Persecution of Jews approved by nearly all Christians. Attitude of Constantine towards the Jews. Constantius. Theodosius I. Ambrose, 541. Theodosius II. Theodoric. Pope Gregory, 542. Innocent III. Nicholas III. Clement IV. Martin V, 543. Corneglio Jews at Arles in 449. Restrictions imposed by early Councils. Persecutions by Childebert, 545. And Chilperic. Fifth Council of Paris (615). Dagobert. Charlemagne, 546. Archbp. Amilo. Treatment of the Jews at Beziers. Persecution by the Crusaders. Remonstrance by Pope Gregory IX, 547. Massacre of Jews at Trèves, 548. Jews banished from France (1181). Louis IX burns copies of the Talmud. Emancipation Decrees of Council of Elvira. King Sisebut, 549. Protest by Bishop Isidore. Fourth Council of Toledo. King Chintila (637). Sixth Council of Toledo (638). King Recceswinth (654), 550. Seventeenth Council of Toledo (694). Kindly treatment by the Moors. The "golden age of the Jews in Spain, 551. Massacre of Jews by Moslems. Massacre by Christians at Toledo (1296). Preaching in Jewish synagogues, 552. Jewish population in Spain. A series of massacres. The preaching of Vincent Ferrer, 553. A public disputation. Establishment of the In- quisition (1480), 554. Expulsion of the Jews (1492). The Jews in Portugal. Judaism a permanent factor in Spain, 555. Testimony of Early references to Jews in England, 556. William Rufus. Accusations of ritual murders. Attitude of the friars, 557. Massacre at York. King John. Stephen Langton. Franciscans protect Jews, 558. Jews com- pelled to hear sermons. Expulsion of the Jews (1290). Invited back by Cromwell (1655), 559. A bill to naturalize Jews (1753), 560. Massacres by German Crusaders. Remonstrance by Bernard of Clairvaux, 560. Frederic II protects the Jews. Bull of Innocent IV. Council of Vienna (1267), 561. Attitude of Luther. Sabbathai, "the Messiah (1666). Spinoza, 562. Jews in Poland and Galicia. Massacre of Polish Jews in Russia, 563. Russian clergy converted to Judaism (1490). Perse- Jews in Europe, 566. London Jews' Society (1809). Results of Missions to the Jews. Notable Christian Jews, 567. Rapprochement between Jews and Christians, 568. A new religious era, 570. CHAPTER XXII CONCLUSION Superficial character of conversion of Europe. A spiritual kingdom cannot be established by material force, 571. Has Christianity been tried and failed? The re-conversion of Europe, 572. Undue haste displayed by early missionaries, 573. The establishment of the Kingdom of God in Europe, 574. LIST OF MAPS 1. ENGLAND IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY FACING PAGE 102 2. WESTERN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY 190 3. THE BALKAN PENINSULA IN THE FIFTH CENTURY 230 4. CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE FOURTH CENTURY 284 5. CENTRAL EUROPE AT THE END OF THE NINTH CENTURY 348 6. THE BALTIC PROVINCES EARLY IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 450 THE CONVERSION OF EUROPE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY in early THE study of the spread of the Christian faith through- Missions out Europe should have for us a twofold interest. times. In the first place it should help towards an intelligent appreciation of the later developments of religious life that are to be seen to-day amongst the various peoples of Europe. A knowledge of the circumstances under which the conversion of a particular race was effected will often throw light upon the subsequent evolution of its individual and national religion and may in some instances help us to interpret its subsequent history. modern results. The knowledge, for instance, that Christianity only displaced paganism in some parts of modern Prussia during the fourteenth century and that the people who were then converted, after being treated with every Their refinement of cruelty, were finally given the choice of death or conversion, may help us to understand, and should mitigate our denunciation of, the barbarities that have been committed by descendants of these converts in the course of the recent war. If the British, the French and the Italians have departed less widely than have the Prussians from the dictates of Christianity in their conduct of the war, they have had resting |