I subjoin several translations of the words found in Matt. xxvi. wine, which luckily the castle-guard permitted to be carried into 17: "In the first days of therf loaves."-Wiclif, 1880. "The fyrst daye of swete breed."-Tyndale, 1534. "The fyrst daye of swete breed.”—Cranmer, 1539. "On the fyrst day of the feast of vnleuened bread."-Geneva, 1557. "The first day of the Azymes."-Rheims, 1582. "The first day of the feast of unleavened bread."-Authorised, 1611. The a privative is found also in asbestos (a, not; and shennumai, I burn) literally unburnable. Asbestos is a species of fossil stone which may be split into threads and filaments from one inch to ten inches in length, very fine, brittle, yet somewhat tractable, silky, and of a greyish colour: also endued with the property of remaining unconsumed in fire. This stone is said to be found in Anglesey and in Aberdeenshire. Out of it the ancients made the cloth which is known under the same designation. By enveloping the body in a covering of asbestos, the ancients, in burning corpses, kept the ashes of the corpse separate from the ashes of the fuel, and so had the former for preservation in funereal urns. EXERCISES FOR PARSING. his apartment untasted and unexamined. On opening them in private, the duke found that they contained Malvoisie, and, what was of more importance, a strong rope and a waxen roll inclosing an anonymous letter, urging him to lose no time in attempting to escape, as the king's minions had determined he should die ere the morrow's sunset; and the billet ended by an assurance that the boats of the French vessel should await him at the shore of Leith. The first point to be gained was to lull the suspicions of the captain of the guard, for which purpose the duke invited him to supper, and by pressing him and three of his soldiers to drink freely of the Malvoisie, succeeded in partially intoxicating them. After gaming and drinking until the hour grew late, Albany found the moment for action had come! Rushing upon the captain, he snatched a then, quick as thought, he despatched the intoxicated soldiers in long dagger from his baldrich, and buried it repeatedly in his breast; the same manner, and, in token of his hostility and contempt (with the assistance of his chamber-chield), he savagely threw the bodies on the great fire that blazed in the stone fire-place of the tower; and there in their armour they broiled and sweltered like tortoises in iron shells. Having secured the keys of the doors, they locked them as they retired, and stealthily hurried to the wall, which they prepared to descend at the most retired part. The chamber-chield feet in height, but the cord proving too short, it slipped suddenly through his hands, he fell to the bottom, and there lay senseless. We may imagine how the heart of the blood-stained Albany must have beat at this terrible crisis! Every moment was fraught with danger, and his death or life were hanging by a hair. Rushing back to his apartment in the tower, he tore the sheets from his bed, twisted them into a rope, lengthened the cord, looped it around an embrasure, and, lowering himself over the rampart, and the rugged rocks it overlooked, reached the bottom in safety. There he found bis attendant stretched on the ground, with his thigh-bone broken. Unwilling to leave behind him, to the mercy of his enemies, one who had been so faithful, Albany, with a sentiment of gratitude which seems almost incompatible with his previous ferocity, lif ed him on his shoulders, and, being a man of gigantic stature and uncommon strength, carried him thus with ease to Leith, where they embarked without delay; and, setting sail before the rising sun brightened the German sea, cast anchor under the towers of A pedagogue is a term of Greek origin equivalent to our school-lowered himself first over the beetling crag, which is two hundred master. Pedagogue is a word which is now used contemptuously. In an oligarchy the interests of a few predominate. In a democracy the interests of the many prevail. The real and the apparent interests of men are sometimes very different. A polemical spirit is undesirable. Polemical writings are occasionally required. The character of the apostle Paul is very noble. Apostolical virtues are rare. The apostles received their mission immediately from Christ. Without enthusiasm the best of causes cannot be carried forward. Enthusiasm is in danger of degenerating into fanaticism. EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION, Words with their Prepositions to be formed into sentences. F. R. Ballot for, Fr. ballotte, a