owing to the effects of the wind, and the run of water produced by the partial thaw on the surface, which was much promoted by the great absorption of heat by the earthy particles. Here and there spots were remarked of a rosy hue, or of the colour of very pale blood, whose form and extent were indeterminate, but which were most conspicuous in the furrows and hollow places. Old snow being always more or less coarsely granular in its nature, we observed that the colouring matter was contained in the intervals between the particles, and this gave to the surface when viewed near, somewhat of a veined appearance. The coloured spots descended beneath the surface of the snow to the depth of several inches, and often almost a foot; sometimes the colour was most conspicuous on the surface, but at other times it was most remarkable some inches below it. Whenever rocks or stones had occasioned little wells in the snow, the perpendicular sides of these wells were also coloured to the depth. On the whole, however, the colouring matter penetrated only to a very trifling extent into the substance of the snow, which became more and more compact in proportion to its distance from the surface.

A sufficient quantity of this coloured snow having been collected, and placed in vessels of earthenware, was at length subjected to microscopic examination. As the snow melted, the colouring matter became gradually deposited upon the sides and bottom of the vessels, under the form of a deep red powder. After two or three hours, the snow being partially melted, a portion was introduced under a microscope of the power of 300 diameters. Mr. Shuttleworth was not a little astonished to find that the colouring matter was composed of organized bodies of different forms and natures, some of which were vegetables, but by much the larger proportion, endowed with swift movements, belonged to the animal kingdom. The colour of the greater number was a bright red, approaching sometimes to a blood colour, at other times to a crimson, or a very deep brown, and red. Besides these coloured bodies, there opaque were others, either colourless, or greyish, the largest of which were of an animal nature, and so few in number, that it was suspected their presence was accidental, and the smaller, evidently vegetable, filled up all the spaces unoccupied by the others.

almost

The most striking of the bodies thus discovered, and those which, from their great numbers, and deep colour, mainly produce the red tint of the snow, were small infusoria of an oval form, whose colour was a very deep reddish brown, and which were nearly opaque. These creatures moved with astonishing rapidity, and in all directions. The majority were of a perfectly oval form; but some were pear-shaped. The former moved with an equal horizontal motion, but the latter often stopped in the middle of their course, and turned rapidly round on their pointed extremity without changing their places. In the oval bodies, one or two reddish and nearly transparent spots were observed either in the centre, or near one of the extremities: these Mr. Shuttleworth regarded as stomachs. Besides these spots, he could discover no sign of organization. This species is named by Mr. Shuttleworth Astasia nivalis.

Among these infusoria, there were a few much larger than the rest, and differing from the above in being of a beautiful blood-red colour, inclining to crimson, and to a considerable degree transparent. They were round or oval in shape, and were surrounded with a margin, or colourless membrane. In these Mr. Shuttleworth could not observe any movement, or the slightest trace of internal organization; but he has no doubt that they are likewise infusory animals, and considers them to be a species of Gyges, to which he gives the name Gyges sanguineus.

A small number of still more minute bodies were likewise found under the microscope: they were perThe infasory animals, or Infusoria, were originally so called by Muller, a Danish naturalist, from the circumstance of their swarming in all infusions of vegetable or animal substances which have been kept for a sufficient time. They are so minute as only to be discovered by means of the microscope.

fectly spherical, and of a beautiful blood-red colour, though somewhat transparent. Viewed in certain positions, they exhibited at one of their edges a small cleft or very narrow opening. Their movement was progressive, and in circles, and they turned upon their axes at the same time. There were others, perfectly spherical, of a crimson colour, slightly transparent at their edges, and surrounded with a membrane which was without colour. At one determinate point, towards the edge, the colouring mass exhibited an opening, which was transparent, and almost colourless, in the shape of a half moon, and which communicated with the membranous border. No motion was observed in these bodies, nor can it be determined with certainty to which genus to refer them.

Mr. Shuttleworth also describes the vegetable bodies which he found invariably to accompany the infusory animals, and which were distinguishable by their imperfect degree of transparency, and by the colouring matter escaping, under pressure, in the form of infinitely small granules.

