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line. Again, the number 75 is contained 1 time in the preceding | quantity of water that will have the greatest velocity will be divisor, and the remainder was 30, therefore 15 is contained 5 times that represented by the volume a, and that the rapidity of multiplied by 1 time, that is, 5 times in 75 and 2 times in 30, that the current will be decreased towards the sides and at the is, 7 times in all; therefore 105 contains 15 exactly 7 times. bottom, as may be denoted by the layers of water zx, yy, Reasoning in the same way, it can easily be proved that 15 is con- and z z. Geological observers know that this diminution of tained in 180 exactly 12 times; in 285, exactly 19 times; and in velocity at the bottom and towards the sides is a fact; but they 485, exactly 31 times. But 285 and 485 are the two terms of the frac- do not profess to know the laws of the decrease. Even after tion; therefore 19 and 31 are the two quotients which arise from they have correctly ascertained the velocity of a current in the dividing these terms by the greatest common divisor 15; and conse- middle, the depth of the water, the distance of the centre from quently 19 and 31 are the lowest terms of the fraction, that is, the the sides, and the shape of the river bed, they do not know the fraction reduced to its lowest terms is : amount of friction that ought, accordingly, to be found at the bottom and sides. What I have stated is sufficient to show the fact that there is always more friction at the sides and the bottom than in the centre of the stream.

EXERCISES.

Reduce the following fractions to their lowest terms, by one or other of the three rules, or by the abridged process, as may be found most convenient. The student who is anxious to become a good arithmetician, will try all the methods in working these exercises, and thus be enabled to form a judgment for himself as to which is the best in each case.

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LESSONS IN GEOLOGY.-No. XXIV.

By THOMAS W. JENKYN, D.D., F.G.S., &c.
CHAPTER II.

ON THE ACTION OF WATER ON THE EARTH'S CRUST.
SECTION VIII.

ON THE TRANSPORTING POWER OF RIVERS AND FLOODS.

THE materials, which running water loosens from the surface and the sides of rocks against which it rubs, are called by geologists detritus, because that the mass has been rubbed off and borne away from the rocks of which it once formed a part. The amount of this transporting power of rivers depends on several circumstances, such as the volume of water, the quantity and the size of the solid matter held in suspension, and the velocity or rapidity with which the current moves. It has been satisfactorily ascertained that the velocity of a river-current is greatest in the middle, and least on the bottom and at the sides though the greatest amount of rapidity is in the middle of a stream, yet we are equally certain that the velocity at the bottom is, across the whole breadth of the river, less than in any part of the waters above it; and that it is greater along the whole width of the surface than at any part of the volume below.

The reason of this difference in the velocity of a stream is, that there is more resistance and friction at the sides and on the bottom, than in the centre of the water. This is represented to your eye in fig. 51. Fig. 51.

Section of a River course representing Ideal Layers of Water.
On a sight of this diagram, you will easily perceive that the

The power of a river to remove a body is much modified by the form which the body or fragment presents to the current. The mechanical force of a stream finds a stone or a piece of rock, always at first of an angular shape, a shape which presents the greatest resistance to running water. It is obvious that the velocity of a river must first be great enough to move these angular stones, before it can wear them down and give them a rounded shape by friction with other pebbles, in the river-bed. When such fragments of rock have been rounded by being rolled onward in the current, these stones part with their smaller particles, which go to form gravel or sand, which the moving water takes up, holds in suspension, transports to a lower level, and there deposits it as a sediment.

If the rocky fragment thus rolled onward be a piece of sandstone that will easily decompose, or perhaps a conglomerate slightly aggregated, its removal or transport will be easy. But if the stone be compact, such as granite or crystalline limestone and its mass be of an angular shape, the transportation will be more difficult. When the river is sufficiently rapid to rub powerfully against any substance that has either been torn up by its force, or that has fallen into its current, then such fragments, in proportion as their corners and angles are worn away by friction, become more easy of transport; and they would, if their course be unobstructed, be carried eventually to the sea.

You are aware that the velocity of a river depends greatly on the inclination or declivity of its channel; and that the river's transporting power is regulated by the amount and by the length of such a descent. In no case is this inclination of a river-bed uniform. A river, generally, after descending a rapid declivity on a mountain side, comes into a flat and level district. The detritus which it had the power to transport down this declivity, it soon deposits on this plain. It has no power to carry them far into the plain, because its force has been diminished in proportion to the loss of its velocity.

