yclopædia Metropolitana,' 197; Partington's
'British Encyclopædia,' ib.; Knight's English
Encyclopædia,' ib. (See 'Knight.) Annuaire En-
cyclopédique,' 200; Chinese encyclopædias, 201.

D.

Dalrymple (Colonel) at the battle of the Alma, 298.
Davidson'sIntroduction to the Old Testament,'
220; his amenities, 222. See 'Colenso.'
Demetrius, the Russian Pretender, success and sui-
cide of, 238.

E.

Earthquakes, Peruvian, 13.

Ellicott's Commentary on the Epistles,' 49; charac-
ter of his notes, 51, 52.

Emperor (French), Mr. Kinglake on his personal
courage, 274.

Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert, 184; its
distinguishing feature the encyclopædia of scep-
tics, 187.

Ersch and Grüber's Encyclopædia, 192.

F.

'Female Life in Prison,' 83.

Furetière's (Abbé) Dictionary, 185.

G.

Gladstone's (Mr.) support of an anti-Church admi-
nistration, 136, 137; crusade against indirect tax-
ation, 146.

Goldsmith's project of a cyclopædia in conjunction
with Johnson, Burke, and Reynolds, 187.
Gordon's (Mrs.) 'Life of Professor Wilson,' 108;
unjust attack on Mr. Lockhart, 117.
Gothic styles, variety of, 99.
Greek styles, Aristotle's distinction of two, 56.

Testament, importance of its study, 50; nei-
ther English version nor original text infallible,
ib.; dubiousness one thing, indistinctness another,
ib.; Bentley's opinion on the various readings,
51,; what constitutes the great difficulty of
the Testament, 51, 52; question of uncial and
cursive texts, 53; extravagancies of German
commentators, ib.; importance of grammatical
details, 55; the cipoptvn éfis distinguished from
the ovvcorpаpuévn, 56, 57; style of the Greek
Testament, 57; written for persons already in-
structed in Divine truth, ib.; the Word formed
to stimulate thought and provoke inquiry, 58;
force of the Greek article, 60; cos with and
without the article ib.; υἱός, ib.; πνεῦμα, κύριος
and xparós, ib.; graphic effect of the article, 61;
Granville Sharpe's rule,' 62; precision in the
employment of pronominal inflections, 63; sig-
nification of the cases the great problem of Greek,
64; wonderful machinery of the Greek tenses, 65;
Oratio obliqua, ib.; peculiar use of the aorist
and other tenses, 66, 67; moods, 67; precision in
the use of the prepositions, ib.; illustrations, 68,
69; conjunctions and particles, 69,70; their signifi-
cations, 70; Greek inflections lost in English, 71.

H.

Harris's Lexicon Technicum, 184; his death in
poverty, 185.

Hogg's (the Ettrick Shepherd) identification of parr
and salmon, 204.

Hole (Mr.) on institutions for mechanics, 30.

I.

India, considered as a field for English capital, 148;
revolutions in the indigo trade, 150; native ma-
nia for adulterating every production, ib.; tea
plantations, 151-153; coffee planting, 153; Ben-
gal silk trade, 154; the cotton question, 154, 155;
Indian cotton good enough for 75 per cent. of the
manufactures, 155; scarcity of timber for rail-
way sleepers, 156; list of railways now open,
157; tramways, ib.; the Ganges canal, 159; irri-
gation, ib.; mineral wealth, 160; gold, ib.; iron
and coal, 161; want of fuel for iron works, and

remedios

in Australia or New Zealand, 163, 164; a British
colony in Hindostan impossible, 164; increased
value of European life in India, ib. ; effect of the
power of purchasing land in fee simple, ib.; pros-
pects of English settlers as landowners, 164, 165;
Chittagong, Sumbulpore, and the Sunderbunds,
as districts for European settlers, 166.
Indians of North and South America, contrast be-
tween, 16.

Indigo trade, revolutions in, 150.
Institutes for working men, 18; history of Mecha-
nics' Institutes, 19; no longer institutions for me-
chanics, 20; skilled workmen will not fuse with
rough labourers, ib.; adults should not be mixed
with youths in classes, 21; toleration must be
accorded to smoking, ib. ; mental calibre of work-
men overrated, ib.; abstractions unintelligible to
the uneducated, 22; remarks on the style and
delivery of lectures, ib.; causes of failure, 23;
value of anecdotes, ib.; proper subjects for lec-
tures, ib.; Working Men's Educational Union,'
ib.; suggestions for the library, 25; reading-room,
26; evening classes, ib.; examinations of the So-
ciety of Arts, ib.; village libraries and reading-
rooms, 27; Bible-class, 28; in whom the manage-
ment should be vested, ib.; causes of the decay
of such institutions, 30.

