We would not say pulchritudine alone: and it must be observed, that the genitives or ablatives are not always used indiscriminately; we should say, est magno natu.

1. But lest I should entertain too sanguine a hope of success in a pursuit which admits of so much uncertainty (in re dubiâ); for indeed what right have I to use so pressing a solicitation to you, who are of the highest authority and most consummate wisdom, I commit myself and my fortunes solely to your favor and well known benevolence.

2. When Timoleon had so great an authority and such complete power, that he might have governed them even against their will, but, at the same time, so much possessed the love and affections of the Sicilians, that he might have obtained the kingdom with the unanimous consent of all (nullo recusante regnum obtineret), preferring their love to their fear, he abdicated the sovereign power, and lived a private man at Syracuse.

Oportet, opus est, necesse est, velim, &c. usually take an infinitive after them, or a subjunctive with the conjunction ut; but it is more elegant to omit this conjunction, as it is likewise to leave it out after the verb caveo.

1. There is a certain intemperate degree of affection towards our friends, which it is necessary we should restrain.

But instead of non opus est, non oportet, quid est opus, it is more elegant simply to say, non est quod, nihil est quod; as, Nihil est quod mihi agas gratias; There is no reason that you should thank me.

1. Concerning the affairs of Britain, I understand from your letters, there is no need to apprehend any danger.

2. I am distracted with my apprehensions concerning the health of our Tullia, concerning which there is no need to write more largely to you.

3. What occasion is there to build a tragedy on so trifling a subject?

RULES

FOR THE PRONOUN qui, quæ, quod, AND OTHER RELAtives.

After dignus and indignus, especially, qui is used in its different cases for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ut meus, ut tibi, ut noster, &c. followed by the subjunctive mood: as, you are worthy to be loved; dignus es, qui ameris.

1. Your mother deserves, or is worthy, that you should love her, obey her, and learn of her. (Use the pronoun qui in these different cases, as governed by the different verbs.)

2. You are worthy that I should look to your happiness. (Quorum.) 3. You have been worthy that we should listen to you.

4. My parents are worthy that every kind of happiness should befall them.

If, on the contrary, the relative clause refers to the sentiments of the author or writer, or is the actual language of the person of whom the author is speaking, the relative is followed by the indicative mood.

1. He rested the point of controversy not on the order of succession, but on the felicity of his birth. That his brother, indeed, had been born first, but it was while his father was yet in a private station; that he, on the contrary, was the first born, after his father had been advanced to the throne. That his brothers, therefore, who were born before him, might claim as their right the private patrimony, which their father possessed at that time, but not the kingdom; but that he was the first, whom his father had brought up after he had obtained the kingdom.

When the relative clause expresses the cause of the action, and may be rendered in English by the preposition in, with the participle; or when it it is used for et quod is, et quoniam is, &c., or comes after utpote, ut, quippe, it will be followed by the subjunctive mood: as, omnes-laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio præditum; All praised my fortunes, who had, or, in having, or, because 1 had, such a son.

1. Happy sailor, who gained the shore, and was safely drawn on dry land.

2. How ungrateful you are to fortune, who thus make a toil of a pleasure.

When the relative follows an interrogative or a negative, and expresses the same thing and subject as the antecedent clause, it is joined with the subjunctive mood; as, There is no one, who does not hate you; nemo est, qui te non oderit.

1. Who is the boy, who can apply to his studies, where there is such a noise (ubi tot obstrepunt graculi)?

2. There is no one who does not understand, that the body is then most pleasantly affected, and best recruited, when it is refreshed with seasonable and moderate sleep.

The relative coming after the English verbs to be, to be found, when preceded by the word there, is, for the sake of perspicuity, followed by the subjunctive mood: as, There are men who say; sunt qui dicant.

1. There have been found men, who voluntarily shortened their own life these I think worse, and more mischievous.

2. There are philosophers, who think, that the most precious thing in life is time (tempus pretiosissimum esse).

When the relative comes after intensive words, as, such, so, and is used for ut ego, ut tu, &c., it is followed by the subjunctive: as, I am not such a man as to say, or, I am not the man who says; non sum is qui dicam. This will not take place after the demonstrative pronoun is; for it would then be, I am not that man who say, non sum is qui dico, or, I who say am not that man.

