SIR T. STAMFORD RAFFLES.

II.

WHEN Sir Thomas had returned from Holland to England he embarked with his family, in October, 1817, for Sumatra. On arriving at Fort Marlborough, the seat of the English government at Bencoolen, he found the place in a most wretched condition; ruin and dilapidation surrounded them. What with natural impediments, bad government, and the awful visitations of Providence, experienced in repeated earthquakes, there was, as the new governor reported, scarcely a dwelling in which to lay their heads, or wherewithal to satisfy the cravings of nature! The roads were impassable; the streets of the town were overrun with rank grass; and the government-house was a den of ravenous dogs and polecats. With all this, it is only natural to find him describing the people as idle, dissolute, and depraved.

Too zealous to carry into effect the improvements he contemplated, he waited not for orders from home, which would have occasioned the loss of a year; and, conscious that no improvement could take place until he had cleared away the rubbish at Fort Marlborough, he commenced at once by liberating the slaves. He then classified about 500 convicts, sent from Bengal, into three divisions, according to their characters; and in a short time these people, who had been living in the lowest state of degradation, became useful labourers, and happy members of society. He then assembled the native chiefs, and made a treaty with them: by one of the articles the cultivation of pepper was declared to be free, the people being at liberty to cultivate that article or not, as they might think fit.

These people were particularly anxious to be freed from the disgrace which had been attached to their character by the prohibition against wearing their kris, according to an ancient custom of the country. The kris is the Javan dagger, hanger, or short sword. This prohibition Sir Stamford immediately, and without hesitation, removed. The prohibition had originated in the murder of Mr. Parr, in 1801, who, as governor, had made himself obnoxious by endeavouring to force upon the people the culture of coffee, in addition to that of pepper; besides which, an arbitrary interference with the native courts of justice, without the concurrence or advice of the chiefs, had excited their fears for their ancient customs and institutions. The measures taken on this catastrophe were highly impolitic: several of the natives were blown from the mouths of guns; an order was issued to burn and destroy every village within a certain distance; and the work of devastation was carried on as if the future security of the settlement depended on surrounding it with a desert. The fruit-trees that surrounded the villages, and that were so much loved by the Malayans, were felled; whatever could afford shelter and protection was levelled with the ground, and the whole population of the suspected villages turned loose upon the country.

The desolate condition of the country surrounding Fort Marlborough was such, on Sir Stamford's first arrival, that no one thought of living out of the settlement, and no servant could be induced to venture out three miles after sunset. The new governor conceived the best way to re-people the country was, to set them an example, by building a house twelve miles out of the town. He accordingly made his country residence on Hill of Mists, and gave orders for clearing the forest. The wild beasts of the desert, principally tigers and elephants, had long increased upon the natives. Numbers of people were annually carried off by the tigers; and the survivers, instead of resisting, sought to propitiate their persecutors by offerings of rice and fruits: but now, open war was declared and carried on against the whole race of wild and ferocious animals; and Sir

Stamford and his family were soon able to reside upon the Hill of Mists without any danger from their attacks. In five years from the building of his house on this spot, the whole intermediate space was chequered with villas, and surrounded with plantations. At this time, out of 100,000 nutmeg-trees, which had been planted by Sir Stamford, one-fourth were in full bearing. The nutmeg-tree is exceedingly beautiful; it bears in profusion, and spreads its branches in a wide circle. Its fruit is perhaps the most beautiful in the world: the outside covering, or shell, is of a rich cream colour, and resembles a peach; this bursts, and shows the dark nut, encircled and chequered with mace of the brightest crimson, and, when contrasted with the deep emerald green leaf, is delightfully grateful to the eye.

The avenue to their house was formed, as Lady Raffles tells us, of clove-trees, the noble height of which, the beauty of their form, the luxuriance of their foliage, and, above all, the spicy fragrance with which they perfume the air, produced, in driving through a long line of them, a degree of exquisite pleasure only to be enjoyed in the clear light atmosphere of the latitudes of the Indian Islands. As a proof of the luxuriance of vegetation in this part of the world, it may be stated that, within a twelvemonth, some casuarina-trees had shot up to the height of thirty and forty feet; and the government-house was encircled by a shrubbery of nutmeg, clove, cocoa, and cassia-trees. The place seemed, in fact, to have been converted, almost by magic, from a wilderness into a garden.