Ionian Islands, sacrifice of the, 143; England's em-
pire narrowed by their cession, 144; remarks on
cession of territory without parliamentary sanc-
tion, 144, 145.

Italian unity, impediments to, 189; resistance of
the Pope, ib.; of the Emperor, 140.

J.

Jardine (Professor), description of, 110.
Jeffrey's (F.) letters to Professor Wilson, 113-115.

K.

Kensington (South) Museum and Loan Exhibition,
91; accidental communication of vitality to the
Museum, 92; Mr. Robinson's share in its creation,
93; collections of medieval curiosities, 94; an
epitome of art history for 1500 years, 96; sum-
mary of the collections, ib.; symbols of French
and English manners of the 18th century, 98;
iron chair of Ruker, ib. ; sudden change from the
art of the middle ages to that of the Renaissance,
99; variety of styles termed Gothic, ib.; imper-
fect knowledge of the resources of medieval art,
100; description of remarkable classes and arti-
cles in the collection, 100, 101; questions as to
the practical value of the Loan Exhibition, 102;
advantages of such exhibitions, 103; effect on the
study and appreciation of artistic styles, 104;
argument for disconnecting the School and the
Collection, 105, 106; merits of the Catalogue of
the Loan Exhibition, 106; general gratification
Kinglake's Crimea,' 268; the style laboured and
afforded by it, 107.
Louis Napoleon represented as the
cause of the war, 269; fancy portrait of Lord Strat-
ford de Redcliffe, 271; history of the coup d'état,
272, 273; rancorous animosity against the Empe-
ror, 273; consequent reaction in his favour, ib.;
attack on the personal courage of the Emperor,
274; account of the massacre on the Boulevards,
274,275; exaggeration of the number killed, 275;
account of the origin of the war, 276; misstate-
ments respecting St. Arnaud, 279; Lord Raglan's
interview with the French Emperor, 280; dupli-
city ascribed to Lord Raglan, 281; dinner at
Pembroke Lodge, 282; Duke of Newcastle's des-
patch, 283; alleged removal of a buoy by the
French, 284; account of an interview between
Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud, 286; de-
scription of the battle of the Alma, 289; move-
ments of the French army, 291; attack on General

artificial, ib.;

England and France, 298; perversions of histori
eal truth corrected only in notes, ib.; text full of
blunders, 299; offensive notes, ib.; military blun-
der pervading his narratives, ib.; the history at
variance with English justice and fair play, 300.
Knight's English Cyclopædia,' 183; its biographi-
eal dictionary the most copious in the language,
197; contains many hundred biographies of the
living, 198; its great literary merits, 199; con-
tains much information not in any other cyclo-
pædia, 200; deficiencies, ib.

L.

'Lady Audley's Secret,' reviewed, 256.
Lawrence (Col.) at the battle of the Alma, 293.
'Leisure Hour,' The, recommended, 25.
Lima destroyed by an earthquake, 13; 200 survi-
vors out of 4000 inhabitants, ib.

Llama, a beast of burden, 10; importation of its
Wool, ib.

Lockhart (J. G.), Mrs. Gordon on his character, 117,
118; vindicated against her attack, 117.
Long's (Professor) article on Roman Law, in the
English Encyclopædia,' 200.

Lusk, convict establishment at, 86.

M.

Markham's Travels in Peru, 6; courage and tact in
transporting cinchona trees to India, ib.
Marlborough characterised by Wellington, 128.
Martin's (Sarab) efforts for the reformation of crimi
nals, 73.

Migne's Encyclopédie Théologique,' 196.
Miller's (General) services in Peru, 18.
Mita, or forced labour in Peru, 3.

Moore's (Sir John) despondent letter on his retreat
to Corunna, 127.

Moréri's Historical Dictionary,' 188.

N.

Napoleon characterised by Wellington, 128.
Neilgherry Hills, cultivation of cinchona on, 6.
No Name' reviewed, 158.
Novgorod, its incorporation with the Grand Duchy
of Moscow, 35.

P.

Palmerston's (Lord) management of the Reform
question, 132; the two chief points in his policy,
133; conduct towards his Radical supporters,
134; the object of his administration to find an
acceptable substitute for Reform, ib; his admi-
nistration more hostile to the Church than any
since Parliamentary government began, 137;
patronising diametrically opposite systems of
finance, 142; adroitness in playing a double part,
145, 146; summary of charges against his minis-
try. 147.

Panslavism, objects of, 46.

Partington's 'British Encyclopædia,' 197.
Peel (Sir R.) on the character of Sir Robert Wal-
pole, 126.

