Philip II., 423; obtains the reconcilia- tion of England to the Roman see, 424 ; supports the persecution of Protes- tants, ib.; resolves to put Cranmer to death, 425; deserted by her husband, 426; declares war with France, 427; death of, ib.
Mary II., birth of, 608; her hand offered to William of Orange, 609; marriage of, 613; finds fault with Danby, 646: the crown offered to, 647; receives the Scottish Crown, 652: illness and death of, 661; Greenwich Hospital founded by, 663
Mary, daughter of Henry VII., marri-
ages of, 364: her place in the succes- sion acknowledged in exclusion of her sister Margaret, 411
Mary, heiress of Burgundy, 336; marries the Archduke Maximilian, and dies, 337
Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland, her
contests with the Protestants, 432; death of, 433
Mary of Modena marries the Duke of York, 608
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, birth of,
465; taken to France and married to the Dauphin, 413; assumes the style of Queen of England, 433; returns to Scotland, 434, 435; character of, 437: marries Lord Darnley, 438: being charged with the murder of arnley, marries Bothwell, 439: imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, 440; escapes to England, ib.; is retained as a prisoner, 441; marriage with the Duke of Nor- folk, proposed for, ib.; Ridolfi's plot on behalf of, 445; trial of, 457; execu- tion of, 458
Maserfield, Oswald slain at, 48 Masham, Mrs., obtains influence over Anne, 687
Massachusetts Government Act, the, 782 Massalia, tin-trade of, 8
Massena, Marshal, invades Portugal, 867 Massey, Roman
Catholic Dean of
Christchurch, 639 Matilda, daughter of Henry I., married to the Emperor Henry V., and to Geoffrey of Anjou, 131; claims the crown, 134; fails to maintain her claim, 135
Matilda, wife of Henry I., see Eadgyth Matthias, the Emperor, resistance of the Bohemians to, 490 Maximilian I., Emperor, as Archduke, marries Mary of Burgundy, 337; marries Anne of Brittany by proxy, 348; Italian wars of, 363; death of, 369
Maximus leads an army out of Britain,
Maynooth taken by Skeffington, 402 Mazarin, Cardinal, makes an alliance with Cromwell, 572 Meanee, battle of, 950
Meaux besieged by Henry V, 306 Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands the Spanish Armada, 460; is received by Philip II. after his defeat, 462 Medway, the, the Dutch in, 593 Mehemet Ali, makes himself indepen- dent, and sends aid to the Sultan, 884; attacks the Turks, and possesses himself of Syria, 921; deprived of Syria, 922
Melbourne, Viscount, is a member of Lord Grey's Ministry, gor; becomes Prime Minister and is dismissed by the King, 912; becomes Prime Minister a second time, 913; resigns and re- sumes office, 918; final resignation of,
Melville, Lord, impeachment of, 851 Menai Suspension Bridge, the, 905 Mendoza sent out of England by Elizabeth, 456
Mercenaries employed on the Continent by Henry II., 142; temporarily brought to England, 153, 155; em- ployed by John, 182
Merchant Adventurers, the, 356 Merchant Gild, the, 169
Mercia, first settlement of, 36; com- parative smallness of, 41; unites with other districts under Penda, 46; accepts Christianity, and rejects the supremacy of North-humberland, 48: its relations with Ecgberht, 55; its relations with Alfred, 60; under Leofwine, 84; under Leofric, 85, 87; under Ælfgar and Eadwine, go
Mercians, the, distinguished from the Middle English, 36
Merciless Parliament, the, 280 Merton College, foundation of, 207 Metropolitical Visitation, the, 520 Metternich, holds it to be the duty of the great powers to suppress revolu- tions, 882
Middle English, the, first settlements of, 36
Middle Saxons a branch of the East Saxons, 35
Middlesex election, the, 775 Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Earl of, improves the finances of James I., 494; impeachment of, 500
Middlesex, Saxon settlement in, 35 Milan, struggle between Charles V. and Francis I. for, 371
Milan, the Duchy of, assigned to Charles VI., 696
Milan Decree, the, 860
Militia, the, struggle for the command of, 536; the Scots urge Charles I. to abandon, 552
Millenary Petition, the, 482
Milton writes Comus, 519: writes Areopagitica, 546; writes a sonnet on the Vaudois, 572; publishes Para- dise Lost, 596
Minden, battle of, 756
Mines, restriction of labour in, 927 Ministerial responsibility, proposal to establish, 195
