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Lovelace, Sir Richard, was born in 1618, was very handsome, educated at Oxford, and made M.A. at the request of a lady. He presented the Kentish Petition to the Parliament, and was imprisoned for a short time, but afterwards released. After his liberation he published his poems, which are very graceful and elegant. He died in 1658.

Macaulay, Thos. Babington, born in 1800, poet, essayist, and historian. He wrote "Lays of Ancient Rome," "History of England" (James II. -William III.), "Essays."

Marryatt, Captain, born 1792, is one of the jolliest novel writers of the nineteenth century. He wrote "Peter Simple," "Midshipman Easy," and other naval stories.

Marvel, Andrew, born at Hull, 1620, was for a time assistant to Milton in his duties as Latin Secretary to Cromwell. He was M.P. for Hull for the last eighteen years of his life, and is recognised as one of the purest politicians of his or any other times. His best works were "Song of the Emigrants to Bermuda," and "Thoughts in a Garden."

Milton, John, was born in 1608, in Bread Street, London. His father was a Puritan, and pursued the occupation of scrivener, in which vocation he amassed a considerable fortune. He was a man of firm opinions, and also a good musician and composer. He had two other children, a son and daughter, but he was especially fond of John, and had a portrait taken of him which is still extant. Milton was taught at home until 1620, when he went to St. Paul's school for five years, studied very hard there, and formed a close friendship with Charles Diodati. Diodati was a young man of considerable promise, and a descendant of an Italian family, who had emigrated to England on account of their religious opinions. In 1625 Milton went to college; he studied very hard there, and wrote Latin verses, which are considered very fine. He wrote his first poem, on the death of his sister's child, in 1626. In 1629 he took the degree of B.A., and at the end of the same year wrote the "Nativity Ode." On his twenty-third birthday, in 1631, he wrote a sonnet, which is much admired, and also an elegy on the death of the Marchioness of Winchester. He became M.A. in 1632, but declined to take holy orders (as he had intended) because he would not bind himself to hold the practices of the church with which he did not thoroughly agree. Meantime, Milton's father had left London for Horton, in Buckinghamshire. He went home there, and remained there six years, studying philosophy and ancient and modern poetry, and no doubt imbibing that love for nature which distinguishes his writings. He felt that he possessed the requisites of a true poet, and therefore gave up his time to studying everything calculated to make him more perfect in the art. He was remarkable for his physical strength and skill in sword exercise, and for his beautiful features and sweet expression of countenance. His early poems, "The Arcades," "Comus," "Il Penseroso," L'Allegro," and "Lycidas," are very charming and graceful, but less majestic and severe than his longer poems. In 1638 he visited France, Switzerland, and Italy-the home of literary and artistic culture. The Italians received Milton very warmly. Milton was so good an Italian scholar that he wrote poems in that language as good as any by the Italian poets then living. He was exposed to danger while in Italy on account of his anti-papal opinions.

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In 1639, when at Naples, he heard that civil war was about to break out in England, and therefore returned home. There he experienced the great sorrow of finding his friend Diodati dead, and wrote a Latin poem on his death in 1640. He settled in Aldersgate Street, London, which was then very quiet, and took with him his sister's two sons to educate. With the year 1640 euds the first period of Milton's life. The second period, from 1640 to 1660, during the time of the Civil War, was devoted to political work; and it was after the Restoration, during the years 1660-1674, that, blind, poor, and alone, he wrote his "Paradise Lost," and "Paradise Regained." A characteristic of Milton was his habit of looking very carefully at the derivations and meanings of words, and he was very particular in the choice and use of them. "Il Penseroso" is distinguished by its ease of versification, and for the charming word-pictures which it contains; the contrasts in it are exactly balanced and corresponding. "The Arcades" was originally intended to be recited before the Countess of Derby by her grandchildren. "Comus" was also written for children-the Lady Alice Egerton and her two brothers; and was acted at an entertainment given by the Earl of Bridgewater, Governor of Wales. The object of this piece is to show the dignity of temperance and purity. "Lycidas" is a monody or pastoral elegy on Milton's friend, Edward King, who was drowned in the Irish Channel. It is full of strange allusions to mythology and Scripture, and is very unreal, but, nevertheless, very charming and fascinating. During the year 1640 Milton interested himself very much in the political struggles of the time. He had adopted the religious views of the sect called Independents, who held that every man should be allowed to form his own opinions concerning his belief, and that he might accept or reject whatever he pleased. 1641 Milton wrote his " Apology for Smectymnus." tymnus" took its remarkable name from the initials of its five authors, and was an answer to a pamphlet by Bishop Hall in favour of Episcopacy. The chief author of it was Thomas Young, who had been Milton's tutor. The next pamphlet by Milton was touching Church Reformation in England, in which he argued that the Reformation bad been hindered by Bishops being retained in the Church, and that prelacy had always been opposed to liberty. In 1642 Milton married Mary Powell, the daughter of a Royalist gentleman; she, however, soon left him to return to her father's house. About this time Milton wrote his "Treatise on the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce," which he addressed to the Westminster Assembly. The next subject on which Milton wrote was the licensing of books; this he called "Areopagitica." In 1643 he wrote a treatise on education. His wife returned to him in 1645, and was freely forgiven by him; he also tried to effect the restoration of their confiscated property to the Powells. He published in the same year his "Poems both Latin and English." In 1649 the execution of Charles I. took place. Milton approved of it. Milton was appointed Latin Secretary to the Council, which post was really that of Foreign Secretary. The "Eikon Basilike," or Image of the King, purporting to be written by Charles, next appeared. It was an exculpation of Charles, and was full of prayers and meditations, and it excited a great amount of sympathy for the king. Milton answered