It appears to have been once too much the system to exclude even respectable natives from the society of Europeans, both in the settlement of Sumatra, and in most other parts of India. Sir Stamford at once broke down this barrier, and opened his house to the chiefs and higher classes of natives on all occasions; and this practice he continued during the whole period of his residence in Sumatra. His house was rarely without some of them; and, in short, he had constant opportunity of studying their feelings, sentiments, and manners; and such was the confidence they placed in him, that in his measures for the good of the community they were at all times ready to give their cordial co-operation. Both chiefs and people were soon brought to consider him their best friend and adviser: they gave in to his opinion upon all occasions, and harmony and good-will prevailed throughout the settlement.

He likewise accomplished the means for printing in the Roman and native characters, and then proceeded to establish a plan of schools for educating the whole of the native population. He was so far from opposing missionaries, that he declares that the more that came out the better he was pleased:-" Only," says he, "let them be enlightened men, and placed in connexion with the schools, and under due controul."

Though greatly distinguished by his administrative abilities, Sir Stamford Raffles owes his reputation chiefly to his researches into the natural productions of Sumatra, and particularly to his numerous zoological discoveries. He was cheerfully assisted by the natives; and he likewise made various interesting excursions into the interior of the island. Lady Raffles accompanied him, being the first European lady that had ever been seen beyond the confines of Bencoolen. In his first journey was discovered the largest and most extraordinary flower perhaps that exists in the whole creation,— the Rafflesia Arnoldi-so called because first observed by Raffles, in company with Dr. Arnold. The natives, however, have long given it the appellation of the

"devil's betel-box." We need not here further notice this wonderful production, as the reader will find it fully described, with engravings, at Vol. I., p. 91, of this work. But the whole vegetable part of the creation is here on a magnificent scale.

There is nothing (observes Sir Stamford) more striking

in the Malayan forests than the grandeur of the vegetation:" the magnitude of the flowers, creepers, and trees, contrasts strikingly with the stunted, and, I had almost said, pigmy vegetation of England. Compared with our forest-trees, your largest oak is a mere dwarf. Here we have creepers and vines entwining larger trees, and hanging suspended for more than a hundred feet, in girth not less than a man's body, and many much thicker; the trees seldom under a hundred, and generally approaching a hundred and sixty to two hundred feet in height. One tree that we measured was, in circumference, nine yards; and this is nothing to one I measured in Java.

In one of these journeys an occurrence took place, which, while it shows the simplicity of the natives, was rather of a vexatious nature, though quite pardonable, and even amusing. At a place where felspar, granite, quartz, and other minerals of primitive formation were found, mixed with a variety of volcanic productions, Dr. Horsfield, one of the company, got specimens of these, which he gave in charge to some coolies who attended him. After the day's journey he wished to examine this collection: the men produced their baskets full of stones, but on the doctor's exclaiming they were not what he had given them, and expressing some anger on the occasion, they simply observed that they thought he only wanted stones; and as they preferred carrying their baskets empty they threw away what he gave them, and filled them up at the end of the day's journey, and they were sure they gave him more than he collected.

After visiting the Paisuma country, he made another and a longer journey to the capital of Menangkabu, the original of all the Malayan governments. This distant and retired portion of Sumatra possesses an extensive population and a high state of cultivation. Innumerable towns and villages succeed each other, shaded by the cocoa-nut and other fruit-trees. There were also the remains of buildings, and inscriptions that proved a remote antiquity. Sir Stamford decidedly believed it to be the wreck of a great empire, hardly known to us but by name.

Governor Raffles soon after turned his attention to to the island of Nias, opposite the settlement of Tappanooly, off the western coast of Sumatra. His description of Pulo Nias seems very highly coloured, though doubtlessly grounded on truth. His proceedings with a view to protect and encourage the people of Nias in habits of industry were not however universally approved of by the authorities at home. The Court of Directors observed that as they "had no hesitation in declaring that his 'proceedings in regard to Pulo Nias were deserving of their decided reprehension, they were inclined to visit him with some severe mark of their displeasure for the steps he had taken in reference to the suppression of the slave-trade," and they even threatened to remove him from his government.