The existence of this remarkable fact (says Mr. Shuttleworth), which I believe has not hitherto ever been suspected, viz., that in the red snow, there exists an infinite number of microscopic beings, which are evidently animals, and at a temperature rarely elevated more than a few degrees above the freezing-point, and often probably far below it, shows how much yet remains to be discovered in this new world, the limits of which will be extended in proportion as our microscopes become more perfect.

MERRILY and wittily said Plautus, who was one of the merry wits of his time, I would (said he,) by my will, have tale-bearers and tale-hearers punished, the one hanging by the tongue, the other by the ears, Were his will a law in force with us, many a tattling gossip would have her vowels turned to mutes, and be justly tongue-tied, that desires to his tooth she knaweth on the good name of her neighbour: be tied by the teeth at your table: wherewith Thominus many a hungry parrot whose belly is his arts-master, would cease to second his are to his lord with depraving tales called news, and make his grace after dinner the disgrace of some innocent: and most men would give them coarse entertainment, that come to entertain their ears with discourse of defamative reports. I will be silent and barren of discourse when I chance to hear a tale, rather than go with child therewith, till another's ears be my midwife, to deliver me of such a deformed monster. I may hear a tale of delight, and perhaps smile at an innocent jest; I will not jest nor joy at a tale disgracing an innocent person.

WHEN I see a gallant ship well rigged, trimmed, tackled, manned and munitioned with her top and top-gallant, and her spread sails proudly swelling with a full gale in fair weather, putting out of the haven into the smooth main, and drawing the spectators' eyes, with a well wished admiration, and shortly hear of the same ship splitted against some dangerous rock, or wrecked by some disastrous tempest, or sunk by some leak sprung in her by some accident, meseemeth I see the case of some courtfavourite, who to-day like Sejanus dazzleth all men's eyes with the splendour of his glory, and with the proud and potent beak of his powerful prosperity cutteth the waves and plougheth through the praise of the vulgar, and scorneth to fear some remora at his keel below, or any cross-winds from above; and yet to-morrow, on some storms of unexpected disfavour, springs a leak in his honour, and of displeasure is splitted and wrecked in the Charybdis of insinks on the Syrtes of disgrace, or dashed against the rocks famy, and so concludes his voyage in misery and misfortune. I will not therefore adventure with the greedy shepherd to change my sheep into a ship of adventure, on the sight of a calm sea. I will study to deserve my prince's favour, I will not desire to be a prince's favourite. If I fall whence I am, I can raise myself; but to be cast down thence, were to be though obsecure yet safe, before a greater eminency with crushed with a desperate downfall. I prefer a mediocrity, a far greater danger.

[ARTHUR WARWICK, 1637.]

-673-2.

HISTORICAL NOTICE OF THE

Celebrated Latin Grace,
NON NOBIS, DOMINE.

ANY person who has attended a public dinner in Eng-
land, or who has read an account of the proceedings on
such an occasion, must have noticed that one particular
piece of music is usually sung, immediately after the
conclusion of the dinner. This is the composition
termed "Non nobis, Domine." It is a
It is a "grace after
meat," set to music, and harmonized generally for three
voices; and is much celebrated by musicians for the
skill with which the several parts are arranged. It is

66

one of those peculiar forms of composition, called in musical language a canon :" in which the second part is a kind of imitation of cne first, and the third an imitation of the second; but the second does not commence till after the first, nor the third till after the second; and the skill of the composer is displayed in causing all the three parts to harmonize together. The ear is capable of detecting a similar melody or subject sung by all the voices, not simultaneously; and yet in such a manner as to produce harmony. Without professing to go far into the subject, we will give a few bars of the canon, as an illustration of the principle involved in these compositions :

The words are exceedingly simple, comprising nothing but the following:-"Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini Tuo da gloriam ;" which is the Latin form of the Scriptural passage:-"Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto Thy name give the praise!" The air comprises but thirty bars; yet it is one which foreigners have been desirous of claiming for one of their own composers; for this, like "God save the Queen," and the "Hundredth Psalm," is one of those tunes whose affiliation is not easily determined.