Peru, original extent of the appellation, 1; consti-
tution of the native empire, 1, 2; early commu-
nication with Japan or China, 2; its civilisation
more remote than the Incas, ib.; their theism
corrupted into sun-worship, ib.; administration
of Spain, 3; unprecedented consumption of life
by forced labour, 3, 4; population reduced from
ten to two millions, 4; natives forced to pur-
chase useless articles, ib.; magnificence of the
viceroys, ib.; streets paved with silver ingots, ib.;
forms of government since the revolt from Spain,
ib.; thirty revolutions in seven years, ib.; geogra-
phy of the modern republic, 5; cinchona or
quinine, 5, 6; improvident destruction of the
trees, 6; aborigines, 7; richness of vegetation,
ib.; inexhaustible supply of nitrate of soda, 8;
particulars of the exports of it, ib.; borate of
lime. 9: the guano war. 9. 10: calculation of the

hoards of gold secreted by the Indians, 12;
emeralds, ib.; earthquakes daily, 13; volcanoes,
ib.; river communication with the Atlantic, 14;
steamer to Peru, 3000 miles from the mouth of
the Amazon, 14, 15; government, 15; popula-
tion, ib.; imports of British products, ib.; symp-
toms of detachment from the papacy, 16; nume-
rical preponderance of the natives, ib.; their
character, 16 and 18; intellectual progress, 17;
anticipation of renovated nationality, ib.
Philology, Scriptural, 59.

Poland, its liberation compared to that of Italy,
233; retrospect of the partition, 235; review of
Russian and Polish history in relation to cach
other, 236; union of Lithuania with Poland, 237;
partition of Russian territory by Poland and
Sweden, 238; reign of Sobieski, 240; proposal
of partition did not come from Russia, 241; pro-
posed to Catherine by Frederick the Great, ib;
Russian resumption of Polish conquests not 'the
great crime of the age,' 242; parallel case of the
Moors and Christians in Spain, ib.; Polish reli-
gious intolerance and persecution, 243; Catherine
justified by common religion and nationality, and
ancient possession, 244; Polish anarchy, 245;
Constitution of 1791, a deathbed repentance,
246; the Poland that lost independence consisted
of 150,000 souls, 247; the Polish nobility were
the Polish nation, ib.; Magna Charta of the
Polish slave-owner, 248; degraded situation of
the peasants, ib.; fine of 15 francs for killing
one, 249; outrages on plebeian maidens, ib.;
inhuman domination of the nobles, ib.; the par-
tition a false ground of Polish complaint, ib.; &
just retribution for Polish aggression, 250; mis-
government of Poland since 1815, ib.; the deepest
brutality alone could make the independent
government regretted, ib.; duty of interposing
between Alexander II. and his oppressed sub-
jects, ib.; an independent Poland a chimera, ib.
Purus (the), a water communication between Peru
and the Atlantic, 14.

Q.
Quinine, trees producing, 6.

R.

Radicals classified into Commercial (or Cotton),
Religious, and Sentimental, 133.

Raglan's (Lord) conduct in the invasion of the
Crimea, 283; in the battle of the Alma. See
'Kinglake.'

Recommended to Mercy' reviewed, 257.
Ruker's iron chair, 98.

Rurik dynasty in Russia, extinction of, 36.
Russell's (Earl) opinion of the indispensable union
of Church and State, 136.

Russia, obscurity of its history, 32; early forms of
constitutional government, ib.; vechés or assem-
blies of the people, 32, 33; their composition
and powers, 33, 34; the Slavonic veché of a re-
presentative character, 34; final suppression of
liberty at Pskof, 35; second period of Russian
history, ib.; States-General summoned in 1550,
36; extinction of the Ruriks, ib.; decree of 1597
binding the peasants to the soil, ib.; election of
Michael Romanof by the States-General in 1613,
ib.; charter imposed on the new Tsar, 37; title
of Autocrat, 38; States-General of 1642, ib.;
reign and legislation of Alexis, 38, 39; retrospect
of the States-General of the 16th and 17th cen-
turies, 39, 40; reign of Peter I., 40; charter ac-
cepted by Anne, 41; accession of Catherine II.,
ib.; Parliament or 'Commission' of 1767, 42;
source of the glory of her reign, ib. ; new era on
the death of Nicholas, 43; state of Russia under
him. ib.; reforms by Alexander II, 44; emanci-
nation of 23 millions of nersons. ib · conditions

made, ib.; nobility divided into two sections, 46;
objects of the Panslavist party, ib.; difficult po-
sition of the nobility, ib.; the mercantile commu-
nity, 46, 47; nature of Russian political agita-
tion, 47; books translated into Russian, 48;
what form of representative government adapted
to the country, ib.; constitution suggested by
Dolgorukof, ib.; intellectual party, 49.
Russia and Poland. See 'Poland.'