We must not omit to notice the settlement of Singapore, which owes its origin to the genius and activity of Sir Stamford Raffles. The Dutch had long possessed themselves of the only passes through which ships could sail into the Indian Archipelago and the China seas, namely, the Straits of Sunda and Malacca; and such was the situation of Great Britain that she had not left herself an inch of ground to stand upon in the whole track between the Cape of Good Hope and China, nor a single friendly port at which her ships could water, or obtain refreshment. This was much regretted by Sir Stamford, who, .conceiving that a personal communication with the Governor General might be useful, with his usual decision and zeal immediately set out for Calcutta. Here it was arranged that, as the Straits of Sunda were completely in possession of the Dutch, Sir Stamford, as an authorized agent of the Governor-General, should endeavour to find out some central station for the benefit of commerce within the Archipelago, so as to secure a free and uninterrupted passage with China through the Straits of Malacca.

This was quite enougn, as Sir Stamford had already fixed in his own mind the position that would answer every purpose. To use his own words," he neither wanted people nor territory; all he asked was, permission to anchor a line-of-battle ship, and hoist the English flag at the mouth either of the Straits of Malacca, or of Sunda, and the trade of England should be secured."

Singapore, an island at the eastern mouth of the Straits of Malacca, and south of the Malay country, was the spot to accomplish this project; and there he accordingly, in February, 1819, hoisted the British flag. This settlement has gone on prospering and increasing: its population, its imports and exports, are wonderfully enlarged. The articles dealt in are all those of China, the Oriental islands, and the Indo-Chinese countries, with British cottons, and other manufactures. This station, as Raffles justly observes, "is by far the most important station in the East; and as far as naval superiority and commercial interests are concerned, of much higher value than whole continents of territory."

For this flourishing settlement Sir Stamford framed a code of laws and regulations grounded on the simplest principles of equity and justice. Slavery, gaming, and cock-fighting were expressly interdicted. He likewise founded an educational institution, the object of which "the cultivation of Chinese and Malayan literature, with the improvement of the moral and intellectual condition of the people."

was,

We must now conclude our notice of this excellent man's life by adverting to the calamities which came thickly upon him in his latter days. His incessant activity of body and mind, in a latitude so near the equator, made him experience at intervals serious attacks of fever: Lady Raffles too suffered much from illness; so that their thoughts naturally began to turn towards home. But, ere arrangements could be made for a passage to England, four of their five children died, and the youngest was sent away at once to England in the charge of an old nurse.

Broken down by sickness and affliction, all their friends day after day dying around them, Sir Stamford resolved to embark for England, and took his passage on the 4th of February, 1824, in the Fame. This ship took fire the same night by the carelessness of the steward. The crew and passengers with difficulty saved themselves in the boats, and Sir Stamford was obliged to remain at Bencoolen till the following April. By this disastrous event he entirely lost the greatest part of the extensive collection which he had formed of animals

and plants, as well as many volumes of manuscripts and drawings relative to the civil and natural history of nearly every island in the Malayan Archipelago: besides this, which might be considered as a public misfortune, his own pecuniary loss by the burning of the ship amounted to upwards of 20,000l.

After his return to England, he founded the 'present Zoological Society, of which he was the first president. His health, however, never recovered the shock which it had sustained, and he died in 1826, before he had time to arrange the numerous materials which he had collected in the East: he was only forty-five years old at his decease. We have already given a fuller account of the misfortunes of his last years at p. 85, Vol. IV., of this work.

CONVERSATION is the daughter of reasoning, the mother of knowledge, the health of the soul, the commerce of hearts, the bond of friendship, the nourishment of content, and the occupation of men of wit.

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I. GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

THE land known to Europeans by the name of JAVA, and to the natives under those of Tana (the land), Jawa, or Nusa, (the island) is one of the largest of the Sunda Islands. It is situated between 5° 52 and 8° 4' S. lat., and between 105° 11' and 114° 13' E. long. On the south and west it is washed by the Indian Ocean; on the north-west by a channel called the Straits of Sunda, which separates it from Sumatra, at a distance in one point of only fourteen miles; and on the south-east by the Straits of Báli, only two miles wide, which separate it from the island of that name. The area of Java is estimated at 50,000 square miles, or about that of England.

Numerous small islands are scattered in the immediate vicinity of Java, particularly along the northern coast, which together with the projecting points and headlands inclosing the different bays contribute to form harbours of various capacities. The most important of these islands is Madúra, which is separated from the mainland of Java by a very narrow strait. This island and the small islands lying to the east are considered as dependencies of Java.

