3. Some news has been brought, which affected me more on your account than on mine.

Though adjectives should, in general, be placed before their substantives, yet comparatives and superlatives, nouns of number, these adjectives, omnis, nullus, alienum, aliud, alterum, utrumque, solum, ullum, tale, quodvis, quodlibet, totum, singula, cætera, reliqua, multa, are more elegantly placed after their substantives.

1. But we are impelled to learn by a fairer hope and greater rewards.

2. He was invested with the most honourable offices and the most important employments.

3. All the merit of virtue consists in action; in which, however, there is often some intermission.

4. He has comprised in one book the history of seven hundred years.

5. He has already reigned twenty-three years since that time (jam inde ab eo tempore).

6. We often see that shame gets the better of those whom no reason could overcome.

Nouns of dignity, profession, praise, contempt, are generally placed before the proper names to which they belong.

1. You see before your eyes Catiline, that most audacious man. 2. Lucius Cotta, a man of excellent understanding and exemplary prudence.

3. We are here warring against Antony, our colleague, the most infamous of all gladiators.

Observe that the proper name agrees more elegantly by apposition with the person or personal pronoun than with the common name; as, Whose name is Iulus, Cui nomen Iulo.

Ataulphus, after the birth of a son, to whom he gave the name of Theodosius, seemed to feel a greater regard for the Roman republic.

If there are several pronouns in a sentence, they are elegantly placed together, if it can be done without causing any confusion or ambiguity to the sense; and, indeed, the best writers, in order to give more force and energy, either to a primitive or a demonstrative pronoun, join several of them to the very same substantive; as,

I come from your brother, he commends himself to you. Venio a fratre tuo, is se tibi commendat.

1. You, that very same wretch, who have threatened destruction to whole cities and countries.

2. You have done so well, that no one thinks himself well recommended to you, without some letters of mine.

3. But the first great rule of justice is, that no one, without being attacked by an unprovoked injury, should commit violence against any one.

There is a peculiar elegance in the structure of a sentence, when the relative of one clause can be immediately followed by the relative of the subsequent clause, if it is in a different case from the former; as, I admire, their folly who arrogate to themselves alone those divine arts, which they ought not even to meddle with: Eorum stultitiam miror, qui, quas ne attingere quidem debebant, has divinas artes sibi solis arrogant.

Some philosophers of our age are also guilty of this error, who express, in words, far removed from common usage, new, and often inelegantly coined by themselves, and with an affectation of too great subtilty, those things which they might deliver in popular and perspicuous language.

If we wish to add some circumstance to the subject of which we are speaking, or to gain more attention to it, then we may add one of the demonstrative pronouns, is, idem, &c., with the conjunction et or que, and thus form an additional member of the sentence; as,

He wore a garment which came down to his ankles, mean and dirty: Veste erat indutus talari, et eâ tetrâ et sordidá.

1 I have a son, an only one.

2. Pansa, the consul (et is consul), did not blush to declaim.

3. Alexander defeated Darius with his immense army, and that when a young man.

4. I have only received one letter from you, and that a very

short one.

5. I was certainly out of my senses to endeavour to enter into a contest with an academician, and rhetorician too.

The pronouns ille, iste, &c. are also added, with the word dem, when one quality is to be granted and the other deon the same subject; as,

Philosophers not bad indeed, but not ingenious enough: Philosophi minimè mali illi quidem, sed non satis acuti.

1. We must use the greater endeavours, because many Latin books are said to be written already by men very good and virtuous indeed, but not learned enough.

2. I have also added Cicero's Treatise on Friendship, and that on Old Age, to which I have subjoined a few annotations, short indeed, but, if I mistake not, not inapplicable.

3. This is not at all approved by your friends, very good and honest men indeed, but not at all conversant in public affairs.

The pronoun primitive is elegantly placed after the infinitive, even when used as the accusative that should go before it; and after adjectives and participles, to which it serves as a substantive; as,

You think that you are slighted because I write not again : Contemni te putas, quòd non rescribam.

1. They suffer themselves to be burned with heat upon the mountains.

2. Struck with astonishment at the ill-treatment of others, they suffer themselves to be bowed down, and quite oppressed.

