be at other points, as I had not retained a record of the original tests of these lactometers, I very carefully verified four points on each of those lactometers last night; in addition to 100 which had previously been verified. At the 104 mark, they agreed exactly; three of them were correct at 88, the fourth marked 87; at 78 two of them were correct exactly, one marked 77 and one marked 76; at 68 two were correct, one marked 67 and one marked 66; the greatest deviation being two degrees, and that at points which are unimportant, as being far away from the standard of 100.

By COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT-Q. We would like to ask the witness to produce those four lactometers? A. I have only one of them here.

Q. Are the others here, Doctor? A. I can ascertain by exami

nation.

Q. You have explained, I believe, Dr. Chandler, what you have intended by the term commercial milk, that it is a milk received here in the city of New York and offered for sale in forty-quart cans? A. I have.

Q. It is mixed milk, is it? A. It is.

Q. You have testified that when you testified in the Court of Special Sessions in the Kneib case, Mr. Wanklyn's book and the other books containing the extract were not before you; were they not in court at that time? A. I presume they were in the hands of the experts on the other side of the case and were read by them. Q. Did you make any attempt to get them into your hands? A. I have no recollection of trying to do so.

Q. Did you or did you not? A. I cannot say whether I did or not; I presume not.

Q. Were you at that time satisfied that they were correctly read? A. I had no reason to doubt it.

Q. Were you satisfied that they were or do you now remember that they were then correctly read? A. I have no reason to doubt it.

Q. What is analysis, is it not a system of testing? A. Analysis is taking things to pieces.

Q. Is it not one means of testing milk? A. Yes, it is one method.

Q. Take this table of Quevenne and look through pages 194, etc.,

and state whether it does not contain three instead of two instances of milk below 1.029? A. I find one 27 and one 28.9; yes, I see there are three, but I read the resumé on the opposite page where only two are given; it is very likely a misprint in a table as it is not in the resumé.

Q. Do you mean to say that there is nothing contained in the extracts which I read from this book, the milk analysis of Dr. Wanklyn, which refutes or is at variance with your opinion as to the lactometer as a test for showing the adulteration of milk by water? A. I do; the author speaks of the lactometer without the use of the other senses.

Q. Do you cause the milk arriving in this city to be tested and examined at the railroad stations and seized if impure?

(Objected to; objection sustained; exception.)

GEORGE C. CALDWELL, sworn and examined by Mr. Prentice, testified as follows:

Q. Dr. Caldwell, you are a chemist by profession? A. I am, sir. Q. Please state your study and experience in that profession? A. I began the study of chemistry about 20 years ago, at Harvard University, took the degree there, went to Germany, and spent a year and a half at Goettingen in the study of chemistry, and took the degree of doctor of philosophy there; went to Heidelberg in Germany, and spent another year in the study of chemistry, and since my return to this country have been engaged in teaching chemistry part of the time; a short time at Columbia College, and a short time at Antioch College in Ohio, as Professor of Chemistry, and at the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and at Cornell University, where I now am.

Q. What is your chair there? A. Professor of Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry.

Q. Have you made a special study of dairy products and of milk? A. I have made some special study of that subject.

Q. The lactometer is of the kind of instruments called hydrometer? A. It is.

Q. And there are similar instruments used for like purposes in other substances than milk? A. There are.

Q. The lactometer is for determining the specific gravity of milk? A. It is.

Q. Is there any more accurate method of determining the specific gravity of liquids than by the use of such instruments? A. Not when they are properly constructed and proper precautions are used.

Q. In your opinion is the standard 1.029, that adopted by the Board of Health, a correct and safe one? A. It is.

Q. In connection with the lactometer it is proper to use the

thermometer? A. It is.

Q. And what degree of heat should the milk be for the practical test with the lactometer? A. Any degree that is agreed upon; 60 Fahr. is the usual temperature and is the one most usually reached.

Q. If we have a sample of what is called commercial milk, milk found in the city offered for sale at a temperature of 60 Fahr., which shall show upon the lactometer a degree of say 90, what will that determine if anything? A. It will determine that some liquid lighter than normal milk had been added to it.