The island is for the most part in the possession of the Dutch, who claim the whole northern coast, as well as the districts situated at both extremities of the island. The southern coast and the adjacent countries (with the exception of the small district of Pachitan, recently ceded to the European government,) are divided between two ative sovereigns, viz., the Susuhunan, or emperor, who resides at Sura-kerta, on the Solo River, and the Sultan, who resides at Yug'ya-kerta in the province of These native provinces, comprising several of the richest districts, form about one-fourth of the hole island.

Matarem.

VOL. XX.

The Dutch possessions are divided into seventeen provinces. To the west of 108° 30' are the Bantam, Batavia, Buitenzorg and Preanger districts, and Cheribon. The Preanger districts are ruled by native hereditary princes, who pay tribute to the Dutch. The principal towns in this country are situated near the shores. Sirang or Ceram, where the governor of Bantam resides, is some miles inland, the ancient town of Bantam having been abandoned. Batavia, also, has been partly abandoned on account of its insalubrity. In the suburbs of this city is Molenvliet, built in the Dutch style, along a wide canal, and mostly inhabited by Europeans: Ryswick is the seat of the governor-general, Weltefreden the centre of the military force, and Noordwyck a trading town. Cheribon is also a thriving town, with a good roadstead. Forty miles from Batavia, and at the foot of the volcano of Pangerango, is the village of Buitenzorg, containing the summer residence of the governor, and many villas. A navigable canal unites this village with the harbour of Batavia. Chanjur is the chief town in the Preanger districts.

To the east of 108° 30', as far as the Strait of Madúra, occur the nine provinces of Tegal and Brebes, Pakalongan, Kedu, Samárang, Japara, Rembang, Gresek, and Surabaya. They form the most fertile portion of the Dutch dominions, and contain the vale of Kedu, the flats of Demák, and the plain of Surabaya. Proceeding from west to east we find the following towns:-Samárang, a populous town, with an extensive commerce, in which foreign vessels are allowed to participate. The next town is Rembang. Surabaya follows next: it is situated on the Straits of Madúra, which form an excellent harbour, which is open to foreign vessels. This is the most populous and thriving town in the island.

The eastern peninsula, which extends to the Strait of 635

Bali, is mountainous and less fertile than any other part of the island. It contains the provinces of Passaruan, Besuki, and Banyuwangi. On the sea-coast is a small town named Passaruan.

At nearly all seasons of the year vessels of any burthen can approach all the principal stations, at a convenient distance for the barter of their merchandize. The sea being usually smooth, and the weather moderate, the native vessels and small craft always find sufficient shelter at the change of the monsoon, by running under some of the numerous islands scattered along this coast, or passing up the rivers, which, though in general difficult of entrance on account of their bars, are for the most part navigable to such vessels, as far up as the maritime capitals, through which they run. The south coast, on account of its exposure to the open ocean, the consequent high swell or surf which breaks on it, and its general want of good anchorage, is seldom visited by shipping. But Raffles is of opinion that even here good harbours might be found, were it desirable to

attract commerce to this side of the island.

On proceeding to the interior of the island the traveller is struck with the bold outline and prominent features of its scenery. An uninterrupted series of large mountains, varying in height from five to twelve thousand feet, and exhibiting by their round base or pointed tops, their volcanic origin, extend through the whole length of the island. Raffles counted thirty-eight of these volcanic peaks.

for large boats, and its course is steady and uninterrupted. Having crossed the district of Wirasáber and Japan, it enters that of Surabaya. It discharges itself into the ocean through a tolerably extensive and very fertile delta, formed by five separate rivers.

Both the western and northern districts have their principal rivers, and most of them are navigable up to the maritime capitals for native vessels of considerable ourthen:—

But they all have the disadvantage of being partially blocked up at their discharge by extensive bars and mudbanks, an evil which is extending with the increase of agriculture, by reason of the quantity of soil necessarily washed down in the process of irrigating the land for the rice cultivation. Most of them require the application of jetties or piers to deepen the passages at their entrance.

There are no lakes of any considerable size in Java, but some low lands are converted into swamps in the wet season.

One the northern coast the general aspect of Java is low, often swampy, and overgrown with mangrove-trees and bushes. The southern coast consists of very high perpendicular rocks and cliffs. The interior presents innumerable ranges of hills which serve to form and confine plains and valleys of various elevations and extent. On the northern side the ascent from the seacoast is gradual, but in other parts, where the hilly country is nearer to the coast, the ascent is more abrupt. interior and southern provinces may be reckoned among the most romantic and diversified in the world;

The

Uniting all the rich and magnificent scenery, which waving forests, never-failing streams, and constant verdure can present, heightened by a pure atmosphere, and the glowing tints of a tropical sun.