little ball Fr. bannir, to banish Report the following anecdote : Sax. bare, naked Fr. barguigner, to hesitate, choffer Dunbar, the patrimonial castle of Albany. During the whole night Sax. beoran, to carry Fr. guiller, to conceal Gr. glauben, to believe Gr. belangen, to belong to Sax. bereafian, to take away from Sax. bestandan, to give Fr. trahir, to betray Sax. trcoth, fidelity Sax. bigan, to bow, to worship Sax. bindan, to surround with cord Fr. blamer, to blame Sax. blosen, to be red Welsh, bostio, to brag Fr. border, to edge ESCAPE OF THE DUKE OF ALBANY. King James III., of Scotland, after his marriage with Margaret, Princess of Denmark, having disgusted his proud nobility by patronising and receiving into favour many persons of inferior rank, deep and dangerous intrigues were formed against him. By these minions and upstart counsellors he was speedily made aware that his brothers-Alexander, Duke of Albany, and John, Earl of Marwere forming conspiracies against him, and that the former aimed at nothing less than wresting the sceptre from his hand, a fact which has since been proved by authentic documents. In 1482, Albany was committed to the Castle of Edinburgh, where he was kep a close prisoner by those who knew that his accession to power would assuredly be their destruction. He had not been long in durance until he formed and matured a plan of escape, which, with desperate courage, he executed in the following manner. Terrified by the mysterious fate of Mar, and aware that his day of trial was approaching, some of Albany's numerous friends in France or Scotland, contrived means to acquaint him that a small vessel, laden with Gascon wine, lay in the roadstead of Leith, by which he might escape if he made an effort. The tower in which he was confined was probably David's, for we are informed that it "arose from the northern verge of the rock on which the castle is founded, where the height of the precipice seemed to bar all possibility of escape." He had but one attendant (styled his chamber-chield) left to wait upon him, and to this trusty follower alone he revealed his intention. From the French vessel he received two small rumlets or barrels of nothing was known of his escape; but daylight revealed the rope and twisted sheets hanging over the northern ramp ris; there was immediately given an alarm, which the dreadful stench in David's tower must have increased. His flight was discovered, and the half-consumed corpses were found in the fire-place of his chamber. Enraged and confounded, James III. refused to credit the intelligence until he had examined the place in person.- Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh, p. 52-55, LESSONS IN GEOLOGY.-No. XXIII. By THOMAS W. JENKYN, D.D., F.G.S., &c. CHAPTER II. ON THE ACTION OF WATER ON THE EATRH'S CRUST. SECTION VII. ON THE DISINTEGRATING POWER OF FALLING WATER. THE abrading power of running water has been already explained and instanced in the slow erosions of the Simeto, in Sicily, and in the magnificent excavations of Niagara. In the mechanical action of a stream, then, there are modifications and accessions of power, for the consideration of which we had no space in our last lesson. The design of the last lesson was to illustrate the abrading power of water in gliding along the surface and against the sides of a rock. It showed that the mechanical power of rivers to abrade rocks is greatly increased by its motion, its weight, its rapidity, and by the attrition of the gravel, and the pebbles, or logs of wood, which the current bears along with it. All these aqueous powers are multiplied when a river falls perpendicularly in cascades and cataracts. The destructive power of a waterfall will, of course, be according to the weight of the volume of water that falls, and according to the depth to which it falls. You are aware that whatever be the weight of a volume of water at the ledge over which the cataract dashes, that weight is multiplied by every foot and inch that it falls. The knowledge of this modification of aqueous action is useful, not only to understand the excavation of river gorges, and the progressive recession of the falls of a stream, but also to account for columnar masses of rocks which are found as a series of pillars running across the bed of a river, and for the pepetual deepening of the narrow ravine or cleuch in which the waterfall is found. Fancy yourself placed in the position of either of the observers represented in the picture. You see that the cavernous gallery is formed in the shape of a crescent on a ledge of rock overhanging