3. Some news has been brought, which affected me more on your account than on mine.

Though adjectives should, in general, be placed before their substantives, yet comparatives and superlatives, nouns of number, these adjectives, omnis, nullus, alienum, aliud, alterum, utrumque, solum, ullum, tale, quodvis, quodlibet, totum, singula, cætera, reliqua, multa, are more elegantly placed after their substantives.

1. But we are impelled to learn by a fairer hope and greater rewards.

2. He was invested with the most honourable offices and the most important employments.

3. All the merit of virtue consists in action; in which, however, there is often some intermission.

4. He has comprised in one book the history of seven hundred years.

5. He has already reigned twenty-three years since that time (jam inde ab eo tempore).

6. We often see that shame gets the better of those whom no reason could overcome.

Nouns of dignity, profession, praise, contempt, are generally placed before the proper names to which they belong.

1. You see before your eyes Catiline, that most audacious man. 2. Lucius Cotta, a man of excellent understanding and exemplary prudence.

3. We are here warring against Antony, our colleague, the most infamous of all gladiators.

Observe that the proper name agrees more elegantly by apposition with the person or personal pronoun than with the common name; as, Whose name is Iulus, Cui nomen Iulo.

Ataulphus, after the birth of a son, to whom he gave the name of Theodosius, seemed to feel a greater regard for the Roman republic.

If there are several pronouns in a sentence, they are elegantly placed together, if it can be done without causing any confusion or ambiguity to the sense; and, indeed, the best writers, in order to give more force and energy, either to a primitive or a demonstrative pronoun, join several of them to the very same substantive; as,

I come from your brother, he commends himself to you. Venio a fratre tuo, is se tibi commendat.

1. You, that very same wretch, who have threatened destruction to whole cities and countries.

2. You have done so well, that no one thinks himself well recommended to you, without some letters of mine.

3. But the first great rule of justice is, that no one, without being attacked by an unprovoked injury, should commit violence against any one.

There is a peculiar elegance in the structure of a sentence, when the relative of one clause can be immediately followed by the relative of the subsequent clause, if it is in a different case from the former; as, I admire, their folly who arrogate to themselves alone those divine arts, which they ought not even to meddle with: Eorum stultitiam miror, qui, quas ne attingere quidem debebant, has divinas artes sibi solis arrogant.

Some philosophers of our age are also guilty of this error, who express, in words, far removed from common usage, new, and often inelegantly coined by themselves, and with an affectation of too great subtilty, those things which they might deliver in popular and perspicuous language.

If we wish to add some circumstance to the subject of which we are speaking, or to gain more attention to it, then we may add one of the demonstrative pronouns, is, idem, &c., with the conjunction et or que, and thus form an additional member of the sentence; as,

He wore a garment which came down to his ankles, mean and dirty: Veste erat indutus talari, et eâ tetra et sordida. 1. I have a son, an only one.

2. Pansa, the consul (et is consul), did not blush to declaim.

3. Alexander defeated Darius with his immense army, and that when a young man.

4. I have only received one letter from you, and that a very

short one.

5. I was certainly out of my senses to endeavour to enter into a contest with an academician, and rhetorician too.

The pronouns ille, iste, &c. are also added, with the word quidem, when one quality is to be granted and the other denied on the same subject; as,

Philosophers not bad indeed, but not ingenious enough: Philosophi minimè mali illi quidem, sed non satis acuti.

1. We must use the greater endeavours, because many Latin books are said to be written already by men very good and virtuous indeed, but not learned enough.

2. I have also added Cicero's Treatise on Friendship, and that on Old Age, to which I have subjoined a few annotations, short indeed, but, if I mistake not, not inapplicable.

3. This is not at all approved by your friends, very good and honest men indeed, but not at all conversant in public affairs.

The pronoun primitive is elegantly placed after the infinitive, even when used as the accusative that should go before it; and after adjectives and participles, to which it serves as a substantive; as,

You think that you are slighted because I write not again : Contemni te putas, quòd non rescribam.

1. They suffer themselves to be burned with heat upon the moun

tains.

2. Struck with astonishment at the ill-treatment of others, they suffer themselves to be bowed down, and quite oppressed.