Quitting the low coasts of the north, in many parts un

Many of them have had irruptions during late years, which have caused great loss of life and property.

Besides these larger mountains, there are extensive ranges of hills which traverse the country in various directions; indeed the surface of the island in general, except on the sea-coast, is undulating and uneven.

A mountainous country is seldom deficient in rivers: accordingly, Java is singularly favoured in the number of its streams. The size of the island does not admit of the formation of large rivers, but there are probably fifty, that in the wet season, float down rafts loaded with timber and other rough produce of the country. Five or six are always navigable to the distance of some miles from the coast. The minor streams, so precious to the agriculturist, must be reckoned by hundreds if not thousands.

The Solo river rises near the coast in the mountains of Damong, and, collecting many tributary waters, flows northward to Sura-kerta, where its stream is of considerable depth and breadth; it then bends towards the east, and is joined at Awi by the Inadion. It enters the Strait of Madúra by two mouths at Gresek and Sidayu. From Sura-kerta to Gresek it is stated to run a winding course of 356 miles, during which the navigation is free, and in the rainy season admits of boats of considerable size, which convey the produce of an extensive tract of country to the sea; and, except during the months of August, September and October, and in unusually dry seasons, it bears down boats of middling or small size during the whole year, from a considerable distance above Sura-kerta.

The river second in magnitude is Surabaya: its course is nearly circular, and its source and mouth are situated almost in the same latitude. It rises at the base of the volcano Arjúna, flows around Mount Kawi, and is a large river at Kediri, which name it then assumes. From the capital of this district to its mouths it is navigable

without feeling a sensible improvement in the atmosphere and climate. As he proceeds, at every step he breathes a purer air and surveys a brighter scene. At length he reaches the high-lands. Here the noblest forms of nature are tempered by the rural arts of man: stupendous mountains, clothed with abundant harvests, impetuous cataracts tamed to the peasant's will. Here is perpetual verdure; here are tints of the brightest hue. In the hottest season the air retains its freshness; in the driest, the innumerable rills and rivulets preserve much of their water. This the mountain farmer directs in endless conduits and canals to irrigate the land, which he has laid out in terraces for its reception; it then descends to the plains, and spreads fertility whereever it flows, till at last, by numerous outlets, it discharges itself into the sea.

In an island of such extent and variety of surface, the soil is necessarily various, but it is generally rich and remarkably deep; owing probably to the exclusively vol canic constitution of the country, and the constant accession of new mould, which is washed down the sides of the numerous mountains. It is much richer than the soil of the Malayan countries in general, and resembles the richest garden-mould of Europe: whenever it can be exposed to the inundations necessary to the growth of rice, it will yield without manure, and without impover ishment, one heavy and one light crop in the year: even the poorest soil repays the labour of cultivation. The red and very light soil of the western districts is generally considered inferior to the dark brown and stiffer soil which prevails in the eastern. The best soil is usually found near the beds of rivers, in the valleys, and on the slopes of the largest mountains; the worst on the ranges of low calcareous hills, which traverse different parts of the island.

In these regions, situated within about ten degrees of the equator, one eternal summer reigns, and the seasons are not recognised as hot and cold, but as wet and dry. In Java the seasons are regulated by the periodical winds. The period of the setting in of these winds is not determinable within a few weeks; but generally the westerly winds, always accompanied with rain, occur in October, become more steady in November and December, and

gradually subside; till in March or April, they are succeeded by the easterly winds and fair weather, which continue for the remaining half year. The heaviest rains occur in December and January, and the driest weather in July and August, when the nights are coldest and the days hottest. Hurricanes are unknown in Java, but thunder-storms are frequent, and the lightning is extremely vivid

In the vicinity of the hills, and elsewhere during the dry season, seldom a day passes without thunder and lightning; and although these grand exhibitions of nature cause less consternation, in general, within the tropics, than beyond them, it cannot be denied that they are destructive of many lives. Earthquakes are to be expected in a volcanic country, and are frequent in the vicinity of the volcanoes; but the European towns have never sustained any serious injury from

them.