an awful abyss. You stand behind the cataract, where you see nothing but the descending sheet of water, which, to all appearance, seems to fall from the sky. In the illustration of the abrading power of the Falls of Niagara, it was mentioned that the ledge of limestone over which that river falls is perpetually undermined by the decay and crumbling of the shales which underlie it. This gallery behind the cascade of the Giessbach will give you a good idea of the cavern that is formed behind the Falls of Niagara, into which some adventurous travellers have the courage or the rashness to enter. This gallery behind the Giessbach furnishes you with a good apartment for studying, geologically, the Fig 51. Your conception of the form of a cataract will be rendered more distinct and vivid by the aid of fig. 51, which represents the cataract of the Giessbach, one of the most beautiful and picturesque in Switzerland. The calm water before and beneath you is the Lake of Brientz, so called from the village that you see at the extremity of the lake. Imagine yourself to be coming westward from Brientz in that skiff which you see on the lake. As you approach the south-eastern shore, you have a full view of the river Giessbach, tumbling, dashing, and foaming into the lake. You land, and climb to an overhanging ledge whence you look up to the successive heights that peer towards the Faulhorn, and see five or six sheets of silver foam one above the other, and all rushing with terrific impetuosity towards you. One of these falls is sixty feet deep, and another one hundred. This series of cascades has altogether a fall of two thousand feet, a depth equal to half the height of Snowdon or Ben Nevis. You climb, again, to a rude bridge thrown across the tremendous chasm, and here, as you look upward, the torrent rages as if to overwhelm you; and if you look downward, you see it raging in foams into depths you know not where. You ascend yet higher up a zig-zag path on the acclivity, and you come to a crescent-shaped gallery, or cavern, which has been hollowed out in the rock by the chemical action of the spray, and by the mechanical force of the gusts of wind which drive the spray against the sides. abrading action of the stream on the roof over you, and the disintegrating force of the cataract at the bottom of the abyss below. If a geologist finds "books in the running brooks," he has illuminated editions of them in cataracts and cascades, which illustrate many phenomena of great interest. Your own country, especially Wales and Scotland, supply you with many scenes for studying the phenomena of a river leaping from ledge to ledge, and rushing from basin to basin scooped in the rock. At Devil's-bridge, near Aberystwyth, South Wales. the torrent Mynach has a series of four successive and concatenated cascades from ledge to ledge. The first is where the river is much confined by rocks. Here it is propelled with a velocity that drives it six feet beyond the ledge over which it falls, and at the depth of eighteen feet, sinks into a basin apparently falls, and then escape in fissures which they have either per unfathomable, from which it escapes and immediately forated through the rocks or abraded on their surface-and also plunges sixty feet, and in the course of a few yards another the manner in which large boulders of stone and heavy logs of twenty feet. It here forms another basin amidst prodigious wood increase the disintegrating power of the stream-is well rocks, and then in one unbroken torrent it falls one hundred exhibited in the illustration, fig. 52, representing a waterfall and ten feet. The cascades, altogether, fall two hundred and under the celebrated bridge of Cauterets, so terrible to travelten feet. lers in the Pyrenees. In many instances, where a waterfall has scooped out a deep basin for its waters, the agitated stream in that basin abrades the sides of it perpetually, and, in the line of the direction of the current, or where it meets with a softer portion of the rock, it excavates the rock until it has perforated through it an aperture which lets the struggling waters escape to a lower level. Through the perpetual activity of the water in eroding the lower surface and the sides of this aperture, an arch is formed After a careful observation of the various geological phenomena represented in this engraving, imagine what must be the effect of such a series of cascades when they occur in an immense body of water such as a first-rate American river. If the North American river Niagara furnishes the most stupendous example of a perpendicular