3. Cato writes, that armies have often gone with alacrity to places whence they never hoped to return.

When a verb governs several nouns, one noun is elegantly placed before, and the other, especially if it consists of many syllables, is placed after the verb; as,

Virtue brings praise and dignity: Virtus laudem affert ac dignitatem.

1. They can neither exercise justice, nor friendship.

2. Though riches procure many comforts of life, yet, if a man is too eager in the pursuit of his interests, he cannot but bring upon himself cares and anxieties.

3. He was so conversant in the art of war, that, by his skill and stratagems, he completely deceived the general and his army.

The pronoun ipse is more elegant in the nominative, though the primitive pronoun, to which it is joined, be the case of the verb; that is, when the primitive pronoun may in its application be referred to the nominative case; as, He injured himself: Sibi ipse nocuit.

1. In this, I reproach myself. (I myself reproach myself.)

2. The wise man, who neither profits himself nor others by his wisdom, is wise to no purpose.

3. He has acquired to himself very great glory.

4. They have been able of themselves to execute nothing with vigour and resolution without Sylla.

Prepositions, as the word implies, should come before their case; but they are sometimes very elegantly separated from it by a genitive case; as,

The river Hypanis flows into Pontus on the side of Europe: Hypanis fluvius ab Europa parte in Pontum influit.

1. The first object of moral beauty (honesti), which consists in the knowledge of truth, greatly concerns human nature; for we are all impelled and insensibly led to the desire of knowledge and learning.

2. But most men are generally brought to forget justice, when they have fallen into the desire of power, honours and glory.

Other words, having an immediate relation to the adjective and substantive, especially a genitive case, and the prepositions erga, in, adversùs, &c., are elegantly introduced between them, the adjective being generally placed first; as,

The lasting remembrance of your benefits towards your country will remain: Sempiterna tuorum erga patriam beneficiorum memoria vigebit.

1. Nature, in the beginning, gave this instinct to every kind of animals, to defend themselves, their lives and bodies, and to decline those things which might seem prejudicial to them; but to seek and procure every thing which is necessary to their subsistence, as food, shelter, and other things of the same kind.

2. Happy is the man indeed, whose safety affords not greater joy to himself than to all mankind.

3. They are and will be lasting witnesses of your favours towards me, and of my affection.

The genitive is elegantly put before the noun that governs it, with one or more words between them; except when the genitive is governed by a neuter adjective, in which case it must be placed after it; as,

Let us try the honour of those friends whom you love so much: Amicorum quos adeò diligis fidem spectemus.

1. You will mention the perfidy, the artifices, and the treachery of several persons towards us.

2. This reputation of wisdom, which Fannius made mention of just now, does not please me so much.

3. Friendship and the union of the heart have much more sweetness.

Demonstrative pronouns are also elegantly separated from their substantives.

1. A glorious action, and worthy Hercules himself, by whom I have

sworn.

2. I possess a soul unawed by dangers, and I think that honour, to which you aspire, gloriously purchased with life itself.

Two verbs, of which one is governed by the other, are elegantly separated.

What can be more disgraceful than for a wise man to fashion the conduct of his life according to the language of the ignorant? Now, what is understood by wise and honourable? Certainly nothing but what may justly be commended on its own account. For if it is only that, which regards the gratification of the senses, what honour is that which may be derived even from the shambles?

Prepositions are generally placed after the pronoun relative, as, quam circa, quem penes, quosinter, hunc juxta, &c.; and it must be needless to observe, that tenus is always placed after its case, and cum after the ablatives me, te, se, nobis, vobis, and after quo, quâ, quibus.

To avoid ambiguity, we often prefix indè to the preposition a or ab, when it is meant to denote the beginning of any period of time. Thus we say, indè ab adolescentiâ factum, which otherwise might be understood to be effected by youth.

In mentioning the saying of any one, the verbs inquam and aio are always placed after one or two words of the saying recited, and sometimes at the very end; as,

When some one meanly born told Lælius that he was unworthy of his ancestors, he said, but you, indeed, are worthy of yours: Lælius, quando ei quidam malo genere natus diceret, indignum esse suis majoribus: at herculè, inquit, tu tuis dignus.

1. What then does Chrysippus mean? Strength of mind, says he, is the science of suffering well.

2. Ennius pleases me, some one will say, because he never deviates from the common acceptation of words (communi more verborum), and Pacuvius pleases me, another man will say.