English writers on musical history pretty generally agree that William Bird, or as the name is sometimes spelt, Byrd or Byrde, was the composer of this canon; and the evidence in favour of this opinion seems to be more conclusive than that by which the claims of a foreigner are supported. Sir John Hawkins, in his History of Music, remarks:

There seems to be a dispute between us and the Italians, whether the canon "Non nobis, Domine," be of the composition of our countryman Bird or of Palestrina. That it has long been deposited in the Vatican Library, and there preserved with great care, has been confidently asserted, and is generally believed; and that the opinion of the Italian musicians, that it was composed by Palestrina, may be collected from this, that it has lately been wrought into a concerto in eight parts, and published at Amsterdam, in the name of Carlo Ricciotti, with a note that the subject of the fugue of the concerto is a canon of Palestrina: and that subject is evidently the canon above mentioned, in all its three parts.

Hawkins proceeds to express an opinion, that though it is admitted that the canon "Non nobis, Domine," does not occur among any of the works of William Bird, and also that its first publication was by John Hilton in 1652, yet that the evidence in favour of Bird is much more conclusive than that in support of Palestrina. He remarks that in such a case tradition may be allowed to have some weight; and that it is hard to conceive how a falsehood, if it be such, like this could have gained credit, and have remained undisturbed for two centuries. Dr. Pepusch, in his Treatise on Harmony, has expressly ascribed it to Bird; and most English composers seem to rest satisfied that to him and him alone the honour of the composition is due.

Dr. Burney, too, in his History of Music, published about the same time as the history by Hawkins, offers a similar opinion. He remarks, while speaking of Bird's compositions:

canons.

The canon "Non nobis, Domine," appears in none of his works published by himself or collected by others, before the year 1652; when Hilton inserted it and prefixed the name of Bird to it, in a collection of catches, rounds, and But as no claim was laid to it by, or in favour of, any other composer before or since that time, till about the middle of the present century (i.e. 1750), when it was given. to Palestrina by Carlo Ricciotti, who published in Holland, among his concertos, a fugue in eight parts, upon the same subject, there seems no doubt remaining of our countryman Bird having been the author of that pleasing and popular composition.

Burney proceeds to remark, that Zerlius, Palestrina, and many others among the old Italian composers, have made the same series of sounds, which form the burden of "Non nobis, Domine," the subject of incidental points in their compositions; but he adds, that he has never been able to discover a regular canon on the same motive or subject.

Hawkins and Burney evidently agree in believing Bird to have been the composer of "Non nobis, Domine," and we may therefore fittingly notice a few points in the career of this musician. William Bird is supposed to have been the son of Thomas Bird, who was one of the Gentlemen of Edward the Sixth's Chapel. William was at an early age one of the singing boys at this chapel. By the great number of his ecclesiastical compositions to Latin words, and the several portions of the Romish ritual which he frequently set to music and published late in life, he seems to have been long a zealous adherent to that religion. It appears probable, however, that he afterwards embraced the Protestant religion, since he filled the office of organist of Lincoln Cathedral from 1563 to 1569, and was subsequently one of the Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal.

Bird was a very voluminous composer; anthems, services, responses, psalms, sonnets, songs, fantasias, fugues, concertos, all received a portion of his attention, and most of his compositions have been highly valued by subsequent composers. He published one collection called:- Psalms, Songs, and Sonnets; some solemne, others joyful, framed to the Life of the Words, fit for Voyces or Viols, of three, four, five, or six partes." Another collection was called :-"Songs of sundrie Statures, some of Gravitie, and others of Myrth, fit for all Companies and Voyces." A third collection, called "Psalms, Sonnets, and Songs, of Sadness and Pietie," contains the following curious preface.

Reasons briefly set doune by th' Auctor, to persuade every one to learn to sing:

1st. It is a knowledge easily taught, and quickly learned, wher there is a good master and an apt scoler.

2nd. The exercise of singing is delightful to nature, and good to preserve the health of man.

3rd. It doth strengthen all parts of the breast, and doth open the pipes.

4th. It is the best means to preserve a perfect pronunciation, and to make a good orator.

5th. It is the only way to know where nature hath bestowed the benefit of a good voyce, which gift is so rare, as there is not one among a thousand that hath it; and in many that excellent gift is lost, because they want art to expresse nature.

6th. There is not any musicke of instruments whatsoever, comparable to that which is made of the voyces of men, where the voyces are good, and the same well sorted and ordered.

7th. The better the voyce is, the meeter it is to honour and serve God therewith; and the voyce of man is chiefly to be employed to that end.