cataract, it is probable that vast river the Orinoco, in the north part of South America, presents the most magnificent specimen of cascades known in the Fig. 52. over the cascade. The combination of the chemical and me- world. So majestic is this river, that when Columbus approached chanical powers of the spray wears away the upper part of the it, he thought that it was one of the famous rivers that flowed arch so completely as that only the sides remain, either as walls from the Garden of Eden. Where this river enters the sea on the north coast of South or in many instances as pillars. This is the case at Pistyll Rhaiadr, in North Wales, the highest cataract in the Princi-America, its current between the continent and the island of pality. The entire fall is two hundred and forty feet. For Trinidad is so powerful and violent, that ships, with all sails about one hundred and seventy feet the stream flows down set and with a favourable breeze, can scarcely make way the perpendicular sides of the slate rock. It then meets a against it. Here detached cliffs rise above the foaming flood projecting ledge. After forming a basin in this ledge, it like so many towers. These cliffs must once have been conperforates an outlet through the rock, from which the torrent tinuous, and have formed one high mass of rock, over whose plunges another seventy feet. This perforated rock now forms height this mighty stream must have flowed and dashed before an arch over the lower cascade. they were severed by the force of the current. There are now visible geological proofs that at that epoch the island of Trinidad was united to the coast. The manner in which cataracts fall upon projecting ledges, wear away fragments of the rock, form deep basins under their Il ne s'y connait point du tout. High up its course, near San Fernando, are the celebrated | J'ai reconnu ma mère à la voix, waterfalls of Atures and Maypures, commonly called by geo- A quoi vous connaissez-vous? graphers the "the cataracts of the Orinoco." In this district Je me connais en marchandises. the river bed is everywhere hemried in by colossal masses of Je ne m'y connais pas. rock. Ledges of rock also run across the stupendous river, so as apparently to divide its bed into enormous separate reservoirs. Near the village of Maypures the foaming flood now runs at the foot of a mountain, but on both sides of it there are clear indications that, at a former age, even in historical time, its bed was thirty feet above its present level. The cascades of the Orinoco, at Maypures,' are not, like those of Niagara, formed by the single precipitous descent of a vast mass of water, nor are they of the character of narrow passes or rapids through which a river runs with accelerated impetuosity. These falls of the Orinoco consist of a countless number of small cascades, succeeding each other from ledge to ledge like steps, for the distance of four miles. Some of these steps are only two or three feet high, and others are much higher, averaging nine or ten feet. At the commencement of the cascades, this large river has contracted itself into the breadth of nearly two miles, and in the course of the falls, this mass of water is narrowed into a bed of twenty feet wide. From a point at the lowest cascade, when you look upward in a southerly direction, the river presents a scene of unequalled wonder. You see nothing but one foaming surface for four miles. A perpetual mist hovers above the tremendous flood, and when the sun shines in the evening its rays are refracted in the exhalation, by means of which coloured bows glitter, vanish, and re-appear, and the ethereal image is swayed hither and thither by every sportive breeze. The noise produced by the struggling, rushing, dashing, and foaming of such a magnificent river, over such a series of ledges, and through such narrow gorges, is overwhelming. The result will be in the course of ages that the mighty stream will either wear these ledges into one inclined plane, and thus form a rapid four miles in length; or, perhaps, abrade these rocks backward, and thus form a huge cataract. Je m'y connais aussi bien que lui. Artisan, m. mechanic. Chevelure, f. head of hair. Cheveux, m. p. hair. I recognised my mother by her voice. I am a judge of goods. I am not a judge of it (of them). He is not the least judge of it (of them). He is a better judge of it (of them) than I. I am as good a judge of it (of them) as he. turer. Grain, m. grain, Forgeron, m. blacksmith. Poésie, f. poetry. Gestes, m. p. gestures. Gracieux, se, graceful. Tout, quite. 