Ministers excluded from the House of Commons by the Act of Settlement, 673; readmitted, 684
Minorca, taken by Stanhope, 690; assigned to England by the treaty of Utrecht, 696; re-taken by the French, 749; regained at the end of the Seven Years' War, 766; taken by the Spaniards, 795; ceded by England to Spain, 798
Mirebeau, Eleanor besieged in, 174 Mise of Amiens, the, 200
Missolonghi, sieges of, 884; death of Byron at, 888
Mohammedanism, origin and spread of, 54
Molynes, Lord, ill-treats John Paston,
Monasticism, character of early, 39;
converts made in England by, 40; character of Irish, 47; Eenedictine, 128 Monk, see Albemarle, Duke of Monks contrasted with Friars, 191 Monmouth, Duke of, proposed as beir to the crown, 618; defeats the Cove- nanters at Bothwell Bridge, 620; re- fuses to take part in acts of violence, 624 implicated in a Whig plot, 625; rebellion and execution of, 637 Monopolies, the, Elizabeth recalls some of, 478; attacked by Parliament in the reign of James I., 494; revocation of, 495; Act of, 500
Monro, Major-General Robert, holds Carrickfergus, 541
Montague, Charles, one of the Whig Junto, 659; restores the currency, 664 ; resigns office, 670
Montague, Chief Justice, becomes Lord Treasurer, 494
Montague, Lord, made Earl of North- humberland, 331 is deprived of the earldom, 333 turns against Edward IV., and is killed at Barnet, 332 Montague, Ralph, accuses Danby, 616 Montague, Richard, impeached, 511; made a bishop, 512
Montenegro, enlargement of, 969 Montfort, de, see Simon de Montfort Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, his campaign in the Highlands, 547, 549; execution of, 563
Moore, Sir John, killed at Corunna, 864
More, Sir Thomas, writes Utopia, 367; in favour with Henry VIII., 368; is Speaker of the House of Commons, 371 becomes Chancellor, 387; his displeasure with the Protestants, 388; resigns the chancellorship, ib. ; is sent to the Tower, 392; execution of, 394 Morkere ecomes Earl of North-humber- land, 90; is present at Eadgar's elec tion, 98; submits to William, 102; is banished, 103
Morley, Bishop, sermons of, 548 Mornington, Lord, Governor-General of
India, 838; becomes Marquis Welles- ley, 859; see Wellesley, Marquis Mortimer, Edmund, see March, Earl of Mortimer, Roger, paramour of Queen
Isabella, 229; governs in the name of Edward III., 231; is hanged, 232 Mortimer, Sir Edmund, imprisoned by Glendower, 293
Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 328 Mortmain, Statute of, 212
Morton, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, after- wards Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury, gives advice to Bucking- ham, 341, 342; his 'fork,' 349 Moscow, burning of, 870
Mount Badon, British victory at, 28 Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, con- quers Ireland, 478
Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, court-martial on, 528
Mowbray, Robert of, rebellion of, 120 Muir, sentenced to transportation, 828 Municipal Corporations Act, 913, 914 Munster, attempt to colonise, 475 Münster, the Bishop of, overruns two Dutch provinces, 591
Murray, desires to become Chief Justice, 747; becomes Chief Justice as Lord Mansfield, 749
Murray, Earl of, is driven into England, 438; returns to Scotland, 439; becomes Regent, 440; produces the Casket let- ters, ib.; assassinated, 441
Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore, 836 Mutiny Act, the, 650
Mysore, Hyder Ali in, 804; Tippoo succeeds his father in, 805
NAMUR, surrender of, 663
Nana Sahib, grievances of, 952; his conduct at Cawnpore, 953 Nantwich, battle of, 542 Napier, Sir Charles, Admiral, takes Acre, 922
Napier, Sir Charles, General, conquers Sindh, 950
Naples, assigned to Charles VI., 696; ceded to the son of Philip V., 725 Joseph Bonaparte, king of, 856; revo lution suppressed by Austria in, 882 Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, his
plan for the invasion of England, 851; offers Hanover alternately to England and Prussia, 855; defeats the Prussians at Jena, 857; makes peace with Russia at Tilsit, 858; his designs against Spain, 862; places Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne, 863; invades Spain, 864; fights at Aspern and Wagram, 865 countries annexed by, 868; invades Russia, 869, 870; defeat and abdication of, 871; returns to France and fights at Waterloo, 874; dies at St. Helena, 875 Napoleon III., Emperor, becomes