1. I am not so hard-hearted, as to deny you your request.

2. Such is the authority of this man, that it can neither be shaken by the secret intrigues of his enemies, nor by the open attacks of the multitude.

For the sake of perspicuity, the subjunctive will be used after qui, when it is preceded by such restrictive words as solus, unicus, unus; as, He is the only one of the family who learns; est solus ex familiâ qui discat; were we to say, discit, it might be mistaken for, he who learns is the only one of the family.

1. He was the only one of the philosophers, who maintained that wisdom was the only guide of life, which led to happiness.

2. He was the only one who said that the soul of man is the man, that the body is nothing but a dwelling or an instrument.

When qui is used for the interrogative indefinite quis, and not as a mere relative, it is followed by the subjunctive; as, Tell me whom you see, dic mihi quem videas: if it was merely the relative, as in this sentence, I know the man whom you see, it would be, notus est mihi homo, quem vides.

1. As for me, from the time when I first saw you, and learnt from most men, with whom I conversed, what erudition and virtue you possessed, it became the first object of my wishes to gain your love and esteem.

2. Do you inquire to what end tend so many sciences, and by what arts men have polished the rude manners of barbarians, and have changed worse for better, disgraceful for excellent, and the vilest for the most precious things?

It is not only after dignus, that the relative qui is used for ut; but, in general, where the relative clause indicates any final cause, design or purpose, and might be rendered by a supine, by ut or ad, then qui may be elegantly used; as, He sent ambassadors to sue for peace; misit legatos qui pacem peterent.

1. He sent certain men to bring him to town.

2. Then Romulus, by the advice of the fathers, sent ambassadors to the neighbouring states to solicit the friendship and connubial alliances with this newly-established people.

3. I did not give you money to use at your pleasure.

4. He further enjoined them to send spies into all parts to learn the designs and motions of their enemies."

And in many other instances it is used for the English infinitive, where the sense will easily admit of it.

1. As a calm at sea is understood, when the least breath of wind does not stir the waves, so is the quiet and peaceful state of the mind beheld, when there is no passion to discompose it.

2. They have no clocks to distinguish hours, (horologia, quibus horas noscunt), nor mile-stones (milliaria) to show the distance of places.

In sentences which admit of a transposition, without creating any obscurity, it is very elegant to put the relative qui, quæ, quod, and its compounds, before the antecedent, in the

beginning of the sentence; as, quam mecum colis amicitiam, multi laudant: and to give greater force or stress to the sense, and in order to form a stronger connexion between the relative and the antecedent, the pronouns is, hic, idem, &c. are elegantly placed before the second member of the sentence; as, quem Deus misit, ei non creditis, whom God hath sent, him ye believe not.

1. We commonly say that those men are always asleep, who, in our opinion, are indifferent and careless about every thing. (Quos putamus.)

2. Nothing can be more foolish than those, who, in a free city, behave themselves in an audacious and alarming manner.

3. Let every man exercise himself in the profession which he knows.

4. Whatever change of manners takes place in princes will soon pass into the people.

5. Drops of crimson blood distil and stain the earth with gore from the tree, which I tore from the soil, having first broken its roots asunder.

6. The same land shall receive you returning thither in its fertile bosom (ubere læto), which first brought you forth the race of mighty ancestors.

Est, sunt, erit, &c. elegantly admit the relative qui, quæ, quod, with the omission of the antecedent aliquis, quoddam, &c. followed by an indicative or a subjunctive; as,

Est de quo tibi gratulor.

1. There is some one to whom you can give these letters.

2. You have what to write in these eventful times.

3. There were some men at that time who said Cicero did not deserve so highly of his country (de patriâ bene meritum).

4. There are some men whose delight is to follow the camp, and to encounter the dangers of war.

The omission of the antecedent is also elegant, where it may be easily inferred from the sense of the subject; as,

You have one, or, a friend, who wishes you well: Habes, qui tibi bene cupiat.

1. He sent men or servants, to invite all his friends to supper. 2. Sciences are soon acquired, if you have a master who can teach them with diligence and faithfulness.

(This rule may be referred to the former.)

The pronoun is, or ille, is oftener understood before the relative qui, quæ, quod.