1. Ne reconnaissez-vous point votre amie? 2. Je la recon nais à sa chevelure blonde. 3. A quoi reconnaissez-vous cette demoiselle 4. Je la reconnais à sa démarche gracieuse. 5. N'auriez-vous point connu votre ami à la voix? 6. Je l'y aurais reconnu. 7. A l'œuvre on connait l'artisan (LA FONTAINE). 8. Ne le reconnaîtrez-vous point à ces marques? 9. Je l'y reconnaîtrai. 10. Cet orfèvre ne se connait-il point à cela? 11. Il ne s'y connait point du tout. 12. Vous y connaissez-vous aussi bien que le forgeron? 13. Je m'y connais tout aussi bien que lui. 14. Ne vous connaissez-vous point en poésie? 15. Je ne m'y connais guère. 16. Le fabricant se connait-il aussi bien en étoffes qu'en grain? 17. Il se connait beaucoup mieux à celles là qu'à celui-ci. 18, Ne connaissezvous pas ce monsieur à ses gestes véhéments? 19, Je le connais ses cheveux bouclés. 20. Ne vous êtes-vous pas fait connaître (told your name) 21. Je me suis fait connaître. 22. Ne nous ferons-nous pas connaître? 23. Vous vous ferez connaitre, 24. Ils se feront connaître par leurs vertus (they will make themselves known). EXERCISE 172. 1. Do you not know that man? 2. Yes, Sir; Iknow him by his large (grand) hat. 3. By what do you recognise me? 4. I recognise you by your walk. 5. Do you recognise my friend by his gestures? 6. No, Sir; I recognise him by his black coat. 7. Do you know him well? 8. I know him by sight, but I have never spoken to him. 9. Are you a judge of iron? will you know your book? 12. I shall know it by those marks. 10. No, Sir; the blacksmith is a judge of iron. 11. By what 13. Have you not known your friend by her voice? 14. No, Madam; I knew her by her light hair. 15. Hare you told your name? 16. I have not told my name. 17. Did you know your sister's friend by her curled hair? 18. I knew her by it. 19. Is the merchant a good judge of cloth? 20. He is a better judge than I. 21. Is he a better judge of it than the manufacturer? 22. He is quite as good a judge as he. 23. Is not the goldsmith as good a judge of precious stones as you? 24. He is a better judge of them than I. 25. Of what are you a judge? 26. I am a judge of nothing. 27. Are not your sisters good 1. The nominative pronouns je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles, must be repeated, when the first verb of the sentence is negative, and the second affirmative, when the verbs are in different tenses, and when the different prepositions are connected by conjunctions other than et, ou, ni, mais [§ 99, 2] :— Il ne lit pas; il écrit. He does not read; he writes. She will not come; she is gone. 2. The pronouns of the third person are often omitted before the second verb in cases not coming within the above rule. The other nominative pronouns are also, sometimes, omitted. We should, however, not advise the student to omit the latter pronouns. It is always correct to repeat the nominative pro-judges of poetry? 28. They are not the least judges of it. Elle ne viendra pas; elle est partie. nouns. 3. The student will bear in mind, that the objective pronouns must always be repeated. 4. Connaître è answers to the English expression, to know by: 29. Do you not know that young lady by her dress (robe)? 30. I know her by her graceful carriage. 31. Have they made themselves known? 32. They have made themselves known by their merit (mérite). 33. Is not the workman known by his work 34. The workman is known by his work. 35. He is a judge of it. SECTION LXXXVII. Lit, m. bed. Malgré, in spite of. He is, to my thinking, the best child in the world. EXERCISE 173. Men-er, 1. to take, to lead. Nou-er, 1.to tie, to fasten. Oblig-er, 1. to oblige. Offre, f. offer. Recommand-er, 1. to recommend. Secret, m. secret. Silence, m. silence. Suite, f. consequence. Vol-er 1. to fly. 1. Savez-vous mauvais gré à votre oncle de ce qu'il a dit? 2. Je ne lui en sais aucun mauvais gré (VOLTAIRE). 3. Ne me sauriez-vous pas bon gré si je vous menais avec moi? 4. Je vous en saurais le meilleur gré du monde. 5. Ne leur savezvous pas bon gié d'avoir gardé ce secret? 6. Je leur sais bon gré de l'avoir gardé. 7. Ne leur avez-vous pas recommandé de garder le silence? 8. Je leur ai recommandé de le garder. 9. Če malade garde-t-il encore le lit ? 10. Il ne garde plus le lit, mais il est encore obligé de garder la chambre. 11. Votre chevelure est-elle bien nouée? 12. Non, Monsieur, elle vole au gré du vent. 13. Garderez-vous votre domestique? Je le garderai, il fait tout à mon gré. 15. Quelques offres qu'on lui fasse, il ne veut pas me quitter? 16. Quelque bonnes que soient ces dames, elles ne sont pas à mon gré. 17. Quelles que soient les suites de cette affaire, je vous sais bon gré de vos intentions? 