That, among the proofs of the neutral and national character of foreign vessels, it be required that the masters and supercargoes, and three-fourths at least of the crews, be citizens or subjects of the country under whose flag the vessels sail.

That all persons concerned in collusive captures by the enemy, or in ransoming vessels or their cargoes from the enemy, be subjected to adequate penalties.

To shorten, as much as possible, the duration of the war, it is indispensable that the enemy should feel all the pressure that can be given to it; and the restraints having that tendency, will be borne with the greater cheerfulness by all good citizens; as the restraints will affect those most, who are most ready to sacrifice the interest of their country in pursuit of their own.

December 9, 1813.

TO GEORGE W. CAMPBELL. 1

(Private.)

MONTPELIER, May 7, 1814.

DEAR SIR,

I have had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 4th inst.2 Altho' a just estimate by the lenders ought to have afforded us better terms, yet under all circumstances of the moment, the loan has been obtained on terms equal to the public expectation, and

From a copy kindly furnished by Mrs. Susan P. Brown, of Spring Hill, Tenn.

? By the act of March 24, Congress authorized a loan of $25,000,000. Campbell wrote to Madison, May 4, saying he had disposed of $10,000,000 of the loan "at $88 in money for $100 in 6 per cent. stocks: the government agreeing that if any part of the 25 millions authorized to be borrowed for the present year should be given on terms more favorable to the lenders, the benefit of such terms should be extended to the persons then holding the stock issued for the present year. . . . A considerable portion of it has been offered by public institutions and individuals of whose ability there is no reason to doubt.

will have a favorable influence on our affairs. I hope no difficulty will grow out of the individual case you mention. The fulfilment of his former contract, & the effect of his present offer in improving the general terms of the loan were both in favor of receiving his subscription. I do not see however why he might not have disclosed spontaneously his connections in the business. If there were grounds, which I know of no facts to presume, for suspecting a defect of responsibility, the danger would be that an individual under such circumstances might take the chance of a rise of Stock, without incurring more than a failure otherwise hanging over him, in the event of a fall of Stock. Having secured a livelihood for the war for a few months, we shall have time to deliberate on a further experiment, and with a prospect of receiving from abroad imformation that may enlighten our calculations.

Mrs. Madison returns her best wishes to Mrs. Campbell who will please to accept mine also. We accomplished our journey within the time allotted, but thro' roads which made the utmost exertions necessary. A very seasonable spring has given a fine countenance to the country. I fear an exception is about to take place in our Wheat fields which abound with the Hessian fly. Accept assurances of my esteem and friendly regards.

There is, however, a large sum (5 millions) taken by or in the name of one man, Mr. Barker; who at an early day put in his proposal for that amount on the foregoing terms. It is presumed he acts in conjunction with others, or is supported by some public institutions which will enable him to comply with his proposal."—Mad. MSS.

DEAR SIR,

TO GEORGE W. CAMPBELL.1

(Private.)

MONTPELIER, May 25, 1814.

I have just rec'd your favor of the 239 inclosing two letters from Mr. Astor. As the resource of loans to a considerable amount in addition to taxes is necessary to our Treasury, and as money is cheaper in Europe than here, especially whilst disaffection withholds the greater part of the capital from Market, it is obviously desirable that we should avail ourselves of the foreign market, now become the more practicable in consequence of the repeal of the Non. Imp. law and of the Independence of Holland. The question is as to the mode, and the choice lies between the app of an agency to bargain abroad for the public, and a bargain here with individuals who will act for themselves abroad. Each mode has its pros. & its cons. which I need not suggest. I lean at present to the latter mode as least difficult under all circumstances, but I leave myself open to the lights I may receive at Washington, where I expect to be by the first of next month. I propose to set out thither the day after tomorrow (friday). The weather however which is unsettled may prevent it. I shall then be able to speak with you also on the subject of Gen. Jackson & the Treaty with the Creeks. It will be matter of regret, if either the State of Tennessee or that distinguished officer should be

1 From a copy kindly furnished by Mrs. Susan P. Brown, of Spring Hill, Tenn.

finally dissatisfied. The enumerations to you on the subject, have not taken into view the relation of Georgia as well as Tennessee to the case, or the advantage in a general view from the circumstances, but of neither State having too much share in the demarkation of the Territory to be ceded, a part of the Union having a jealous eye on the particular interest they, Western States, take in Indian Affairs.

It is difficult to say what may be the effect of this feature of things in Europe, on our affairs, should it be truly represented by the late arrivals, and undergo no new changes. Much will ultimately depend on the disposition of Russia & the other great powers of the Continent towards us. Their interests evidently coincide with ours, in bringing England to peace with us, unless Eng. should let them carry on her trade with us as well as their own which is too contrary to her favorite maxims to be presumed. The danger is that her temporary ascendancy and her success in propagating false impressions of the principles & views of the U. S. may induce them to acquiesce in her measures agst us.

Accept assurances of my esteem & regard.

CABINET MEMORANDUM.

CHIC. HIST. SOC. MSS.

In cabinet June 7, 1814-present J. Monroe, G. W. Campbell, Gen' Armstrong, W. Jones, R. Rush. The subject, the opening of the campaign.

I.

determined, nem-con: on an expedition into L. Huron,

of 4 or 5 vessels, and 800 or 1000 troops-the first objects to occupy Machadash & St Josephs-leaving ab 500 to hold at least the former.

2. do. nem-con. (except Mr. Monroe who did not positively oppose but thought the measure hazardous) on an expedition, with the forces under Genl. Brown, from L. Erie, near long Point, to Burlington Heights, preparatory to further operations for reducing the Peninsula, & proceding towards York, &c; the expedition to depend on Comodore Chauncey's getting the command of the L. without wch supplies could not be secured, and with which they might be conveyed safely by water from Depots on the S. side of L. Ontario.

3. do. nem-con. 14 or 15 armed Boats to be built at Sacket's Harbour to command the St. Lawrence and on protection of posts to be supplied by detachments from Izard's command, so as to intercept the water communication between Montreal & Kingston.

4. d. nem: con: the main force under Izard, to make demonstrations towards Montreal, as a diversion of the En'. from operations westward & affording a chance of compelling Prescott to fight disadvantageously, or break up his connection with L. Champlain

I.

CABINET MEMORANDUM. 1

(Submitted to the Cabinet, June 23 and 24, 1814.)

MAD. MSS.

Shall the surrender by Great Britain of the practice of impressment, in a treaty limited to a certain period, be an ultimatum? Monroe, Campbell, Armstrong, JonesNo-Rush inclining but not insisting otherwise.

2. Shall a treaty of peace, silent on the subject of im

1 From the copy made by Madison's direction for the statement he prepared in 1824 in reply to General Armstrong's communication printed in 1821 in the Literary and Scientific Repository. (See Post, January, 1824.)