Emperor, 939; attempt to murder, 955; goes to war for the liberation of Italy, 956; annexes Savoy and Nice, 957; fall of, 964 Naseby, battle of, 548 Natal, colonisation of, 969 Navarino, battle of, 893
Navarre conquered by Ferdinand of Aragon, 364
Navarrete, battle of, 255
Navigation Act, the, passing of, 565; re enactment of, 589; repeal of, 936 Navy, Alfred's, 60; the English, defeats the Spanish Armada, 460-464; equipped by means of ship-money, 523; desertion of
part of, to the Prince of Wales, 557; Blake in command of, 565; its contests with the Dutch, 591; deterioration in the discipline of, 605
Nelson, his exploits at the battle of St. Vincent, 835 defeats the French at the battle of the Nile, 838; defeats the Danes at the battle of Copenhagen, 845; pursues the French fleet to the West Indies, 853; killed at Trafalgar,
854 Neolithic man, 3 Netherlands, the, inherited by Philip
II., 426; Alva's government of, 443: beginning of the Dutch Republic in, 449 division into two parts, 450; see Netherlands, the Spanish, and Dutch Republic
Netherlands, the Austrian, occupied by
the French, 825: ceded to France, 837 Netherlands, the Spanish, Alexander of Parma in, 450; assigned to Charles VI., 696; see Netherlands, the
New Model Army, see Army, the New Model
New Orleans, the British repulsed at, 873 New South Wales, progress of, 968 New York, named after the Duke of York, 589; secured to England, 593; occupied by Howe, 784
New Zealand, progress of colonisation in. 968
Newark, death of John at, 185; sur- renders to the Scots, 551 Newburn, rout of, 529
Newbury, first battle of, 539; second battle of, 544
Newcastle, Charles I. at, 551 Newcastle, Duke of, character of, 732; succeeds his brother as first Lord of the Treasury, 746; his inefficiency in providing for hostilities with France, 748; resigns, 749; coalesces with Fitt, 751; resignation of, 766 Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl, afterwards Marquis of, commands a Royalist army in Yorkshire, and de- feats the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor, 518; is created Marquis, and be sieges Hull, 542; besieged in York, ib.; defeated at Marston Moor, 543 Newcastle-on-Tyne, foundation of, 120 Newfoundland, retained by England, 695; refuses to join the Dominion of Canada, 967
Newgate, burning of, 792
Newman, a leader of the Oxford move. ment, 940
Newport (Monmouthshire), Chartist riot
Newport, the treaty of, 557
Newton, Sir Isaac, 632; assists in restoring the currency, 664 Nicholas, the Tzar, comes to an agree ment with England on the liberation of Greece, 884; proposes to partition the Turkish dominions, 943; goes to war with the Sultan, 944; war declared by England and France against, ib. ; death of, 947
Nigel, Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of Henry I., Stephen's attack on, 134; is re-appointed Treasurer, 140
Nightingale, Miss Florence, nurses the sick from the Crimea, 947
Nile, the battle of, 838
Nithsdale, Earl of, escapes from prison,
No Addresses, vote of, 555
Nonjurors, the, 652
Non-resistance Bill, the, 611 Nore, the, mutiny at, 836
Norfolk, origin of the name of, 28 Norfolk, Duke of, banished by Richard II., 283
Norfolk, Earl of, see Bigod, Roger Norfolk, resistance to the Amicable Loan in, 372; Ket's rebellion in, 415 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of, defeats the Scots, as Earl of Surrey, at Flodden, 364; opposes Wolsey, 383:
charges Cromwell with treason, 401; wastes the Scottish Borders, 405; con- demned to death, 411
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, sent to the Tower, 441; is liberated and proposes to marry Mary Stuart, 444; arrested, 445; executed, 446 Norham, award of the crown of Scotland at, 216
Norman Conquest, the, 96-103
Normandy, early dukes of, 80; institu- tions of, 81; its condition under Robert, 118; pledged to William II., 121; recovered by Robert, 124; con- quered by Henry I., 125; conquered by Geoffrey, 136; Henry, Duke of, 137; conquered by Philip II., 174, 176; invaded by Edward III., 240; con- quered by Henry V.,303; re-conquered by the French, 320
Normans favoured by Eadward, 87; their style of architecture, 89 Norris, Sir John, joins Drake in sacking Corunna, 464
North Briton, the, 769
