individuals. The same remark applies also to Asia and Africa. A study of these savage names points to the fact that each individual derives his distinguishing name from some incident which happened at his birth; some peculiar feature in himself, mental or physical; or from some simple natural event. Thus Sitting Bull a noted Indian Chief, was so called from the posture of a bull at the time of his nativity. Referring to Biblical sources, we find that most of the names are significant of personal qualities or events. Thus, Adam-red earth; Jacob-a deceiver &c. From these facts we may fairly infer that names were at first given from personal qualities or natural events. Hence it is that we find such names as, Hardy, Strong, Coward, White, Black, &c.; Longfellow, Heavyside, Longbottom, Whitehead, Broadhead, Ripper. many names we find the suffix "son" placed. This denotes a further advance in the art of naming. Thus we get Johnson-the son of John; Hanson, &c. In the Jewish and Roman periods the father's name was often mentioned in connection with that of the son-Joshua the son of Nun; Icarus the son of Doedalus.

To

Most Saxon names are derived from personal qualities. Thus Alfred, peace: Egbert, brighteye; Bede, a prayer; Edward, oath-guardian; William, from the old German gild-helme, French Guildhaume, Latin Gulielmus, and English William-the wearer of a gilded helmet.

During the earlier stages of civilization man was frequently in connection with animals and forests. Hence we have Bernard, great bear; Leonard, great lion; Biddulph, wolf-tamer; Phillip, Philip, fond of horses: Mountain, Forest, Wood, &c. As mankind began to settle and live in fixed places, many names were now derived from towns, &c. Hence such names as Robert of Gloucester, William of Normandy. Such names of places soon began to be used as surnames, as London, Bradford, Dennis, from Denmark, Wallis, Walsh, Walch, Welsh from Wales, England and English from England, Scott from Scotland, Gale from Gael, Brittain from Brittany. From places likewise, we get Harbour, Tide, Heath, Mills, Wood, Mountain, Cobb, (a harbour), Chase, Barrow (a hill), Hill, Rivers, Townend, &c. Next from occupations we get a variety of names, such as Miller, Pitman, Coleman, Wright, Carpenter, Thatcher and Thacker, Jenner (joiner), Cooper, Woodman, Sherman and Sharman (shearman), Fuller (a bleacher of linen), Tucker (a dealer in clothes). From games and sports are derived Fisher, Fowler, Walker, Falconer, Shooter, Horseman. From professions and posts we get Forrester, Forster and Foster; Knight, Warden, Warner and Ward; Baron and Barron; Procter, Constable, Marshall, Parker and Park; Dean, Prior, King, Prince, Major, Masters, Bishop, Chancellor. From the weather we obtain Storm, Rane (rain), Frost, Cloud, Tempest, Fairweather, Snow. From coins and measures we have Pound, Penny, Winpenny, Farthing, Shillings, Crown; Gill, Peck, Pecks, Bushell. From games and their connections we have Ball, Cricket, Bowles, Bowler and Baller. Diseases furnish us with Cramp, Akensine (aching), Blindman, Fever, Aikens. From clothing we get, Coats and Coates, Capp, Hatt, Shirt, Boot and Bootes.

A variety of names are also derived from natural objects, such as, Hedge, Bolt, Clay, Birch, Chubb, Drake, Nightingale, Jay, Gold, Peacock, Bell, Stone, Myrtle, Palfreyman and Palfrey, Herring, Whit

To domestic

ing, Pike, Sturgeon, Flint, Bullock, Irons, Steel, &c. connections we can trace a multitude of such names as the following:Cousins, Child, Bachelor and Batchelor, Lover, Guest, Helps, all derived from relations or acquaintances. From a house and its parts we get Chambers, Kitchen and Kitchener, Gates, Hall, Payling. Other names are formed from parts of the body either of man or beast, these are, Beard, Head, Chin, Shanks and Sheepshanks, Horn, Legges, Back, Sholder, Foot and Footit.

From surnames variously inflected many other names are derived. Thus from Henry we get, Harris Harrison, Henrichson and Henrieson, Hawkins, Herries; from Alexander, we have Allix, Sanders, Sanderson, Saunders; from Percy, Percival, &c. Finally by compounds of surnames we have an endless variety, as, Mountainman, Woodhouse, Rollinson, Beardhall, Woodhead, Buckstone, Stonehouse, Fellwood, Rosendale. F. C.

Pupil Teachers' Examination Paper."

January, 1880.

CANDIDATES.-Arithmetic.-MALES.-1. How long will it take a person to walk 16 miles, if he takes 110 steps of 2 feet every minute? 2. If 435 men require 13,485 rations of bread for the month of July, how many rations will a garrison of 3,500 men require for a year of 365 days?