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this in his "Eikonoclastes." Immediately after the "Eikonoclastes," he wrote the "Tenure of Kings and Magistrates," in which he justified the execution of the king. In 1649 he began a History of England, but only reached as far as the Conquest. Charles II. paid a Frenchman called De Saumaise to write a book showing the sin of the English people in the execution of Charles I. Milton replied to this in a book called "Defence of the People of England." This book was very popular on the continent. Christina, of Sweden, told Salmatius that he had been beaten by Milton, at which he was very much annoyed. It was while writing this book that Milton lost the sight of one eye. In 1652 his wife died. Two years afterwards he married Catharine Woodcock, who died at the end of a year. When Milton became blind he was assisted as secretary by Andrew Marvel, and took less pay. He still continued to write pamphlets. His prose works were on five principal subjects: 1st, on Episcopacy; 2nd, on the question of divorce; 3rd, on the liberty of unlicensed printing; 4th, on liberty of conscience; and 5th, on the execution of the king. The third period of Milton's life was from 1660 to 1674. In the parliament of 1660 there was a Royalist majority. The Commons prosecuted Milton, and excluded him from the House. After being imprisoned he was pardoned, but his "Eikonoclastes" and "Defence of the People of England" were burned by the hangman. He lived in Holborn for about a year. 1662 he settled in a small house in Artillery Walk, near Bunhill Fields. Milton consulted his friend Dr. Paget, who recommended him to marry again, and introduced to him Elizabeth Minshull, whom he married soon after. She was very young, but was a good wife to him. Milton's daughters are said to have been undutiful to him, and they quarrelled with their step-mother. Although smitten with so great an affliction as that of blindness, Milton was very cheerful, and was very pleasant company. He rose at four o'clock in summer, and at five in winter. He then heard a chapter of the Hebrew bible read to him, and meditated till seven, when he breakfasted. After breakfast he dictated, and was read to. From twelve to one he took exercise, at one he dined, and occupied the afternoon with writing, books, or music. From six till eight he received visitors or friends. Thomas Ellwood, a quaker, was introduced by Dr. Paget to Milton, who employed him for a reader, and was very kind to him. On the appearance of the plague in 1665, Milton applied to Ellwood to find a house for him in the country. Ellwood chose for him a small house at Chalfont. It was here that "Paradise Lost" was finished, and that "Paradise Regained" was suggested by Ellwood. For "Paradise Lost" Milton received only £5, with a promise of £5 more on the sale of the second edition. On the death of Milton his widow received £8 for the copyright of "Paradise Lost." The first edition contained ten books; the second was divided into twelve, and arguments were placed at the head of each. In 1671 "Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes" were finished; they were published in 1674, the year of Milton's death. During his latter years he suffered very much from gout, but he retained his faculties to the last. At the time "Paradise Lost" was published, there was a controversy going on about rhyme. The poets of the time wrote in the French fashion, namely, rhyming at the end of each line. The English