Omnis Spiritus laudet Dominum. Since Singing is so good a thing, I wish all men would learn to sing. We are very much inclined to join in this latter wish; and think, moreover, that there is much sound sense in many of William Bird's "Reasons." Bird, who died in 1623, seems to have been universally respected and admired by his contemporaries, many of whom have mentioned his name in a manner highly honourable to all parties.

Assuming that Bird was the composer of the canon "Non nobis, Domine," an attempt has been made to show that the tune was composed at the express instance of the Merchant Taylors' Company, in order to be sung at a Royal entertainment given by the Company. Mr. R. Clark, in his volume relating to the National Anthem, quotes a passage from the records of this Company, in which an account is given of a dinner at the Company's Hall, on July 16, 1607, at which King James the First and his son Prince Henry were present; the persons who assisted at the musical portion of the entertainment are also named, and among them is William Byrde. Mr. Clark then gives the following quotation from Stow's Annals in relation to the entertainment:

The King, during this and the election of the new Maister and Wardens, stoode in a newe window made for that purpose; and with a gracious kingly aspect behelde all their ceremonies; and being descended into the hall to depart, his Majestie and the Prince were then again presented with like musique of voyces and instruments, and speeches, as at the first entrance. The musique consisted of 12 lutes, equally divided, 6 and 6 in a window on either side the hall, and in the ayre between them were a gallant shippe triumphant, wherein were three rare menne like saylors, being eminent for voyce and skill, who in their several songs were assisted and seconded by the cunning lutanist. There was also in the hall the musique of the city; and in the upper chamber the children of his Majestie's Chappell sang a grace at the King's table.

Mr. Clark, in a note referring to the concluding sentence above, says, "This must have been Non nobis, Domine,' as no other musical grace was at that time known; the composer also being present." As this is the only evidence adduced by Mr. Clark, in support of the opinion that this grace was composed for, and first sung in the hall of, the Merchant Taylors' Company, we do not think it is sufficient to carry conviction to the minds of others. The question, however, is after all not very important. If we can claim the tune for our William Bird, instead of allowing the honour to pass over to Palestrina, we ought certainly to be content.

No immoral man can be a true patriot, and all those who profess outrageous zeal for the liberty and prosperity of their country, and at the same time infringe her laws, affront her religion, and debauch her people, are but despicable quacks, by fraud or ignorance increasing the disorder they pretend to remedy.-Nature and Origin of Evil.

CURIOUS PROPERTY OF THE CIRCLE. ONE of the most pleasing problems in practical geometry with which we are acquainted, is that which will occupy our attention in the present paper. It was, we believe, first demonstrated by the late Dr. Hutton, the predecessor of Dr. Olinthus Gregory at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

It is

Those to whom geometry is in any degree familiar, are aware that the "quadrature of the circle," like the "perpetual motion," has been an object of anxious investigation for many ages; the difficulty (and, as has since been demonstrated, the impossibility) of solution seeming still more to increase the desire of effecting it. The squaring or quadrature of the circle, as we have taken occasion to explain in a former paper, is to determine the size of a square whose area shall be exactly equal to the area of a given circle. We have, say, a circle one foot in diameter, and we wish to know how many square inches are included in the area of the circle; we may also wish to know what is the length of the circumference of the circle, if extended in a straight line. not difficult to ascertain that this last-named length is between three and four feet; and farther calculations show, that, if we express the magnitude by integers and decimals, the length is a trifle less than 3.1416 feet. But what is the nature of this "trifle"? Can we measure it? If we could do so, we could solve the whole question. It is within our power to show that the length is more than 3.14159265358979, but less than 3.14159265358980, a difference excessively minute; and we might reduce this difference still more, but we could never annihilate it. We could, in short, never state exactly how long the circumference of a circle is; and consequently we could not determine the area, for one depends on the other.

But though we cannot " square the circle," as it is termed, nor determine exactly the length of its circumference; yet Dr. Hutton's problem enables us to effect something almost as curious, and in one respect still more so. The problem may be put in this form :-" To divide the area of a circle into any number of equal parts, such that all the parts may be equal in area, their peripheries or boundary lines respectively equal, and the periphery of any one of them equal to the circumference of the circle." Here it will be seen are three very curious properties involved; properties which at first sight may appear almost paradoxical.

Let us in the first place suppose that the circle is to be divided into three equal parts. Fig. 1 represents one

Fig. 1. .A.