3. My average daily expenditure this year (1880) is £2 0s. 11d., and this admits of my laying by £50 at the end of the year. What is my income?

4. A shopkeeper bought 2 ton 3 cwt. 3 qrs. of goods for £120, and paid £2 10s. for expenses; what must he sell the goods at per cwt. to clear £61 5s. on his outlay?

5. Explain the principle of the rule of " practice," and illustrate your answer by reference to the example, "100 articles at 6s. 11 d. each."

FEMALES.-1. Make out a bill of the following:-14 hhds. of sugar at £5 11s. 6d. per hhd.: 17 cwts. of coffee at 1s. 4d. per lb.; 3 chests, viz.: (a.) 256 lbs. at 4s. 6d.; (b.) 174 lbs. at 4s.; (c.) 187 lbs. at 3s. 9d.; 4 cwt. of rice at 31d. per lb.; 6 boxes of raisins, 15 lbs. each, at 91d. per lb.

2. Find the value of 7,263 articles at £2 12s. 4 d.

3. What will a man pay for 35 ac. 3 rds. 34 po. at £9 17s. 6d. per acre?

Grammar.-1. Parse all the verbs in the following passage:—

"Hurrah! hurrah? the west wind

Comes fresh'ning down the bay,
The rising sails are filling--
Give way, my lads, give way!"

2. How does a participle differ from an adjective? Illustrate your answer by examples.

3. How is the want of inflexions in our language supplied in the case of verbs? Give examples.

For fully worked Answers to all these Questions see Manuscript Answers to Government Pupil Teachers' Questions.-Advertisement, page 66.

4. Which degree of comparison is used when two things, and which when more than two things, are compared ?

Geography.-1. Describe, as fully as you can, the basin of the Thames; noting particularly the boundaries, watersheds, sources, tributaries, the counties it waters, and the towns which stand on it (in order, distinguishing right and left banks). At what point does it become a tidal river? Explain the words printed in italics.

2. Trace the course of a ship sailing along the coast from Leith to Hull; not merely naming capes, bays, &c., but really describing their appearance and character.

If you can, draw a map of the coast-line.

3. Where are Matlock, Torquay, Aberystwith, Llandudno, Dunoon, Oban, Londonderry, Wexford? Say what you know about the situation and character of each of them.

Composition.-Write from dictation the passage given out by the

Inspector:

There is little plough land | and few woods | in the Vale of the White Horse. The villages are straggling queer old-fashioned places, the houses being dropped down | without the least regularity, I in nooks and out-of-the-way corners, I by the side of shady lanes | and footpaths, each with its patch of garden. They are built chiefly of good grey stone | and thatched; I though within the last year or two the red brick cottages are multiplying, | for the Vale is. beginning to manufacture largely | both brick and tiles.

Penmanship.-Write, in large hand, as a specimen of copy-setting, the word Negligence.

Write, in small hand, as a specimen of copy-setting, The poor soil sat sighing by a sycamore tree.

PUPIL TEACHER AT THE END OF FIRST AND SECOND YEARS.-Arithmetic. -MALES.-1. Find the total value of 375 of a guinea; 54 of 8s. 3d., and ・027 of £2 15s.

2. What part of 3 weeks 4 days is of 53 seconds?

3. Express 10

of a guinea, as the fraction of £.

4. Express each of the following sums as a decimal of 23d.,-5s., a florin, sixpence, fourpence, a half-penny.

5. A person possessing

1

of an estate, sold of

16

of his share for

£120 12s. 6d., what would of of the estate sell for at the same rate ?

FEMALES.-1. If 2 tons are carried 7 miles for a certain sum, how far will 3 cwt. 2 qrs. be carried for the same money ?

2. 1f £3 17s. 10 d. be the value of an oz. of gold, what is the value of a gold tankard weighing 2 lb. 5 oz. 12 dwt. 2 gr. ?

3. If in a compound there are 99 parts of pure metal to 13 of alloy, how much alloy is contained in 1 ton. 13 cwt. 3 qr. of the metal ?

4. If a man can build 7 feet of a wall in a day, what length of wall should be built by 3 men in five days?

Grammar-1. Prepositions may be divided into three classes: Simple, derived, phrase-prepositions. Give examples of each class.

"Labour is rest from the sorrows that greet us,
Rest from all petty vexations that meet us,
Rest from sin-promptings that ever entreat us:
Work, and pure slumbers shall wait on thy pillow,
Work, thou shalt ride over care's coming billow."

(a.) Parse all the pronouns in the above passage.

