The Subject with its Modifiers is called the Modified Subject. By some it is called the Logical Subject.

DEFINITION.-An Adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

Analysis and Parsing.

1. The cold November rain is falling.

rain is falling

November

cold

The

Explanation.-The two lines shaded alike and placed uppermost stand for the subject and the predicate, and show that these are of the same rank, and are the principal parts of the sentence. The lighter lines, placed under and joined to the subject line, stand for the less important parts, the modifiere, and show what is modified.*

Oral Analysis.- (Here and hereafter we shall omit from the oral analysis and parsing whatever has been provided for in previous Lessons.) The, cold, and November are modifiers of the subject. The cold November rain is the modified subject.

Parsing.-The, cold, and November are adjectives modifying rain,-cold, and November expressing quality, and The pointing out.

2. The great Spanish Armada was destroyed.

3. A free people should be educated.

4. The old Liberty bell was rung.

5. The famous Alexandrian library was burned.

6. The odious Stamp Act was repealed.

7. Every intelligent American citizen should vote.

8. The long Hoosick Tunnel is completed.

9. I alone should suffer.

* To the Teacher.—When several adjectives are joined to one noun, each adjective does not always modify the noun alone. That old wooden house was burned. Here wooden modifies house, old modifies wooden house, and that modifies old wooden house. This may be illustrated in the diagram by numbering

the modifiers in the order of their rank, thus:

Adverbs, and both phrase and clause modifiers often differ

in rank in the same way, and in the diagram this difference may be indicated as above. If the pupils are able to see these distinctions, it would be well to have them made in the analysis, as they often determine the punctuation and the arrangement. See Lessons 13 and 21.

10. They all remained.

11. Five large, ripe, luscious, mellow apples were picked. 12. The melancholy autumn days have come.

13. A poor black fugitive escaped.

14. The oppressed Russian serfs have been freed. 15. Immense suspension bridges have been built.

LESSON 13.

COMPOSITION-ADJECTIVES.

Caution.-When two or more adjectives are used with a noun, care must be taken in their arrangement. If they differ in rank, place nearest the noun the one most closely modifying it. If of the same rank, place them where they will sound best-generally in the order of length, the longest nearest the noun.

Explanation.-Two honest young men were chosen. A tall, straight, dignified person entered. Young tells the kind of men, honest tells the kind of young men, and two tells the number of honest young men; hence these adjectives are not of the same rank. Tall, straight, and dignified modify person independently-the person is tall and straight and dignified; hence these adjectives are of the same rank. Notice the comma after tall and straight; and may be supplied; in the first sentence and cannot be supplied. See Lesson 21.

Direction.—Arrange the adjectives below, and give your reasons :—

1. A Newfoundland pet handsome large dog. 2. Level low five the fields. 3. A wooden rickety large building. 4. Blind white beautiful three mice. 5. An energetic restless brave people. 6. An enlightened civilized nation.

Direction.-Form sentences by prefixing modified subjects to these predicates :

Direction.-Construct ten sentences, each of which shall contain a subject modified by three adjectives-one from each of these columns:

Let the adjectives be appropriate. For punctuation, see Lesson 21.

Direction.-Prefix to each of these nouns as many appropriate adjectives as you can think of:

River, frost, grain, ships, air, men.

Direction.-Couple those adjectives and nouns, below, which most appropriately go together:

Modest, lovely, flaunting, meek, patient, faithful, saucy, spirited, violet, dahlia, sheep, pansy, ox, dog, horse, rose, gentle, duck, sly, waddling, cooing, chattering, homely, chirping, puss, robin, dove, sparrow, blackbird, cow, hen, cackling.

LESSON 14.

MODIFIED PREDICATE.

ADVERBS.

Introductory Hints.-You have learned that the subject may be modified; let us see whether the predicate may be.

If we say The leaves fall, we express a fact in a general way. But, if we wish to speak of the time of their falling, we can add a word and say The leaves fall early; of the place of their falling, The leaves fall here; of the manner. The leaves fall quietly; of the cause, Why do the leaves fall?

We may join a word to any of these modifiers, and even another to that, and say The leaves fall so very quietly. Here very modifies quietly, and so modifies very by telling the degree.

So very quietly is a group of words modifying the predicate. The predicate with its modifiers is called the Modified Predicate. Such words as so, very, here, and quietly form the fifth part of speech, and are called Adverbs (Lat. ad, to, and verbum, a word, or verb).

Adverbs may modify adjectives; as, Very ripe apples are healthful. Adverbs modify verbs just as adjectives modify nouns-by limiting them. The horse has a proud step, or The horse steps proudly.

The Predicate with its Modifiers is called the Modified Predicate. By some it is called the Logical Predicate. DEFINITION.-An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

Analysis and Parsing.

1. The leaves fall very quietly.

leaves

fall

Explanation.-The two lines forming this group slant the same way to show that each stands for a modifying word. The line standing for the principal word of the group is joined to the predicate line. The end of the other is broken, and turned to touch its principal.

Oral Analysis.—Very quietly is a modifier of the predicate; quietly is the prin cipal word of the group; very modifies quietly; The leaves is the modified subject; fall very quietly is the modified predicate.

Parsing.-Quietly is an adverb modifying fall, telling the manner; very is an adverb modifying quietly, telling the degree.

2. The old, historic Charter Oak was blown down.

3. The stern, rigid Puritans often worshipped there.

Explanation.-There modifies worshipped, and often modifies worshipped there. See foot-note, Lesson 12.

4. Bright-eyed daisies peep up everywhere.

5. The precious morning hours should not be wasted.

6. The timely suggestion was very kindly received.

7. We both turned rather abruptly.

& A highly enjoyable entertainment was provided.

9. The entertainment was highly enjoyed.

10. Why will people exaggerate so?

11. A somewhat dangerous pass had been reached quite unex‹ pectedly.

12. We now travel still more rapidly.

13. Therefore he spoke excitedly.

14. You will undoubtedly be very cordially welcomed.

15. A furious equinoctial gale has just swept by.

16. The Hell Gate reef was slowly drilled away.

LESSON 15.

COMPOSITION-ADVERBS.

Caution. Place adverbs where there can be no doubt as to what you intend them to modify. Have regard to the sound also.

Direction. Place the italicized words, below, in as many different positions as possible, and note the effect on the sound and the sense:

1. I immediately ran out. 2. Only one was left there. 3. Quite a shower fell recently. 4. She looked down proudly. 5. Unfortunately, this assistance came too late.

Direction.-Select subjects from Lesson 5, and compose five sentences having modified predicates.

Direction.-Construct on each of these subjects three sentences having modified subjects and modified predicates :

1. Dark, heavy, threatening clouds are slowly gathering above.

2. Those brilliant, crimson clouds will very soon dissolve.

3. Thin, fleecy clouds are scudding over.