I will make good, that is, supply, supplebo.

He made much of me, i. e. he treated me well, comiter me tractavit.

He makes much of himself, i. e. he indulges himself, sibi or genio indulget.

You make game of me, i. e. you laugh at me, ludis me, or

ludibrio me habes.

You can do much with him, tu multùm apud eum potes.

You know what account I make of him, i. e. esteem him, scis quanti cum faciam.

I'll have nothing to do with your friendship, i. e. I renounce... renuncio tuæ amicitia.

I have my brother to entreat, i. e. my brother remains to be entreated, restat mihi frater adhuc exorandus.

Thou mayst for all me, licet tibi per me.

Thou mayst be gone for all me, licet abeas per me.
To be spoken of, audire.

What trade are you of? i. e. do you pursue? Quam artem factitas?

To ask the advice of any one, i. e. to consult, consulere. You are sure to be punished, i. e. a certain punishment awaits you, certa pœna te manet.

Be ruled by me, i. e. listen to me, ausculta mihi.

I am not in fault, i. e. blamable, or, I am free from fault, vaco culpá.

Let him lose, be made to go without, his supper, multetur cœnâ.

To be sick of a disease, fever, want, i. e. to labour under ....laborare morbo, &c.

Besides a great number of phrases, which are derived from the particular forms and customs of the Romans, and which a more intimate acquaintance with Latin authors will soon render familiar to the scholar; as, to sell by auction, hastæ subjicere; with good or ill luck, bonis aut malis avibus; to marry, ducere uxorem, &c.

And so on of phrases in general: this shows at the same time the absolute necessity of attending more to the sense than the words, and of suiting the expressions accordingly.

Many English sentences may appear very difficult and intricate, and sometimes, at first sight, scarcely susceptible of being converted into elegant, and, at the same time, appropriate Latin. These sentences the scholar should be directed

to read repeatedly till he understands perfectly their sense and meaning. His first business will be, then, to simplify, so as to reduce them to their bare and original idea, divesting them of every superfluous word and idiomatic expression : and he should not begin to write any part of the sentence till he has furnished himself with the Latin corresponding to the chief heads of it; for his first attempt will not always embrace the full scope and purport of its meaning, and it may be necessary to vary his sentence, and give it a new and different turn, by the change of active into passive, or passive into active, &c.; and then it will be easy to give it a fuller dress, and so to connect it by the addition of any suitable and necessary words, as may give to the whole a force equal to that of the English.

And as the young Latin writer is apt to follow too closely the literal order of the English, it may be necessary to guard him against this common error, by the following observation, which, though coming more properly under the head of the order and arrangement of words, may be introduced in this place, as being applicable to almost every example that may occur. It is the genius of the Latin language, that the order and position of words are not bound by so strict and immutable laws as in other languages, though certain rules must be followed, and such an arrangement preserved, that the style may not be confused, puerile and inelegant. Seldom, therefore, does the nominative case come first in the sentence; but other cases, unless the sense and perspicuity absolutely require it, are generally placed before it.

But, though elegance of style depends very much on this transposition, care must be taken to avoid a confused intermixture of words; that, for instance, what belongs to a clause of a sentence in which the relative qui, quæ quod, occurs, and is dependent upon it, may not be intermixed with the clause which contains the antecedent; as,

The man who has once transgressed the bounds of modesty must be completely and perfectly impudent.

It may not be inelegant to say,

Qui semel verecundiæ fines transierit, eum prorsus ortet esse impudentem. But to say,

Qui semel verecundiæ, eum prorsus oportet esse impr lentem, fines transierit,

Would render the sense obscure and unintelligible.

Besides this obscurity, whoever wishes to acquire an elegant style, will be careful to avoid a too frequent repetition of the same word, if it does not tend to give greater weight or perspicuity to the subject. The same syllable too closely and frequently repeated, cannot but be harsh to the ears, and therefore inelegant. Several words following each other with the same termination, should be carefully avoided. To this negligence must be referred a too great concourse or clashing of the same letter, which either must produce a disagreeable harshness in the sound, if a repetition of the same consonants, as, rex Xerxes, or, if they are vowels, must cause such a hiatus as will produce some difficulty in pronouncing, as, magno operto ore. Where it is possible to give a strict attention to the smooth concourse of the words, without endangering the force of the idea, when the preceding word terminates with a consonant, the next should begin with a vowel, and vice versâ. There are a few words, however, the succession of which is not arbitrary, but which has been fixed by the unvaried usage of the ancients. Ac is not found before a vowel, but always before a consonant: we do not say ac ego, but atque ego; seldom neque autem, but neque verò.—It will also be very necessary to guard against poetical endings of a prose sentence, which, though not very culpable or disagreeable in themselves, yet will not fail to displease, as they carry an appearance of affectation and studied conceit. This fault, indeed, was much sooner observed by the ancients, who are supposed, in their common conversation, to have pronounced the language more according to metre, than it can be by us, who pronounce many syllables different from their quantity.

