have been completed for an itinerary to cover the next six months. It will go first to Berkeley, where it will be used in several of the summer school courses of instructions. It will then go to San Diego, to be similarly used by the State Normal Schools. Its subsequent movements will be published later.

The State Board of Health has two objects in view in publishing the Bulletin.

First, to distribute in an accessible and accurate form the statistical data gathered every month relative to births, marriages, and deaths; Second, to add to these facts such explanatory comments and articles as may serve to make the statistics more readable.

In addition to these it is occasionally possible to print such excellent special articles as the recent one on the Association for the Study and prevention of Syphilis and Gonorrhoea.

The Secretary will greatly appreciate any suggestions concerning ways and means of making the Bulletin of the widest use to the citizens of California.

DEPARTMENT OF VITAL STATISTICS.

GEORGE D. LESLIE, STATISTICIAN.

TUBERCULOSIS IN CALIFORNIA CITIES.

Tuberculosis as a cause of death is more prevalent in the cities than in the rural districts of California; for in the twenty-four cities having freeholders' charters no less than 15.0 per cent of the deaths in 1908 were from tuberculosis, as compared with 14.1 per cent for all the rest of the State, an excess of 0.9 in the per cent for cities. The exact figures are given in the following table:

Number and Per Cent of Deaths from Tuberculosis, for Cities and Rest of State: 1908.

The average per cent for cities as a class is based upon widely different per cents for the individual cities, as appears from the table which follows:

Number and Per Cent of Deaths from Tuberculosis, for Cities in Decreasing Order: 1908.

Eight cities show per cents above the average of 15.0, as follows: Pasadena, 30.3; San Bernardino, 26.3; Riverside, 21.1; Los Angeles, 18.7; San Diego, 17.8; Watsonville, 17.5; Fresno, 16.7; and Stockton, 16.6.

Eleven cities have less than the average number of deaths from tuberculosis, but show more than one tenth of all deaths to be due to this cause. In decreasing order, they are as follows: San Jose, San Francisco, Salinas, Eureka, Santa Barbara, Sacramento, Oakland, Santa Rosa, Berkeley, Napa, and Santa Cruz.

The length of residence is necessarily an important factor in considering the prevalence of tuberculosis in California. The facts are presented in detail in the following table:

Deaths from Tuberculosis Classified by Length of Residence in California, with Per Cents, for Individual Cities and Rest of State: 1908.

Total: 1908.....

⚫Per cents affected by smallness of base (less than 25).
+ Large per cent unknown, due to incompleteness of original certificates.

Several of the cities of Southern California show a large per cent of deaths among residents who have been in California less than a year. To this group belong 25.6 per cent of the tuberculosis deaths in Riverside; 24.8 per cent in Pasadena; 20.8 per cent in San Diego; 17.4 per cent in San Bernardino; and 13.3 per cent in Los Angeles. In the whole twentyfour chartered cities 8.7 per cent of all deaths from tuberculosis occurred among citizens of less than one year's residence.

Moreover, 22.4 per cent of the deaths from tuberculosis occurring in these twenty-four cities were among citizens who had been in the State from one to nine years. It is an interesting deduction from the preceding table that 77.0 per cent of the deaths from tuberculosis in Pasadena in 1908 occurred among residents who had been in California less than ten years. Similarly, the following per cents hold for other cities:

Riverside, 69.8; San Diego, 57.6; San Bernardino, 55.1; and Los Angeles, 44.7.

The per cent of deaths from tuberculosis among native Californians is as follows for fourteen of the chartered cities reporting at least 25 deaths each:

It should be noted in connection with this table that the relatively low per cent of deaths among native Californians in the cities (of Southern California) showing the highest proportion of deaths from tuberculosis. is more apparent than real. Comparatively few native Californians die from tuberculosis or from any other disease in these cities of Southern California, where the great bulk of the inhabitants was born in other states.

VITAL STATISTICS FOR JUNE.

Marriages. The marriages reported for June number 2,511, and, for an estimated State population of 2,037,929, represent an annual rate of 15.0, against 10.1 for May. The June weddings in 1908 totaled only 2,251; in 1907, 2,366; and in 1906, 2,342.

The monthly totals were highest for the following counties: Los Angeles, 563; San Francisco, 444; Alameda, 281; Sacramento and Santa Clara, each 93; Orange, 90; Marin, 82; San Diego, 76; Fresno, 74; San Bernardino, 60; and San Joaquin, 59.

The aggregate for San Francisco and the other bay counties (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, and San Mateo) was 858.

Births. For June there were reported 2,517 living births, representing an annual birth-rate of 15.0, as compared with 14.4 for the preceding month. The total for the corresponding month last year was 2,387.

The totals were highest for the following counties: San Francisco, 594; Los Angeles, 535; Alameda, 356; Santa Clara, 96; Fresno, 75; Sacramento, 70; and Riverside, 67.

Altogether, 1,562 births were registered in the twenty-five freeholders' charter cities, the leading cities being as follows: San Francisco, 594; Los Angeles, 332; Oakland, 173; Berkeley, 99; Sacramento, 39; Alameda, 38; San Jose, 35; Pasadena, 31; Fresno, 30; Long Beach, 29; San Diego, 28; and Riverside, 25.

The aggregate for San Francisco and the transbay cities (Alameda, Berkeley, and Oakland) was 904, and for San Francisco and the other bay counties was 1,013. Similarly, the total for Los Angeles and neighboring chartered cities (Long Beach, Pasadena, and Santa Monica) was 398, and for the entire county was 535.

Deaths. Altogether 2,536 deaths, exclusive of stillbirths, were reported for June, the annual death-rate being 15.1, against 14.9 for the month before. The total for the corresponding month last year was 2,508.

The death totals were highest for the following counties: Los Angeles, 527; San Francisco, 478; Alameda, 266; Santa Clara, 101; Sacramento, 91; San Joaquin, 81; San Bernardino, 76; Fresno, 66; San Diego, 59; and Napa, 52.

There were altogether 1,371 deaths in the twenty-five freeholders' charter cities, the highest totals being as follows: San Francisco, 478; Los Angeles, 328; Oakland, 146; San Diego, 49; Sacramento, 42; Pasadena, 31; Berkeley, 30; San Jose, 28; Stockton, 27; and Riverside, 26.

The aggregate for the urban district (San Francisco and the transbay cities) was 676, and for the enitre metropolitan area (San Francisco and the other bay counties) was 809. Similarly, the total for Los Angeles and neighboring chartered cities was 384, and for the whole county was 527.

Causes of Death.-In June there were 377 deaths, or 14.9 per cent of all, from diseases of the circulatory system, and 349, or 13.8 per cent, from various forms of tuberculosis, heart disease thus leading tuberculosis as in May.

Other notable causes of death in June were violence, 317; diseases of the digestive system, 282; diseases of the nervous system, 229; diseases of the respiratory system, 181; cancer, 166; Bright's disease and nephiritis, 140; and epidemic diseases, 119.

Typhoid fever, as usual, led among epidemic diseases with 32 deaths, against 30 for whooping-cough, 16 for diphtheria and croup, 11 each for measles and scarlet fever, and 19 for all other epidemic diseases. Further particulars appear in the following table:

Deaths from Certain Principal Causes, with Proportion per 1,000 Total Deaths for Current and Preceding Month, for California: June.