obedience to him as king. For it is just that he who impugns the honour of the Church should forfeit all the honour which he seems to have; and because he has scorned the obedience of a Christian, and has not returned to the Lord from whom he had revolted, by holding communion with the excommunicated, by committing many iniquities, and by despising the admonitions which, as thou knowest, I have given him for his salvation, and by separating himself from the Church, trying to rend it in twain, I bind him therefore in thy name with the bond of thy anathema, that all the nations may know and acknowledge that thou art Peter, that upon thy rock the son of the living God hath built his Church, and that the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."Milman's Latin Christianity, vol. iii. p. 155.-Bowden's Life of Gregory, vol. ii. p. 109.-Migne's Patrology-Acta Gregorii, vol. cxlviii. p. 790. Such was the first sentence of excommunication ever pronounced against an emperor by a Pope. The record of the words thus spoken was sent throughout the world to inform all Christian people "in what manner and for what crimes the blessed Peter had bound the king with the bond of anathema;" the only prayer that was asked from Christians was no invocation of curses on the excommunicate-they were asked "to implore without ceasing the mercy of God until he should be pleased to turn the hearts of the impious to repentance, or to show, by frustrating their wicked intentions, how blind and foolish they were." Very similar was the form in which, in 1080, the same Pontiff once more excommunicated Henry, “declaring him excommunicate and bound with the bond of anathema." Even in this second sentence, which conferred the imperial crown on Rudolph, the only prayer of evil to Henry is that "he himself and his partizans in any warlike encounter may be found powerless, and never obtain the victory." 'Against Henry may the sentence be executed so speedily that all may know his fall not to have been wrought by chance, but to have been accomplished by the Apostle's avenging power. Let him be confounded unto repentance, that so his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord."-Bowden's Life of Gregory, vol. ii. p. 270. Whatever men may think of the spirit or the pretensions of Hildebrand, they can appreciate the difference between sentences like these and the imprecations with which Ernulph cursed the unhappy object of his wrath. Gregory VII. can scarcely be cited as an authority for the theory that “the deposing power" was the law, not of the Church, but of Europe. In the name of Peter and Paul he takes the kingdom from Henry, and confers it upon Rudolph. "So act then, holy fathers," he says, addressing the council, "that all men may know and understand that if ye have the power of binding and loosing in heaven, ye have also that of giving and taking away, according to the merits of their holders, kingdoms, principalities, dukedoms, lordships, and all the possessions of men." "If ye shall judge angels who govern the proud princes of this world, what must not be your power over their servants."-Idem. CHAP. VII.] LIST OF SOVEREIGNS EXCOMMUNICATED. 321 LIST OF SOVEREIGNS EXCOMMUNICATED. THE following, although not a complete list, contains most of the excommunications which were pronounced by the Popes against Sovereigns and States: Sovereign. 1074.. Gregory VII. . Robert Guiscard, Duke of Sicily. Casting off his feudal allegiance to the Pope. The Emperor Henry IV., in the Council of Lateran, for disobeying the decree as to investitures. Henry deposed. Boleslaus, King of Poland, for murdering a bishop during his performance of divine service. Robert King of France, for marrying within prohibited degrees. France under interdict. Henry again deposed. Imperial crown con- Philip I. of France, for divorcing his wife The Emperor Henry V., for compelling the Roger, Count of Sicily, for supporting the anti-Pope, Anacletus. King Stephen of England. William the Bad of Sicily, making war against the Pope. The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, for his support of the anti-Pope Victor. William King of Scotland. Scotland placed under interdict. Alphonso, King of Castile, for illegal marriage. The Emperor Henry VI., for his cruelties in VOL. II. Y Sovereign. The Emperor Otho IV., for not giving up the possessions of the Countess Matilda. Philip Augustus, King of France, for putting away his queen and marrying another. France under interdict for twelve months. John King of England. England under interdict for four years. John deposed. The crown conferred on Philip Augustus of France. The Emperor Frederick II., for not going to the Crusade. A second time. The Emperor Frederick II., a third time. The Emperor Frederick II., a fourth time at