be the master of the ship, if his favourite mates did not embark with him.

3. But he refused to leave the ship. He said, that he would perish when his beloved riches were sunk.

But when the principal verb is not in the preterite, then the other verb, which comes after the future infinitive, will be usually put in the future perfect; as, Know that you will do me a great kindness, if you come: Scias, pergratum te mihi facturum, si veneris.

They say, that they will leave off childish plays (nuces pueris) when they are become great boys (grandiusculi.)

A PRESENT after a FUTURE.-Generally after ut, ne, quò, quin.

1. Whoever will persuade me to utter a falsehood, will at last force me to consider him as an impudent wretch.

2. If I do any thing, I shall inform you of it, nor shall I ever send letters home without adding those, which I wish to be delivered to you. (Not adjuncturus sim.)

And always after qui, quæ, quod, in these expressions:

1. There will be some, who will say.

2. There will be found some, who will affirm ..

3. But be well assured, that I shall certainly do what I know you will wish me to do.

And after these particles, ubi, quis, quid, quando, cur, &e. when the idea of a thing present may be inferred; as,

1. I shall see to-morrow what you do, and in what kind of house you dwell (quâ in domo habites).

2. I shall soon be able to tell you whence it comes, that you give me so much displeasure (ut in offensâ sis apud me).

But other tenses will also come after a future, if the sense require it, as a perfect after the future.

1. If my father does not return to-morrow, I shall fear that he is killed by robbers.

2. Some one will complain, perhaps of your being so long with us without any advantage (nullâ perceptâ utilitate).

And also a future after a future; as,

return for many months (multis abhinc mensibus.

ho mas not

An IMPERFECT after the IMPERFECT.-And it may be observed, that though a pluperfect, if the sense require it, sometimes comes after an imperfect, neither a present, nor a perfect, nor a future, should ever be placed after it.

1. The house shone, as if it had been of gold.

2. I have received your letters, which informed me what you employed yourself in, and when I should see you (visurus essem).

3. Though these things seemed to surpass my belief, yet, when I received your letters, I did not entertain the least doubt out that things were in that situation.

4. I should wish, indeed, never to have seen that wicked wretch. (A pluperfect.)

An IMPERFECT after a PERFECT, especially after Ut: After verbs of wishing, asking, advising, persuading, per

mitting, after necesse fuit, æquum fuit, and other verbs, that require the conjunction ut after them; and after sic, talis, tam, ita, tantus, quin, qui, ne, &c.

1. Your father took care to be thought rich.

2. Though I spoke the truth, being once detected in a lie, I could not persuade men to believe me.

3. Pompey, by his actions, obtained the name of Great. (Assecutus cst ut.)

4. I have been prevented, by that circumstance, from being able to perform this business so soon.

5. I never entertained the least doubt, but I am (or was) very dear to you.

Let it be observed, that, when the action is implied as fully completed, the pluperfect is elegantly used.

1. He forbade him to come into school till his hands and face were washed, and his head combed.

2. He would not suffer him to depart till the business was finished.

There will also occur many exceptions to this: the perfect must sometimes be used after a perfect; as, '

1. He engaged in so narrow a strait, that the whole line of his ships could not be extended (minimè explicari potuerit).

2. So far was he from betraying the insolence of triumph, that he even pitied the fortunes of his fallen enemy.

And if the sense require it, a present or a future will also be found after a perfect; as,

1. This man has learned so little, that he can now scarcely lead. 2. You have been the cause, by your own perfidy, that no one will, for the future, repose any confidence in me.

An imperfect is also used after the pluperfect, subject to some exceptions, which the sense will easily point out.

1. If you had delivered this message to him, nothing would have prevented him from coming to us.

2. If you had persuaded him to pursue those measures, he certainly would have followed your advice.

As to the succession of tenses in the infinitive mood, concerning which such various opinions have been given by grammarians, it must be observed, that though it may be as