3. The axis of the earth sticks out visibly through the centre of each and every town or city.-Holmes.

4. The arrogant Spartan with a French-like glorification boasted forever of little Thermopyla.-De Quincey.

5. The purest act of knowledge is always colored by some feeling of pleasure or pain.-Hamilton.

6. The thunder of the great London journals reverberates through every clime.-Marsh.

7. The cheeks of William the Testy were scorched into a dusky red by two fiery little gray eyes.—Irving.

8. The study of natural science goes hand in hand* with the culture of the imagination.-Tyndall.

9. The whole substance of the winds is drenched and bathed and washed and winnowed and sifted through and through by this baptism in the sea.-Swain.

10. The Arabian Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the Chinese Wall, and from the shores of the Caspian sea to those of the Indian Ocean.-Draper.

11. One half of all known materials consists of oxygen.-Cooke. 12. The range of thirty pyramids, even in the time of Abraham, looked down on the plain of Memphis.-Stanley.

LESSON 26.

WRITTEN PARSING.

Direction.-Parse the sentences of Lesson 25 according to this Model for

*Hand in hand may be treated as one adverb, or with may be supplied.

To the Teacher.-Until the Subdivisions and Modifications of the parts of speech are reached, Oral and Written Parsing can be only a classification of the words in the sentence. You must judge how frequently a lesson like this is needed, and how much parsing should be done orally day by day.

In their Oral Analysis let the pupils give at first the reasons for every state. ment, but guard against their doing this mechanically and in set terms; and when you think it can safely be done, let them drop it. But ask now and then, whenever you think they have grown careless or are guessing, for the reason of this, that, or the other step taken.*

Cet 25 LESSON 27.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

Lesson 17.-What may we use instead of an adjective or an adverb modifier? Why do we use it? Illustrate. What is such a group of words called? Define a phrase. By what may a phrase be modified, and why? How may relations lost by change in the form or the position of words be restored? Illustrate. What are these relation words called? Do they express ideas? What is their office? Define a preposition. What does the word mean? What have you now learned that an adverb may modify?

Lesson 18.-Give the Rule for the punctuation of the phrase. What is the explanation given of it? Give fresh illustrations of the Rule. Give instances in which the phrase out of its natural position is not set off. Give the Caution relating to the position of the phrase. Give violations of the Caution and correct them. May the phrase often have many positions? Illustrate this with a sentence of your own.

Lesson 19.-What may be expanded into a phrase? Give adjectives and adverbs, and expand them into phrases.

Lesson 20.-What is a compound subject? A compound predicate? Give a sentence of your own containing both. What is a conjunction? What does the word mean? Give examples showing what a conjunction may connect. What is an interjection? What does the word mean? Has the interjection any grammatical relation to other words? If not, why? Illustrate the two kinds. What is the difference be tween them? How many parts of speech are there? Ans. Eight.

Lesson 21.-Give the Rule for the comma with two or more connected terms. Illustrate it. Give illustrations of the exceptions mentioned in the Remark. Give the Rule for the exclamation point. What besides an interjection may be exclamatory? How are ◊ and oh generally used? Is O ever followed by an exclamation point? Give the Rule for writing I and 0.

LESSON 28.

NOUNS AS OBJECT COMPLEMENTS.

Introductory Hints.-In saying Washington captured, we do not fully express the action performed by Washington. If we add a noun and say Washington captured Cornwallis, we complete the predicate by naming that which receives the action.

Whatever fills out, or completes, is a Complement. As Cornwallis completes the expression of the action by naming the thing acted upon-the object, we call it the Object Complement. A verb may be completed by two or more connected nouns forming a compoună object complement; as, Washington captured Cornwallis and the army.

DEFINITION.—The Object Complement of a sentence completes the predicate, and names that which receives the act. The complement with all its modifiers is called the Modified Complement.

Analysis and Parsing.

1. Clear thinking makes clear writing. thinking

makes writing

Explanation. -The line standing for the object complement is a continuation of the predicate line. The little vertical line only touches this without cutting it.

Oral Analysis.-Writing is the object complement; clear writing is the modified complement, and makes clear writing is the entire predicate.

Nouns and Adjectives as Attribute Complements. 51

2. Austerlitz killed Pitt.

3. The invention of gunpowder destroyed feudalism.

4. Liars should have good memories.

5. We find the first surnames in the tenth century.

6. God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.

7. Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning-rod.

8. At the opening of the thirteenth century, Oxford took and held rank with the greatest schools of Europe.

9. The moon revolves, and keeps the same side toward us. 10. Hunger rings the bell, and orders up coals in the shape of bread and butter, beef and bacon, pies and puddings.

11. The history of the Trojan war rests on the authority of Homer, and forms the subject of the noblest poem of antiquity.

12. Every stalk, bud, flower, and seed displays a figure, a proportion, a harmony, beyond the reach of art.

13. The natives of Ceylon build houses of the trunk and thatch roofs with the leaves of the cocoa-nut palm.

14. Richelieu exiled the mother, oppressed the wife, degraded the brother, and banished the confessor, of the king.

LESSON 29.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES AS ATTRIBUTE COMPLEMENTS.

Introductory Hints.-The subject presents one idea; the predicate, another, and asserts it of the first. Corn is growing presents the two ideas of corn and growing, and asserts the one of the other. Corn growing lacks the asserting word, and Corn is lacks the word denoting the idea to be asserted.

In logic, the asserting word is called the copula-it couples or unites these two ideas to make a thought,-and the word expressing the idea asserted is called the predicate. But as one word often performs both offices,

e. g., Corn grows, and as it is in dispute whether any word can assert without expressing something of the idea asserted, we pass this distinction by as not essential in grammar, and call both that which asserts and that which expresses the idea asserted, by one name-the predicate.

The maple leaves become. The verb become does not make a complete predicate; it does not fully express the idea to be asserted. The idea may be completely expressed by adding the adjective red, denoting the quality we wish to assert of leaves or attribute to them-The maple leaves become red.

Lizards are reptiles. The noun reptiles, naming the class of the animals talled lizards, performs a like office for the asserting word are. Rolfe's wife was Pocahontas. Pocahontas completes the predicate by presenting a second idea, which was asserts to be identical with that of the subject.

When the completing word expressing the idea to be attributed does not unite with the asserting word to make a single verb, we distinguish it as the Attribute Complement.

Most grammarians call the adjective and the noun, when so used, the Predicate Adjective and the Predicate Noun,

DEFINITION.-The Attribute Complement of a sentence completes the predicate, and belongs to the subject.

Analysis and Parsing.

1. Slang is vulgar.

Slang is

vulgar

Explanation.-The line standing for the attribute complement is, like the object line, a continuation of the predicate line; but notice that the line which separates the incomplete predicate* from the complement slants toward the subject to show that the complement is an attribute of it.

Oral Analysis.-Vulgar is the attribute complement, completing the predicate and expressing a quality of slang; is vulgar is the entire predicate.

2. The sea is fascinating and treacherous.

3. The mountains are grand, tranquil, and lovable.

4. The Saxon words in English are simple, homely, and substantial.

* We call the verb the predicate; but, when it is followed by a complement, it is an incomplete predicate.