S.

Salmon: a prime salmon as valuable as a South-
down sheep, 202; the salmon traced from the
egg to the table, 203; the Duke of Athole and
Mr. Young's identification of the grilse and sal-
mon, ib.; rapid growth of the fish, ib.; the
Ettrick Shepherd's identification of the parr and
salmon, 204; Stormontfield experiments, 205; as
possible to cultivate the waters as the land, ib.;
Mr. Ramsbottom's account of the impregnation
of the ova, ib.; summary of what has been
achieved at Stormontfield ponds, 206; habits of
the salmon, 207; precision in returning to its
native stream, ib.; the parr cannot live in salt
water, ib.; question of a biennial migration to
the sea, 208; piscicultural system in Ireland, ib.;
Mr. Ashworth's fisheries, ib.; state of the salmon
fisheries in the three kingdoms, 209; overfishing,
ib.; poaching a trade, 210; export of 'carrion'
to Paris, ib.; salmon once in the Thames, 211;
injury by fixed capturing engines, ib.; cause of
the diminishing weight of the fish, 211, 212;
necessity of protecting the grilse, 212; descrip-
tion of the Tay, ib.; value of its fisheries, 213,
Severn produces the finest English salmon, 214;
suggestion for stocking it, ib.; the Spey well
managed, 215; Mr. Bain on the relation between
upper and lower proprietors, ib.; results of spe-
cial legislation for the Tweed, ib.; General Sal-
mon Fisheries Act, 216; enumeration of improve-
ments by the Tweed Acts, ib.; table of the pro-
duce of the Tweed, 217, 218; fearful grilse
slaughter, 218; results of angling at Sprouston
Dub, 219; suggestions for legislation, 219,

220.

Sensation novels, a counterpart of the spasmodic
poem, 252; causes of this phenomenon in our
literature, ib.; circulating-library, periodicals,
and railway stalls, 252, 253; sensation novels
for amusement or didactic, 254; proximity and
personality necessary for the sensationist, 255;
the sub-class Bigamy-novels, 255, 256; Lady
Audley's Secret, 256; Aurora Floyd,' 257;
noble-minded and interesting sinners, 258; 'No
Name' and other novels reviewed, ib.; self-
immolation of the author of 'Nobly False,' 260;
a woman's noblest sacrifice made that of her
virtue, ib.; repulsive virtue and attractive vice,
261; the criminal variety of the newspaper
novel, ib.; holding a religious service in a gin-
palace, 262; the Old Roman Well,' a group of
blackguards of both sexes, ib. ; female fiends a
stock article, ib.; mastery of thieves' Latin, 263;
theological sensation novels, ib. ; sensation titles,
ib.; aristocratic branch of sensation literature,
ib.; hero and villain of the piece synonymous,
ib.; penny and halfpenny sensation for the mil-
lion, 264; specimens, ib.; picture of refined
love, ib; plebeian scene, 265; 'Heart of Mid-
Lothian metamorphosed, 266; Scott neglected,
267; suggestion for a retrospective library, ib.
'Sharpe's (Granville) rule' on the Greek article,
illustration of, 62.

Singing-rooms and casinos, pernicious effects of, 27.
Soda (nitrate of), vast supply in Peru, 8; preferred
to guano, ib.

Sodium universally present in the atmosphere, 9.
St. Arnaud (Marshal) Mr. Kinglake's misstatements

Tay (the), description of, 212.
Ticket-of-leave system, 72; the army of criminals
at large, ib.; 160 offences formerly punishable
by death, 73; prisoners should be sentenced to
so much labour instead of time, 74; views of
Archbishop Whately and Captain Maconochie,
ib.; objections to a purely penal colony, ib.;
substitution of penal servitude for transporta-
tion, 75; punishments deterring and incapacitat-
ing, 76; incapacitation physical and moral, ib. ;
defectiveness of the Act of 1853, 77; tickets of
leave not proofs of reformation, ib. ; conditions of
revoking them a dead letter, 78; absence of
supervision of liberated convicts, ib.; crimes
becoming more atrocious, 79; increase of the
percentage of recommittals, 80; diminution of
the number of young offenders by reformatories,
81; failure of the separate system in Penton-
ville prison, 82; huge size of prisons a radical
fault, 83; sending convicts to Bermuda and
Gibraltar pernicious, ib. ; management of women,
ib.; convict management in Ireland, 84; sug-
gestions, 90, 91. See Convict Management.'
Titicaca, the great lake, 5.
Trevoux, publication of books without official
sanction at, 186.
W.