Q. I ask your experience what would be the adulteration? A. Water.

Q. You are acquainted with the literature on this subject generally, are you not? A. I am acquainted with some of it.

Q. What is the best opinion according to the best authorities with regard to the use of the lactometer for detecting the watering of milk?

(Objected to; objection overruled; exception.)

A. My opinion is that there is good authority for the use of the lactometer for detecting excessive watering of milk.

Q. You yourself have published papers on dairy products and on milk, have you not? A. I have, sir.

Q. And have you recommended the lactometer for use by dairymen?

(Objected to; objection sustained.) Cross-examined.

Q. Doctor, you say you have made some special study of milk from dairy products; what do you mean by that? A. I have analyzed .milk, studied its composition in that way; I have read some works on milk.

Q. How many hundreds of samples of milk have you analyzed? A. I have not analyzed any hundred, I have analyzed about a dozen samples, I do not remember how many.

Q. How recently? A. Some of them have been made within the last two years; the last was made last spring, made partly by myself and partly by an assistant under my direction.

Q. Over how many years does the making of this dozen of analyses of milk extend? A. It extends perhaps over two years.

Q. Then although you have studied chemistry for twenty years, Professor, you have only taken up the subject of milk within the past two? A. The subject of the analysis of milk I have not taken up except in the last two years; analysis by myself I mean.

Q. In all your experience in making all these analyses of milk whats the average quantity of butter that you find them to contain? A. I have not my figures with me and therefore I cannot tell.

Q. Can you estimate it? A. I should say the proportion of butter was about three and a half per cent., but I cannot tell any nearer than that, I have made no special effort to remember the results.

Q. Have you ever made tests with the lactometer? A. I have. Q. When? A. I made some tests shortly before coming here. Q. To-day do you mean? ? A. Shortly before coming to the city, within about four or five days ago.

Q. With reference to this trial? A. I made some comparative tests with this lactometer.

Q. With reference to this trial? A. I did.

Q. Then I do understand that you have especially qualified yourself to testify on this trial ?

(Objected to.)

Q. Where did you make these tests with the lactometer? A. In my laboratory in Ithaca, Cornell University.

Q. What lactometer did you use? A. I used the lactometer furnished me by the Board of Health.

not.

Q. Did you try that lactometer to test its accuracy? A. I did

Q. Then you do not know it to be accurate, do you? A. I do not, except that it was furnished me by the Board of Health.

Q. How did it come to you? A. It was given to me last winter by the President of the Board of Health.

Q. Did you use the thermometer?

A. I did.

Q. At what degree of Fahrenheit? A. The temperature was very low; I used a Centigrade thermometer, and I did not at the time convert it into Fahrenheit-7 degrees Centigrade.

Q. Did you notice any variations of the thermometer in the milk you tested? A. There were no variations during the time of the experiment.

Q. Had you tested milk with lactometers before or after that? A. I had not.

Q. Did you ever note any variations of temperature in milk when tested by lactometers? A. As that is the only time I have tested, I noticed no variations then; I have noticed no variations.

Q. In all, how many tests did you make with the lactometer? A. I made one test which included the addition of five successive portions of water.

Q. Did you note the result of your investigations? A. I did. Q. What was it? A. The milk stood at 110.

Q. That was at a temperature of 7 degrees Centigrade; what would that have been Fahrenheit; at what lactometrical degree would that milk have stood at 60 Fahrenheit? A. I do not remember.

Q. That is not a question touching your memory? A. I do not understand your question; it would not have stood at 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Q. If that same milk had been at 60 Fahrenheit, at what degree would it have stood on the lactometer? A. That I cannot tell.

Q. Cannot you convert Centigrade degrees into Fahrenheit? A. I do not remember; I cannot tell.

Q. By using the lactometer of the Board of Health you are not able to tell what the temperature of a fluid would be if you inserted the Centigrade thermometer? A. No, sir; I do not remember the formal fact of conversion, always having a table at hand.

Q. Did you test pure milk? A. I tested pure milk.

Q. How do you know it was pure milk? A. Milk that is brought to my house by the parties who always supplied it.

Q. Did you see the cow milked from which the milk proceeded? A. I did not.