Every kind of ambiguity should also be carefully avoided, as, for instance, in the case of adjectives, where multorum, if used instead of multarum rerum, might be mistaken for the masculine gender.

The word vir is used when praise or excellence is intended; never when blame is expressed: Homo is used indiscriminately.

1. I am very intimate with Fabius, that most excellent and learned (To be intimate with; familiariter uti.)

man.

2. He put them in mind, that as Darius had a greater number of persons (majorem turbam hominum), so he had a greater number of men.

The same distinction is generally made between the pronouns ille and iste; ille denoting praise, and iste blame or contempt.

1. Behold that liberty, which you have so ardently desired.

2. These things (cruelty and insolence) are to be attributed to arms and victory, not to Cæsar.

Speaking of an obscure or contemptible person, the Latins generally make use of nescio quis for quidam. Though they also use nescio quid, not merely to vilify, but to magnify any thing.

1. What have you to dread, when you are defending your cause against some accuser, whose eloquence no one ever feared?

2. But then I affirm, that when to a good and excellent natural disposition the embellishments of learning (ratio doctrinæ) are added, there results a something great and extraordinary (præclarum ac singulare).

Quispiam, quisquam, ullus and unquam are elegantly used after negatives, comparatives, after vir, and si, when there is any doubt, after an interrogation or prohibition, and the preposition sine. Observe that quisquam, quispiam and ullus are thus distinguished from quivis and quilibet; the former are generally used in a negative or interrogative sense, the latter always in the affirmative.

1. Quispiam: Is there any person in the world (alicubi) of whom you think better?

2. Quisquam: You deny that the tyrant has been more cruel to Syracuse, than any one of his predecessors (inter crudelissimos unquam antea fuit.)

3. Let no man's offence make you lose your greatness of soul.

4. They themselves had delivered many great men, without the suspicion of any one.

5. Ullus: Scarcely have you left the other orators (with their leave let me speak it) any merit that they can reap.

Ullus should always be used instead of omnis after the preposition sine; as,

Without all doubt.

6. Unquam: Darius having in his flight drunk water, which was muddy, and defiled with dead bodies, said that he had never drunk with greater pleasure.

(Observe, that, for the sake of brevity, the verb dico followed by non is not inelegantly changed into the verb nego, as, negavi me esse facturum, for dixi me non facturum esse).

Ne quis is elegantly used for ut nemo.

1. They discharged him from his office, that no one should after wards commit the same crime with impunity.

Nec quidquam is more elegantly said than et nihil.

And physicians, generals and orators, although they understand perfectly the principles of their science (quamvis artis præcepta perceperint), can effect nothing very great or meritorious without experience or practice.

Ipse is often used for the adjective totus or integer, in defining numbers or space of time with great exactness.

1. I have been absent (desideror) three whole days.

2. I spent three whole months in visiting and exploring a country, which some writers have described in so lively (ad vivum depinxerunt)

a manner.

The pronoun is is most frequently used for talis, followed by ut or qui; as, non is sum quem contemnas.

1. I am not such a man, that I should utter a falsehood.

2. I have seen such a monster, that if I should see another as terrible, I should die with horror.

3. We must use such liberality as may profit friends, and hurt

no one.

4. Many were condemned of treason; but such was the king's clemency, that only three were executed (ultimo supplicio affecti fuerint).

Idem is most frequently used for item, porro, etiam, simul, and tum-tum; as, quod idem mæstitiam reprehendit, idem jocum.

1. For we see that there have been those, who at the same time could speak with dignity and elegance (ornatè ac graviter), at the same time with artful evasion and subtilty.

2. He used that kind of food which was most sweet and wholesome, and at the same time most easy to digest (ad concoquendum).

Instead of rendering the English word all by omnis, it will sometimes be necessary to use omninò, sometimes nullus non, or quisque, and sometimes the relative qui, quæ, quod.

1. There were in all but two ways, by which they could possibly go out of their country; one through the Sequani, narrow and difficult; the other through our province, much easier and readier (expeditiusque).