D

B

of the most obvious modes of effecting the division, viz., by drawing radii from the centre D to three equidistant points in the circumference, A, B, and c. This divides the circle into three sectors, all equal in area, because the three points are equidistant. So far all is well; but when we come to consider the peripheries, we find the solution wanting in this respect-that the periphery of each part shall be equal to the circumference of the circle.

That the periphery of each part is equal to that of each of the other parts, is plain enough; but it is almost equally plain, even without the aid of geometrical

draw radii to them from the centre E; but although the areas will be equal, and the peripheries also equal, yet the periphery of no one part will be equal to the circumference of the circle.

We will, therefore, instead of effecting the division by straight lines, perform it by semicircles, combined after a manner which we proceed to explain. We will suppose, in the first instance, that the division is to be into three parts. We suppose a horizontal diameter to be drawn from A to B, fig. 3 and divided into three equal parts, Fig. 3.

respect to the whole circle, so is it likewise in the semicircle; and this will enable us to show that the waving line Ab B, as also the line A a B, is equal to the semicircumference of the circle. The straight line A a is one-third of the diameter of the circle; and the semicircle drawn on it is, therefore, one-third of the semicircle drawn on A B. In the same way the line a B being equal to two-thirds of the diameter of the circle, the semicircle drawn on it is equal to two-thirds of the larger semicircle. Then adding these together (} + } = 1) we find that the waving line A & B, formed by the junction of the smaller semicircles, is exactly equal to half the larger circle. The same reasoning exactly will apply to the other waving line AbB; whereby we come to the conclusion that each waving line is equal in length to half of the larger circumference; and that, as a necessary consequence, the three portions of the circle are bounded by equal peripheries.

Then, as to areas. The area of a circle does not depend on the diameter in precisely the same way as the circumference; all three of them increase or decrease at at the same time, but not in the same ratio. Thus, the the area increases as the square of the diameter. Concircumference increases directly as the diameter; but sequently if we have two circles, one two inches, and the other four inches, in diameter, the area of the larger one but four times, since 2 = 4. It follows that the area will not merely be twice as great as that of the other, of the semicircle on Aa is only one-fourth of that on Ab; and if we subtract the former from the latter, we have 3 as the representative of the semicircle a b diminished by Aa, or 6 to represent the centre middle section of the circle. As the whole diameter A B is three times that of A a, we have the largest semicircle equal to 39 times that of the smallest, or the whole area =18 times. Then subtracting the middle portion, whose area is equal to 6, we have 12, which gives 6 as the area of each outer portion. Thus it is shown that the areas of all three parts are equal.

If the circle be divided into 4, 5, or 6 portions, instead of 3, the same principles must be regarded in seeking for a solution, modified according to the mode of division. These three cases are represented in figs. 4, 5, and 6.

separated by the points a b. We then draw a semicircle on the line A a, and a larger one on the line A b; both above the horizontal diameter. We next draw two semicircles below the diameter, the one on the line a B, and the other on the line b B. Several obvious consequences result from this mode of division; such as that the two small semicircles are of equal size; the two larger semicircles are also of equal size; the large upper semicircle combines with the small lower semicircle to produce a continuous curved line; the small upper and the large lower semicircles combine to produce a similar result; and the area of the space A a B is exactly equal to that of the space Abв.

But besides those properties which are obvious to view, there are others which require a little explanation. The figure is seen to be divided into three parts; and we have to explain how it arises that the peripheries, as well as the areas, of these three parts are all equal. It is one of the laws of geometry, that "the circumferences of circles are as their diameters;" that is, whatever ratio the diameter of a small circle may bear to the circumference, is likewise borne by the diameter of a larger circle to the circumference. If it so happened that a circle one inch in diameter, were exactly three inches in circumference, then the circumference of a circle two inches in diameter would be exactly six inches. But such is not the case; the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is 3.1416, &c. to 1; and this holds true whatever be the size of the circle. As it is true with

ON THE EXISTENCE OF TOADS AND OTHER ANIMALS WITHIN BLOCKS OF WOOD AND STONE.

II.

In a former article, we collected a number of instances which have been from time to time recorded, of the existence of toads and other animals imbedded in masses of wood and stone; and we promised to lay before our readers an account of Dr. Buckland's experiments instituted with a view to the establishment or disproval of the fact, how far these animals can exist when excluded from the air and deprived of all means of procuring food.