Walpole's (Sir R.) character drawn by Sir Robert
Peel, 126.

Webster and Wilkinson's Greek Testament, 51.
Wellington's characters of Napoleon, 128; and
Marlborough, 128, 129.

Whateley's (Archbishop) opinion on secondary
punishment, 74.

Whig colours, origin of the, 129.
Wilson (Professor), faults in Mrs. Gordon's Life of,
108; the Professor's parentage, 109; passion for
angl ng, ib.; love for the origiral of Margaret
Lindsay, 110; life at Oxford, ib.; slovenly
habits, 111; pedestrian tours, ib.; allegiance to
the Lake school of poetry, ib.; anecdote of bull-
hunting, 112; marriage, 118, poetical publica-
tions, ib.; City of the Plague,' ib.; loss of
his patrimony, ib.; unemployed as an advo-
cate, ib.; letters from Jeffrey, 113-115: cha-
racteristic letter to the Ettrick Shepi..!
115; opinions on contemporary poets, 116;
connexion with Blackwood's Magazine,' 117,
intimacy with J. G. Lockhart, 117, 118; the
Chaldee MS., 119; great extent of his couti bu-
tions to Blackwood,' 120; habits of composition,
ib.; chosen professor of moral philosophy, ib.;
anecdote of his canvassing the magistrates,
ib.; description of him as a lecturer, 121;
'Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life,' ib.;
Margaret Lindsay,' ib.; the most popular man
in Scotland, 122; ascendency over his class, ib.;
brilliancy in conversation, ib.; death of Mrs.
Wilson, ib.; break-up of his health, 122, 123;
resignation of the professorship, 113; pension,
ib.; death, 124; admirable personal character,
ib.; merits as a writer, ib.
Wordsworth's poetry, Jeffrey's opinion of, 114.
Greek Testament, 49; wide range of

the notes, 51.

Y.

Young on the natural history and habits of the
salmon, 207.

ART. I.—1. Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and their Introduction into India. By Clements R. Markham, F.S.A., F.R.G.S. London, 1862.

2. Cuzco and Lima: a Visit to the Capital and Provinces of Modern Peru. By Clements M. Markham, F.R.G.S. London, 1856.

3. Travels in Peru and Mexico. By S. S. Hill, Author of Travels in Siberia,' &c. London, 1860. 4. Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches in New Granada, Equador, Peru, and Chili. By William Bollaert, F.R.G.S. London, 1860.

WHEN the Spaniards first landed upon that part of the American continent which bore the name of Peru, it comprehended the whole of that enormous territory west of the Andes, from the second degree north, to the seventh degree of south latitude, and included the valleys and table-lands lying between the great mountain-chains, with certain tracts east of the Andes, constituting the whole of that vast region now subdivided into the five States of New Granada, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chili, and Peru. It extended for 4000 miles in a straight line, and varied in breadth from 300 to 400 miles. These Republics now occupy the territory of a great native empire, and its inhabitants tread on the dust of an ancient people, whose government was in every respect the most complete contrast to their own. Immobility was its characteristic, and that attribute is stamped on all the great public structures which have survived the ravages of time; for they exhibit a cyclopean architecture as vast as that of Babylon, and

almost as solid as that of Rome. A state of turbulence constantly verging upon anarchy has been inflicted on the descendants of the men who destroyed a mighty empire which, if despotic in its form, was paternal in its aspect, and certainly made the welfare of its subjects the primary object of its care; for this great monarchy fell not from the effects of any internal corruption, but it became the prey of a gang of rogues, plunderers, and ferocious bravoes, such as probably never before or since disgraced the flag of a Christian State.

Of the different fragments into which this great political edifice was broken, modern Peru is perhaps the most interesting, if not the most important. It has long suffered, and we fear still suffers, from great misgovernment, but it abounds in the elements of wealth, and many of its most important material interests are connected with those of Eugland. We propose, therefore, to avail ourselves of the opportunity which the publication of Mr. Markham's works presents, to bring before our readers some of the principal features of a country which he has recently explored, for a purpose to which we shall hereafter refer.

The civilisation which Peru had attained when it first became known to the Spaniards is sketched by Robertson, and more minutely delineated in the attractive and popular pages of Prescott. The government may be described as a system of imperialism associated with communism. The sovereign was supreme and irresponsible; and, like the Emperor of China, he was regarded as the vicegerent, almost as an impersonation, of the Deity. A redistribution of the soil was made every year, and it was proportioned to the wants of every individual. Labour was