North Foreland, battle off, 591 North, Lord, becomes Prime Minister, 776; takes advantage of the division of opinion between Burke and Chat- ham, 777; feels strongly against the conduct of the Americans, 778; ob- tains the repeal of all the American duties except that on tea, 779; resolves to put down resistance in Boston, 780; tries to conciliate the Americans, 783; offers to resign office, 787; resignation of, 795; coalesces with Fox, 800; opposes Pitt's motion for Parliamen- tary reform, 801; passes the Regu lating Act, 832
Northampton, Archbishop
called to account at, 145; battle of, 326 Northern confederacy, the, 844 North-humberland, component parts of, 36 united by Ethelric, 41; divided by Penda, and re-united under Oswald, 47; is again divided, but re-united under Oswiu, 48; its relations with Ecgberht, 55 overrun by the Danes, 58; Danish kingdom in, 62, 63; is amalgamated with England, 64; its condition under Cnut, 84; Siward 84, 87 Northmen, their attacks on England, 56; religion of, 57; see Danes Northumberland invaded by Malcolm Canmore, 119; given to Henry, son of David I., 133; recovered by Henry II., 140 Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, as Earl of Warwick, overpowers Ket's rebellion, 416; leads the govern- ment after Somerset's fall, ib.; be- comes Duke of Northumberland, 418; supports Lady Jane Grey, 420; execution of, 421
Northumberland, the Earl of, assists
Henry IV., 284; quarrels with Henry
IV., 293; imprisoned and pardoned, 294; defeated and slain, 296 Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Earl of, takes part in the rising of the North, 441
Norwich, establishment of the see of, 107 Nottingham, Anglian settlement at, 36; seizure of Mortimer at, 232; Charles I. sets up his standard at, 537 Nottingham, Earl of, opposes Richard II., 279. is made Duke of Norfolk and banished, 283; dismissed through the influence of Marlborough, 681; coalesces with the Whigs, 695 Nova Scotia, assigned to England, 696; abandonment of the French claim to, 765; joins the Dominion of Canada, 967 Nuncomar, execution of, 803 Nymwegen, peace of, 615
OATES, TITUS, tells the story of the Popish Plot, 615
O'Brien, Smith, heads a rising in Ireland, 935
Occasional Conformity Bill, failure of the Tories to pass, 680; defeat of an attempt to tack it to a land-tax bill, 682; passed, 695; repealed, 710
O'Connell, Daniel, demands Catholic emancipation, 895; refused a seat in the House of Commons, 896; asks for a repeal of the Union, 910; combines with the Whigs to overthrow Peel, 913; drops for a time his demand for repeal of the Union, 916: shrinks from a conflict with Peel, and dies, 928 O'Connor, Feargus, leads the Chartists,
924; summons a meeting on Kenning-. ton Common, 935
Oda, Archbishop, advocates the celi- bacy of the clergy, 65; separates Eadwig and Ælfgifu, 67
Odo oppresses the English, 102; is banished by William II., 115 O'Donnell, Rory, flight of, 484
Offa, king of the Mercians, defeats the West Saxons at Bensington, 53; his dyke, 54
Olaf Trygvasson, 79, 80
Oldcastle, Sir John, burnt as a Lollard,
Old Sarum, earthworks of Sorbiodunum at, 24
Olive Branch petition, the, 783 O'Neill, Hugh, defeats Bagenal at the Blackwater, 475; submission of, 478; flight of, 484
O'Neill, Shan, defeat of, 452
Orange River Free State, the founda- tion of, 968
Ordainers, the Lords, 226
Ordeal, system of, 32; continued by Henry II., 146
Orders in Council, the, 860; repeal of, 872 Ordovices, the, resist the Romans, 14 Orford, Earl of, attacked by the Com- mons, 670 resigns office, ib.; see Kussell, Admiral
Orleans, siege of, 309
Orleans, Duke of (the Regent), is on friendly terms with England, 707; guarantees the Hanoverian succes- sion, 708
Orleans, Duke of, Charles, captured at Agincourt, 303; ransomed, 315 Orleans, Duke of, Louis, makes an alli- ance with Glendower, 295; murdered, 296 Orleans, Henrietta, Duchess of, negoti- ates the Treaty of Dover, 600 Ormond, Earl of, supports the Lancas- trians, 346
Ormond, second Duke of, commands in Flanders, 696; escapes to France, 705 Ormond, Thomas Butler, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 542; abandons Ireland to Parliament, 562; returns to Ireland, ib. Osric governs Deira, 48
Ostorius Scapula arrives in Britain, 13; conquests of, 14
Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, 68 Oswald, King of North-humberland, his greatness and piety, 47; is slain at Maserfield, 48
Oswini, his relations with Aidan, 48; is murdered, ib.