While we enter our decided protest against such experiments when the subject under consideration is of trivial importance, and little calculated to affect the welfare of man; we must leave with our readers the question how far it is justifiable, to endeavour to remove the very considerable amount of superstition and false reasoning which exists on the subject, when in order to such investigation, the protracted torture and destruction of a number of these harmless reptiles follows as a necessary consequence.

In the month of November, 1825, Dr. Buckland commenced his experiments as follows:

In one large block of oolitic limestone, from the quarries at Haddington, twelve circular cells were prepared, each about one foot deep, and five inches in diameter, and having a groove or shoulder at its upper margin fitted to receive a circular plate of glass, and a circular slate to protect the glass; the margin of this double cover was closed round, and rendered impenetrable to air and water by a luting of soft clay. Twelve smaller cells, each six inches deep and five inches in diameter, were made in another block of compact siliceous sandstone, viz., the Pennant grit of the coal formation near Bristol; these cells also were covered with similar plates of glass and slate, cemented at the edge by clay. The object of the glass covers was to admit of the animals being inspected, without disturbing the clay, and thus to prevent the admission of external air or insects

into the cell. The limestone is so porous that it is easily penetrable by water, and probably also by air: the sandstone is very compact.

On the 26th of November, 1825, one live toad was placed in each of the above-mentioned twenty-four cells, and the double cover of glass and slate placed over each of them, and cemented down by the luting of clay; the weight of each toad in grains was ascertained, and noted at the time of their being placed in the cells; that of the smallest was 815 grains, and of the largest 1185 grains. The large and small animals were distributed in equal pro portions between the limestone and the sandstone cells.

These blocks of stone, were buried together in Dr. Buckland's garden, beneath three feet of earth, and remained unopened until the 10th of December, 1826, on which day they were examined. Every toad in the smaller cells of the compact sandstone was dead, and the bodies of most of them so much decayed, that they must have been dead some months. The greater number of those in the larger cells of porous limestone were alive. No. 1, whose weight when immured was 924 grains, now weighed only 698 grains. No. 5, whose weight when immured was 1185 grains, now weighed 1265 grains. The glass cover over this cell was slightly cracked, so that minute insects might have entered: none, however, were discovered in this cell; but in another cell, the glass cover to which was broken, and the animal within it dead, there was a large assemblage of minute insects, and a similar assemblage also on the outside of the glass of a third cell. In the cell No. 9 a toad, which when put in weighed 988 grains, had increased to 1116 grains, and the glass cover over it was entire; but as the luting of the cell within which this toad had increased in weight, was not particularly examined, it is probable there was some aperture in it by which small insects found admission. No. 11 had decreased from 936 to 652 grains. With the two exceptions just mentioned, the other toads which were alive appeared much emaciated. The death of every individual in the smaller cells of compact sandstone, appears to have resulted from a deficiency in the supply of air, in consequence of the smallness of the cells, and the impenetrable nature of the stone; the larger volume of air originally inclosed in the cells of the lime stone, and the porous nature of this stone itself, seems to have favoured the duration of life to the animals enclosed in them without food.

Dr. Buckland notices a defect in these experiments arising from the treatment of the twenty-four toads, before they were enclosed in the blocks of stone. They were shut up and buried on the 26th of November, but the greater number of them had been caught more than two months before that time, and had been imprisoned altogether in a cucumber frame, placed on common garden earth, where the supply of food to so many individuals was probably scanty and their confinement unnatural, so that they were in an unhealthy and somewhat meagré state at the time of their imprisonment. "We can therefore scarcely argue with certainty, from the death of all these individuals within two years, as to the duration of life, which might have been maintained, had they retired spontaneously, and fallen into the torpor of their natural hybernization in good bodily condition."

The results of these experiments amount to this:→ all the toads both large and small inclosed in sandstone, and the small toads in the limestone also, were dead at the end of thirteen months. Before the expiration of the second year all the large ones also were dead: these were examined several times during the second year, through the glass covers of the cells, but without removing them to admit air; they appeared always awake, with their eyes open, and never in a state of torpor, their meagreness increasing at each interval in which they were examined, until at length they were found dead: those two also which had gained an accession of weight at the end of the first year, and were then carefully