3. Cato writes, that armies have often gone with alacrity to places whence they never hoped to return.

When a verb governs several nouns, one noun is elegantly placed before, and the other, especially if it consists of many syllables, is placed after the verb; as,

Virtue brings praise and dignity: Virtus laudem affert ac dignitatem.

1. They can neither exercise justice, nor friendship.

2. Though riches procure many comforts of life, yet, if a man is too eager in the pursuit of his interests, he cannot but bring upon himself cares and anxieties.

3. He was so conversant in the art of war, that, by his skill and stratagems, he completely deceived the general and his army.

The pronoun ipse is more elegant in the nominative, though the primitive pronoun, to which it is joined, be the case of the verb; that is, when the primitive pronoun may in its application be referred to the nominative case; as, He injured himself: Sibi ipse nocuit.

1. In this, I reproach myself. (I myself reproach myself.)

1. Whoever will persuade me to utter a falsehood, will at last force me to consider him as an impudent wretch.

2. If I do any thing, I shall inform you of it, nor shall I ever send letters home without adding those, which I wish to be delivered to you. (Not adjuncturus sim.)

And always after qui, quæ, quod, in these expressions:

1. There will be some, who will say..

2. There will be found some, who will affirm..

3. But be well assured, that I shall certainly do what I know you will wish me to do.

And after these particles, ubi, quis, quid, quando, cur, &e. when the idea of a thing present may be inferred; as,

1. I shall see to-morrow what you do, and in what kind of house you dwell (quâ in domo habites).

2. I shall soon be able to tell you whence it comes, that you give me so much displeasure (ut in offensâ sis apud me).

But other tenses will also come after a future, if the sense require it, as a perfect after the future.

1. If my father does not return to-morrow, I shall fear that he is killed by robbers.

2. Some one will complain, perhaps of your being so long with us without any advantage (nullâ perceptâ utilitate).

And also a future after a future; as,

return for

many months (multis abhinc mensibus).

that he may not

An IMPERFECT after the IMPERFECT.-And it may be observed, that though a pluperfect, if the sense require it, sometimes comes after an imperfect, neither a present, nor a perfect, nor a future, should ever be placed after it.

1. The house shone, as if it had been of gold.

2. I have received your letters, which informed me what you employed yourself in, and when I should see you (visurus essem).

3. Though these things seemed to surpass my belief, yet, when I received your letters, I did not entertain the least doubt out that things were in that situation.

4. I should wish, indeed, never to have seen that wicked wretch. (A pluperfect.)

An IMPERFECT after a PERFECT, especially after Ut: After verbs of wishing, asking, advising, persuading, per

mitting, after necesse fuit, æquum fuit, and other verbs, that require the conjunction ut after them; and after sic, talis, tam, ita, tantus, quin, qui, ne, &c.

1. Your father took care to be thought rich.

2. Though I spoke the truth, being once detected in a lie, I could not persuade men to believe me.

3. Pompey, by his actions, obtained the name of Great. (Assecutus est ut.)

4. I have been prevented, by that circumstance, from being able to perform this business so soon.

5. I never entertained the least doubt, but I am (or was) very dear to you.

Let it be observed, that, when the action is implied as fully completed, the pluperfect is elegantly used.

1. He forbade him to come into school till his hands and face were washed, and his head combed.

2. He would not suffer him to depart till the business was finished.

There will also occur many exceptions to this: the perfect must sometimes be used after a perfect; as, '

1. He engaged in so narrow a strait, that the whole line of his ships could not be extended (minimè explicari potuerit).

2. So far was he from betraying the insolence of triumph, that he even pitied the fortunes of his fallen enemy.

And if the sense require it, a present or a future will also be found after a perfect; as,

1. This man has learned so little, that he can now scarcely read. 2. You have been the cause, by your own perfidy, that no one will, for the future, repose any confidence in me.

An imperfect is also used after the pluperfect, subject to some exceptions, which the sense will easily point out.

1. If you had delivered this message to him, nothing would have prevented him from coming to us.

2. If you had persuaded him to pursue those measures, he certainly would have followed your advice.

As to the succession of tenses in the infinitive mood, concerning which such various opinions have been given by grammarians, it must be observed, that though it may be as