On the low northern shores the mean annual heat is 78°, but in the dry season the thermometer rises as high as 90°, and even higher in the afternoon. Its most usual range is from 70° to 74° at evening and morning, and from 83° to 85° in the afternoon. But one of the great advantages afforded by the physical constitution of this island is, that from the sea-shore to the elevated interior there is a regular diminution of temperature, at the rate of 2° or 3° for every ten miles. The mean temperature on the elevated plains is probably not more than 66° or 68°. A temperature of 72° is rarely known there. On the summits of the peaks it falls below freezingpoint: ice as thick as a Spanish dollar has been found, and hoar-frost (called "the poisonous dew" by the natives), has been noticed on the vegetation of these higher regions.

Java was formerly considered one of the most unhealthy countries of the globe; a character belonging certainly to the greatest portion of the low coast along the Java sea; but the general inference drawn by professional men from the experience which the occupation of the island by the British has afforded, is, that in point of salubrity Java stands on a level with the healthiest parts of British India, or of any tropical country in the world.

The climate of the city of Batavia has ever been considered as one of the most baneful in the world. "It has even been designated the storehouse of disease; with how much justice, is too wofully demonstrated by the writings of those visitors who have survived its perils, and the records of the Dutch East India Company itself." Raynal states that between the years 1714 and 1776 there perished in the hospitals of Batavia above 87,000 soldiers and sailors. It appears also from the Dutch records that the total amount of deaths in this city, from the year 1730 to 1752, was more than a million.

To those who are acquainted with the manner in which the affairs of the Dutch East India Company were managed abroad, there will perhaps be no difficulty in laying rather at the door of the colonists, than of the nation, the crime of maintaining a commercial monopoly, at such a dreadful expense of lives as resulted from confining the European population within the narrow walls of this unhealthy city. That the sacrifice was made for that object, or to speak more correctly, under that pretext, for the private interests of the colonists who were entrusted with its details, can scarcely be doubted. From the moment the walls of the city were demolished, the draw-bridges let down, and free egress and ingress to and from the country was permitted, the popalation began to migrate to a more healthy spot, and they had not to go above one or two miles beyond the precincts before they found themselves in a different climate. But this indulgence, as it gave the inhabitants a purer air, so it gave them a clearer insight into the resources of the country, and notions of a freer commerce, which, of all things, it was the object of the local government and its officers to limit or suppress.

Necessity might have first determined the choice of the spot for the European capital; but a perseverance in the policy of confining the European population within its walls, after so many direful warnings of its insalubrity,

cannot but lead to the inference, that either the monopoly of the trade was considered a greater object to the nation than the lives of the inhabitants, or that the more liberal views of the government were defeated by the weakness or corruption of its agents.

EASY LESSONS IN CHESS.

IV.

ALTHOUGH the move of the King is limited to one square at a time, yet, by a peculiar privilege, which, under certain conditions, may be exercised once during the game, a compound move is allowed, whereby the King moves over two squares. This compound move is made by playing K. R. or Q. R. up to the K., and then placing the K. on the other side of the R. thus moved. This is called CASTLING, or to CASTLE THE KING, and its object is generally to secure to the royal piece a place of greater safety, as also to bring a Rook into play. Sometimes, however, a player castles in order to escape from an attack, and, in such case, he will castle on his King's side, i.e., with K. R; or, on his Queen's side, i.e., with Q. R., as may best suit his purpose.

2.

The conditions under which castling is allowed are as follow:-1. The King must not be in check. The King must not have been moved. 3. The Rook must not have been moved. 4. There must be no piece, either of your own or of your adversary, between the King and the Rook. 5. The King must not pass over, or to any square, attacked by one of your adversary's pieces or pawns.

The following diagram will serve to illustrate the important operation of c.stling.

In this position you are at liberty to castle either with your K. R., or with your Q. R. To castle with your K. R., or, on your King's side, you first play your K R. to K. B. square, and then place your K. on K. Knt. square; this completes the operation of castling. To castle on your Queen's side, or with Q. R., you first play that piece to Queen sq. and then place your K. on Q. B. sq.

Observe that, although your Q. R. is under the attack of your adversary's K. B., and although your Q. Knt sq. is commanded by his Q. B., yet you can still castle on your Queen's side, because the law which forbids the King, in castling, to pass over any square attacked by one of your adversary's pieces or pawns, is limited to the King only, and does not apply to the Rook.

You will observe that your adversary cannot castle on his King's side, because the K. B. sq., over which his King must pass, is commanded by your Q. B. and the

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