Oswiu unites North-humberland, 48; defeats Penda, ib. ; decides for Wilfrid against Colman, 50
Otho, Cardinal, legate of Gregory IX.,
Otto I., Emperor, 63
Otto IV., Emperor, supports John, 179; defeated at Bouvines, 181
Oude, Hastings seeks its alliance against
the Mahrattas, 802; annexation of, 951 Oudenarde, battle of, 690
Outram, Sir James, waives his rank in Havelock's favour, 954 Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned, 488 Over-lordship, character of, 38 Oxford, growth of the University of, 167; the so-called Mad Parliament meets at, 198; thronged with scholars, 207; study of Greek in the University of, 367; Parliament adjourned to, 502; headquarters of Charles I. at, 537; Parliament held at, during the Plague, 590; the third Short Parliament meets at, 621; Roman Catholic propaganda of James II. in, 639 Oxford, Earl of, quarrels with Boling- broke, 699; dismissed, 700; peached and imprisoned, 704, 705; see Harley, Sir Robert
Oxford, Earl of (Robert de Vere), made Duke of Ireland, 278; see Ireland, Duke of
PAINTING, mainly in the hands of foreigners, during the Stuart period, 631 Paleolithic man, I
Palatinate, the, Spinola's invasion of,
490; Imperialist invasion of, 496; loss of, 497; failure of the negotiation to induce the king of Spain to obtain the restitution of, 500; attempt to send Mansfeld to recover, 50r
Palmerston, Viscount, Foreign Secre- tary in Lord Grey's ministry, 891; supports the independence of Belgium, 912; maintains an alliance with France, 913; Spanish policy of, 920; interferes in Syria, 922; dismissed, 938; saves the Derby ministry from defeat, 939; is a member of the Aber- deen ministry, 945; becomes Prime Minister, 947; the elections (after his entering on a war with China) in favour of, 955; defeated on the Con- spiracy to Murder Bill, and resigns, 956; becomes Prime Minister a second time, ib.; death of, 960
Pandulf receives John's submission, 180 Papacy, influence of, in the time of Gregory I., 39; strength of, in the eleventh century, 88; its position in the time of Gregory VII., 107; in the time of Innocent III., 178; Babylonian captivity of, 257 England relieved of tribute to, 258; great schism of, 266; immorality of, 375; legislation against the payment of annates and Peter's pence to, 388, 390
Papal jurisdiction in England, abolition of, 389, 391
Paradise Lost, publication of, 596 Paris, the capital of Hugh Capet's duchy, 80; rising against the Ar- magnacs in, 304; Henry VI. crowned at, 312; lost to the English, 313; sub. mits to Henry IV., 464
Paris, Peace of, at the end of the Seven Years' War, 766; at the end of the American War, 798
Parker, Matthew, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 429; character and position of, 430
Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, a secret Roman Catholic, 639; intrusive President of Magdalen College, 641 Parliament (see Great Council, the),germ of representation in, 180; first use of the name of, 15; scheme of administra- tive reform proposed in, ib.; knights of the shire elected to, 196; relations between the clergy and the barons, 197; insists on the Provisions of Ox- ford, 197; representatives of towns admitted by Earl Simon to, 201; growth of, under Edward I., 215, 218; Scottish representatives in, 222; ac- knowledgment of the legislative power of the Commons in, 228; finally se parated into two Houses, 244 opposi tion to the clergy in, 259; Richard II. invites complaints in, 280; relations of Henry VIII. with, 385; relations of Elizabeth with, 444; the Addled, 486; the Short, 528; the Long, 529; forma- tion of parties in, 532; struggles with
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