heroic couplet, consisting of ten syllables rhyming at the end of the lines, was also used to represent the French Alexandrines, especially by Dryden and Pope. Epic poems have always been modelled after those of Homer. Homer's epics were written in the heroic hexameter, each line ending with a dactyl and a spondee. In the ancient epics the lines do not rhyme, but as in English we have no mark to show the end of the line, it was thought necessary to use rhyme. The publishers disagreed with Milton's "Paradise Lost," on the grounds that it would not sell because it was written in blank verse. The first book contains a description of the rebel augels in hell, headed by Lucifer. Book II. gives the account of the council of the rebel angels in Pandemonium, Satan's expedition to the upper world, and his attempt to overthrow the plans of the Creator. Book III.: The council in heaven, and the declaration of the plans of the Creator. Book IV.: A description of Paradise, and of Adam and Eve. Book V.: The angel Raphael is sent to instruct and warn Adam; he gives a description of the war of the rebel angels. Book VI.: A continuation of Book V. Book VII.: A description of the creation of the world. Book VIII.: Raphael's advice to Adam. Book IX.: An account of the temptation and fall of Adam and Eve. Book X.: Sin and death are released from hell, and come to earth; dispute between Adam and Eve. Books XI. and XII.: Michael is sent to drive them out of Paradise; he consoles, and then leaves them. (The book also contains the Revelations of Michael.) The first part of "Paradise Lost" is the finest; the most powerfully-drawn character is that of Satan. "Paradise Regained" contains four books, and is an account of the temptation of Christ. "Samson Agonistes" was an attempted imitation of the Greek tragedies. It was on the whole a failure, but it contains very touching passages on the blindness of Samson, which may be called autobiographical.

Moore, Thomas, born in Dublin, 1779; friend and biographer of Lord Byron. He early came to London, and was much petted. In 1804 he secured a government post in the island of Bermuda, but neglected his duties. Moore's works are chiefly lyrical, as "Irish Melodies," "National Airs," "Anacreon," "Odes and Epistles." "Odes and Epistles." He also wrote "The Fudge Family in Paris," which is very sparkling and witty. His longer works include "Lalla Rookh," "Loves of the Angels.' His prose works are lives of Byron, Sheridan, &c.

More, Sir Thomas, born 1480, was made Chancellor by Henry VIII., whom he assisted in writing against Luther. He remained firm to the Roman Catholic religion, and opposed the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn. For this, and his refusal to acknowledge the king as supreme head of the church, he was executed in 1538. His best known work is the "Utopia."

Newton, Sir Isaac, born in 1642, at Woolsthorpe, in Lincolnshire. He studied at Cambridge, where he became Professor, and wrote on Mechanics, Optics, and Astronomy. He was made M.P. and Master of the Mint, President of the Royal Society, and Knight.

Otway, Thomas, born 1651, was an actor and tragedy writer. He was author of "The Orphan," "Venice Preserved," and other tragedies. He died in great poverty.

(To be continued.)

Mr. Gladstone at Glasgow.

In dealing with professions, gentlemen, I have not particularly referred to the new profession, as it may well be called, of the teacher. In other times, our fathers were content to leave this important office, like some other great social functions, to be learned not by apprenticeship or theory, but by practice. In the results of the old method, there was much imperfection, and I am afraid no small brutality. What we awkwardly call social science is a great growth of the day we live in; and the first place among its achievements appears to be due to the organization of teaching. We must rejoice that, long unduly depressed, this weighty association has now, at least as regards the male teachers, and in principle, if not in detail, found its level. And I congratulate the teacher upon this, that though his office is laborious, yet in Scotland at least he works upon a willing subject. And if he is strong enough to have some energies yet available after his heavy duties of routine have been discharged, he is happy in his opportunities of knowledge and experience, for he is always in contact with human nature and the human mind. This brings me, gentlemen, to a single remark which, parting from the subject of professions, I will offer upon studies. I will offer it in the generally perilous form of a general proposition. I submit to you, gentlemen, that man is the crown of the visible creation, and that studies upon man-studies in the largest sense of humanity, studies conversant with his nature, his works, his duties, and his destinies—are the highest studies; that as the human form is the groundwork of the highest training in art, so those mental pursuits are the highest which have man, considered at large, for their object. There is one among the pursuits of what I have termed humanity upon which, before I close, I would particularly remark, because it is a branch which is only now beginning in England to assume its proper place in education and in letters, and as to which I am under the impression that Scotland also may have been backward, notwithstanding its loyal care for the records of its olden time. Excuse me then, gentlemen, if I return for a few moments to the subject of historical studies. These studies do not, it is true, directly subserve the purposes of any particular profession. To be a good historian does not make a man a good lawyer or a good physician, or a good divine. They must, therefore, when they are put upon their trial, or when the question lies between them and some other study, be judged not according to their immediate effect in enlarging the apparatus of professional knowledge, but by their immediate effect upon the man himself, in his general aptitudes, and by their mediate effect through these upon his professional competency. They can only then be recommended and pursued subject to conditions. The law of necessity, the limitation of time, may not allow us to widen our course of application so far as to include them. Again: they can only be recommended in the sense of a large, not of a narrow utility. But, in so far as a happy lot may give you liberty of choice, I would urge and entreat you, gentlemen, to give a place, and that no mean place, in the scheme of your pursuits, to the study of human history. The several kinds of knowledge need to be balanced one with another, somewhat as the several limbs of the body need a proportioned exercise in order to secure

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