(b.) Point out the prepositions, and show what words they connect. Geography.-1. Draw a map of the basin of the Thames; showing distinctly its boundaries, the tributaries on each bank, and the towns which stand on it. At what point does it become a tidal river? Explain fully the words printed in italics. What other word is sometimes used instead of tributary? Which is the more appropriate?

2. Trace the journey of a traveller from Paris to Madrid, noting rivers, mountains, and important towns, and describing each as fully as

you can.

3. Describe the kingdom of Greece as fully as you can, and say what you know about its history. In what other country are Greeks found in great numbers?

If you like, you may draw a map of Greece, instead of that in Q. 1. History.-1. Give the dates of the accession of James I., the death of Charles I., the restoration of Charles II., and the flight of James II.; or, dates of the kings named.

2. Write out a list of our sovereigns from Edward I. to Edward IV., with dates.

3. What sovereigns were reigning in the years 800, 872, 1017, 1043, and 1067?

Penmanship.-As for Candidates.

Composition.-Write from memory the substance of the passage read to you by the Inspector:-A beggar, who had tried many ways of increasing his finances, at last hit on the plan of pretending to be dumb. A gentleman who was passing by knew the beggar by sight, and, going up to him, asked him promptly, Pray, how long have you been dumb?" The beggar was taken unawares, and had no time to decide on not speaking, and answered quickly, "From my earliest youth." Sudden or startling events seem to give the mind, as it were, a good shaking, and the truth comes out in spite of ourselves.

PUPIL TEACHERS AT END OF SECOND AND THIRD YEARS.-Arithmetic.MALES.-1. Find the simple interest and amount, of £220 for seven months at 3 per cent. per annum.

2. I buy 33 geese for £10; how much each must I sell them for to realise 10 per cent. on my outlay?

3. What percentage of his income can a labouring man lay by who earns 18s. 11d. a week, and spends of that sum in food, clothing, in rent, and 2s. 3d. in club payment?

in

(1 of 1) — ( of )

of (1

of)

5. If an innkeeper retails of a barrel of ale for what the whole cost him, and the remainder at the same rate of profit, what is his gain per cent. ?

2. The product of two numbers is 17: one of them is three times 1+ 3; find the other.

3. If 36 plots of ground each containing 4 sq. po. 9 sq. yds. 94 sq. in. be taken out of a field of 2 ac., how much remains?

Grammar.-1. When two nouns in the singular number are connected by a disjunctive conjunction, should the verb that follows them be in the singular or the plural? Illustrate your answer by examples. "And by the brook, and in the glade,

Are all our wanderings o'er?

O, while my brother with me play'd,

Would I had lov'd him more."-MRS. HEMANS.

(a.) Point out and parse the adverbs and prepositions in the above. (b.) There are three sentences in the last two lines. Point them out; and show what must be added to complete the construction.

Geography.-1. Give notes of a lesson on "The basin of the Indus," under these heads :-(a.) Mountain boundaries. (b.) Passes, with explanation of the word. (c.) Sources and courses of the Indus and its tributaries. (d.) Name and history of the country.

2. Describe the Kingdom of Greece as fully as you can.

History.-1. Which of the Roman Emperors visited Britain? Mention the object of each, and tell which of them died here.

2. By what other names is the Battle of Hastings sometimes called? When and where was it fought? Between what parties, and with what result?

3. What were the relations of Englaud and Scotland in the time of Stephen? To which did Northumberland belong? Penmanship.-As for Candidates.

Composition.-Write full notes of a lesson on a balloon.

Euclid.-[All generally understood abbreviations for words may be used, but not symbols of operations, such as, +, x.]

1. The angles which one straight line makes with another upon one side of it, are either two right angles, or are together equal to two right angles.

2. If from the ends of a side of a triangle, there be drawn two straight lines to a point within the triangle; these shall be less than the other two sides of the triangle, but shall contain a greater angle.

3. A line bisecting the angle at A of a triangle meets the opposite side BC at D: show that BA is greater than BD, and CA greater

than CD.

PUPIL TEACHERS AT END OF THIRD AND FOURTH YEARS.-Arithmetic.MALES.-1. 10 dozen eggs are bought at 1s. 3d. a dozen; one half of them sold at 1s. 5d. a dozen, and the rest at 2s. a dozen. What is the gain per cent.?

2. A tradesman who commenced business 5 years ago, increased his capital at the rate of 15 per cent. per annum (simple interest), and it now amounts to £5,960. What sum did he start with?

8

3. There are two fractions whose sum is 113 and difference 7; find the fractions and the quotient of the greater by the less.

4. A grocer selling 125 lbs. of butter at the rate 8 lbs. for 10s. 8d.,