18. Toute belle qu'elle est, elle n'est pas à mon gré. 18. L'avez-vous fait malgré vous? 20. Non, Monsieur; je l'ai fait de bon gré. 21. Bon gré, mal gré, il patira. 22. Me garderez vous le secret? 23. Je vous le garderai. 24. Il change d'opinion au gré des événements. EXERCISE 174. 14. 1. Will he marry against his father's consent? 2. He will not marry against his parent's consent. 3. Why are you displeased with me? 4. I am not displeased with you. 5. Is your little girl's hair tied? 6. It is not tied; it waves (flotte) with the wind. 7. What do you think of my book? 8. It is, in my opinion, the best book that I have read [Sect. 73, 3, 4]; 9. Will you not be displeased with me, if I do not come to-day? 10. I shall not be displeased with you. 11. Will you not read that letter? 12. However well written it may be, I will not read it. 13. Are those ladies handsome? 14. However handsome and good they may be, they do not strike my fancy. 15. Are you displeased with my brother? 16. No, Sir, I am thankful to him for his intentions, whatever may be the consequences of his conduct. 17. Will you keep this secret (for me) 18. I will keep it willingly. 19. Does your sister keep her bed willingly? 20. She does not keep her room willingly. 21. Willingly or not, she must keep ner room when she is sick? 22. Will you keep silent on this point? 23. I will willingly. 24. I am thankful to you for your good intentions. 25. Are you thankful to him for this (de cela)? 26. I am thankful to him for it. 27. Will the judge keep his servant? 28. He will keep him. 29. Does he do his work to his fancy? 30. He does it to his fancy. 31. Is your brother obliged to keep in the house? 32. He is obliged to keep his bed. 33. Has he not left his room? 34. He has not yet left his room; he is too sick to leave it. 35. I should be under the greatest obligations in the world to you, if you would do this. SECTION LXXXVIII. 1. Servir [2. ir. ] is used in French in the sense of the English expression to help to :Que vous servirai-je ? Vous servirai-je de la soupe? Vous n'avez pas servi monsieur. To what shall I help you? 2. Je vous remercie, I thank you, said in answer to an offer, is in French always a refusal. This phrase is never employed like the English expression, I thank you for (this or that), to signify a request. The French make use of other forms: Oserai-je vous prier de Oserai-je vous demander vous prie de Je vous prierai de Oserai je vous demander une aile I will thank you for a wing of that de cette volaille, un morceau de fowl, a slice of that roast meat. ce rôti ? 3. S'il vous plait, corresponds Je to the English, if you please. The verb is used unipersonally in that sentence and in the following: Comme il vous plaira. Il ne me plait pas d'y aller. Que vous plait-il ? As you please. It does not suit or please me to go there. What would you please to have! 4. Au plaisir de vous revoir, au revoir, adieu, jusqu'au revoir, mean till I have the pleasure of seeing you again, till 1 see you again, &c. 1. Monsieur, qu'aurai-je le plaisir de vous servir? 2. Je vous demanderai une tranche de ce jambon. 3. Je vous prie de servir ces messieurs. 4. Oserai-je vous demander un morceau de ce bouilli? 5. Vous offrirai-je une tranche de ce rôti? 6. Je vous rends grâce, Monsieur; j'en ai suffisamment. 7. Mademoiselle, aurai-je l'honneur de vous servir une aîle de cette perdrix? 8. Je vous remercie, Monsieur; je prendrai de préférence un de ces ortolans. 9. Monsieur, vous enverrai-je de la soupe? 10. Madame, je vous prie de servir mademoiselle. 11. Je vous en demanderai après. 12. Jean, présentez cette cotellette à monsieur. 13. Ces légumes sont délicieux. 14. Monsieur, je suis bien aise que vous les trouviez bons. 15. Monsieur, ne voulez-vous pas vous asseoir? 16. Mille remerciments, Monsieur, mon père m'attend à la maison. 17. Ne leur avez-vous pas souhaité le bonjour ? 18. Je leur ai souhaité le bon soir. 19. Leur avez-vous dit adieu? 20, J'ai dit adieu à mon frère. 21. J'ai pris congé d'eux. 22. Les avezvous priés d'entrer? 23. Je les en ai priés. 24. Messieurs, on a servi. 25. Ayez complaisance de vous mettre ici. la EXERCISE 176 1. Madam, to what shall I help you? 2. I will trouble you for a slice of that ham. 3. Shall I send you a wing of the fowl? 4. No, Sir, I thank you. 5. I thank you, Sir (s'il vous plait, Monsieur). 6. Sir, shall I have the pleasure of helping you to a slice of this ham? 7. I thank you, Sir, I would prefer a slice of the partridge. 8. Shall I offer you a little of this boiled meat! |