the Council of Lyons, for alleged impiety and divers erimes-for opposition to Papal power. Emperor Rudolph of Hapsburgh. Michael Palæologus, the Greek Emperor, for refusing to submit to the Pope. Peter III. of Arragon, for asserting a title to the kingdom of Sicily. Conradin, grandson of Frederick II., for asserting his right to Naples. James of Arragon. Frederick of Arragon, for invading Sicily. Philip the Fair, King of France, for aggression on the Church. The Emperor Louis of Bavaria. Matthew Visconti, Duke of Milan. Barnabas and Galeazzo Visconti, for occupy ing Ferrara and Bologna. Charles VIII., King of France. Gian Bentivoglio, Lord of Bologna. Louis XII. of France. Kingdom placed under interdict. All bishops and priests were ordered to publish this excommunication in France, with the ceremonies of the standard of the cross, the lighting and extinguishing of candles, the ringing of bells, and the thrice throwing of stones,-" trinâ lapidum projectione." Alphonso, Duke of Ferrara, for joining Louis XII. Francis I. of France. CHAP. VII.] LIST OF SOVEREIGNS EXCOMMUNICATED. 323 Pope. Paul III. Sovereign. Henry VIII. of England, for divorcing Cathe- His subjects released from their allegiance. Julius III. . . . Henry II. of France, for protecting the Duke Urban VIII. Henry IV. of France, for heresy. Cesare, Duke of Ferrara. The excommunications pronounced against the Italian republics were even more frequent than those against sovereign princes. These almost invariably carried with them the sentence of an interdict. Most of the Ghibeline cities had been repeatedly the subject of this sentence-but not unfrequently the waverings of the Guelph cities provoked a similar condemnation. Milan was excommunicated by Innocent III. for refusing the iron crown to Frederick II., when he was the favourite of the Holy See. Bologna, Ferrara, and Ancona, and almost all the independent cities of the Papal States were frequently the subject of excommunication to reduce them to their allegiance to the Popes. Even San Marino was included in such a sentence by Innocent IV. Pisa as might be expected from her Ghibeline traditions was frequently the subject of the Pontifical anathemas, upon one occasion by Pope Alexander IV., in 1256. The general attachment of Florence to the Papacy was not sufficient to protect it from the occasional infliction of the penalties of an interdict. In 1376 Gregory XI. followed up such a sentence by sending letters to all nations forbidding any intercourse with the Florentine traders in their ports. Venice was, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the particular object of the Pontifical wrath. No less than five excommunications were issued against the republic in the space of less than 200 years. The resistance of Venice is the most memorable instance of opposition to the Papal claims. In works of great power and ability the authorities of the republic disputed the right of the Pontiff to excommunicate for temporal causes, and the terrors of an interdict were met by a law which compelled the clergy to perform divine service as usual under the penalties of high treason. The last excommunication against Venice was that of Paul V. in 1606, in consequence of a law which forbade the establishment of new religious houses without the licence of the state. CHAPTER VIII. Tuscany-Ancient and Modern Greatness of Tuscany-Counts of TuscanyGift of the Countess Matilda-Independence of Cities after her DeathTuscan League-Greatness of Florence-Manufactures—Agriculture— Rise of the Medici — Alexander declared hereditary Grand DukeDisposal of Tuscany by parties to Quadruple Alliance-Protest of Cosmo the reigning duke-Of Gian Gaston-Statement of the question-Death of Gian Gaston-Succession of Francis of Lorraine-Testamentary Protest of Gian Gaston-The Grand-Duke Leopold-His Reforms-Draining of the Maremma-Ricci bishop of Pistoia-His attempted ReformationObservations on Leopold-His neutrality-His intended Constitution— The French Revolution-Violation of Tuscan Territory-Surrender of Tuscany by Peace of Luneville-Kingdom of Etruria-Restoration of the Grand Duke. IN the month of September, 1814, Ferdinand, the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, returned to his capital and resumed possession of those territories, which twelve years before he had been compelled to give up to suit the convenience of his imperial relatives in their new arrangements with Napoleon. In the April preceding Murat had surrendered Tuscany to commissioners, who received it in the name of the grand-duke. Scarcely had Napoleon fallen when the dynasty of Ferdinand was restored. Rich in the fertility of its soil, blessed with a salubrious climate, and overshadowed by the ranges of the Apennines, which add the grandeur of the mountain to |