After a river has flowed quietly through a plain, it comes again to another rapid descent, and again acquires by its velocity an increased power of transport. In this second descent, the river cannot affect the pebbles which it left behind at the upper end of the plain, unless a powerful flood, or, as the Americans call it, a freshet, takes them and rolls them on till they come within the reach of the river's new velocity.

Rivers which run in mountainous districts on maritime coasts, as for instance in North Wales and Scotland, have their courses so short and rapid, that they carry down their pebbles and gravel at once into the neighbouring sea. In the same manner, it is found that the torrents which run down the south-western declivities of the Alps, rushing over steep and uninterrupted slopes, transport large blocks into the Mediterranean. On the contrary, where the courses of rivers are long, like those of the Rhine or the Danube, and especially of the American rivers, where their current is slow, they deposit their pebbles at the spot where their velocity diminishes, and transport to the sea, or perhaps to the next lake, only the sand or the mud which they take up in their subsequent course. The diagram, fig. 52, will help you to understand the respective velocities and forces of rivers as they flow along slopes, or through plains. If you increase the number of these declivities and flats, according to the length of any river, you can form some good conjecture of its transporting power, and be able to account for its pebbles, gravel, or silt, as it enters a lake or the sea.

The transporting power of running water has been carefully observed and calculated by geological observers.

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Imagine that the surface rock over which a river flows is clay. The power of the river to tear away a bed of clay will depend upon the velocity of the stream. If it runs at the rate of three inches a second at the bottom of the bed, it will just begin to tear away a clay of the consistency of that which Fig. 52.

The Slopes of a River-bed in different parts of its course. is used for pottery. However compact and tenacious it may be, the stream moving at that rate will tear it up. What makes this remarkable is the fact that, when a river does not move faster than three inches a second, no bottom is more permanent than a clay one. The reason seems to be this: as the stream in its passage removes the impalpable particles of clay on the surface at the bottom, the sand which the water holds in suspension sticks to the new bottom, and now protects it from the action of the stream. This settled sand continues this protection until a flood shall bring down coarser gravel and heavier pebbles, which, in their headlong course, wear off both the sandy crust and the surface clay.

Take another case, and suppose that the bed of a river is sandy. If the stream moves at the rate of six inches a second, it will disturb and lift up the sand at the bottom. If its rate be eight inches a second, it will remove grains of sand of the size of linseed. At the rate of twelve, it will remove fine gravel; and at twenty-four, it will roll pebbles of an inch in diameter. Still, an angular stone of the size of an egg the river will not disturb, unless it run at the rate of thirty-six

inches a second.

You are, perhaps, not aware that a flooded torrent, in many instances, runs at a rate far greater than thirty-six inches, or a yard, a second. When, some years ago, a lake in Switzerland burst its barrier, the water moved for some distance with the terrific velocity of thirty-three feet, that is nearly four hundred inches, a second. This is approaching the speed of a train on the railway. The rapidity of the torrent gradually decreased to eighteen feet, and then to eleven a second; but even at the entrance of the water into the Lake of Geneva, it rushed at the rate of seventy-two inches a second.

Try now to estimate the transporting power of this terrible flood. The entire descent from the barrier of the lake down to the Lake of Geneva was more than four thousand feet-that is, greater than the height, of Ben-Nevis or Snowdon. The distance from lake to lake was forty-five miles, and over this distance the water ran in five hours and a half. The water, in its course found enormous masses of rock, which had been long and firmly buried in an ancient alluvial soil-masses of the dimensions of a good-sized house. These large, heavy, and fixed blocks the water tore up, and carried a quarter of a mile down the valley.

Whenever a remarkable flood takes place in a river, everybody is astonished at the ease with which a stream dislodges and removes large and ponderous masses. In estimating the weight of masses in the open air, they forget the comparative lightness or buoyancy of such materials when they are submerged in a fluid denser than air. Such masses, however large, are much more easily moved in water than in air. This is in consequence of a law in hydrostatics, that a solid body fully immersed in water, weighs as much less than it does in the air as is the weight of the water which its body displaces. It is well known that there are many rocks which, in their composition, are not more than twice that of water in specific gravity, and which are very rarely more than three times. Accordingly, when masses of rock are covered with water they lose

some a third, and some half, of what is called their weight. If, therefore, you consider the velocity of a rapid current, and the loss of gravity in the masses which are submerged in the water of a torrent, it will be easy to account for the large quantities of gravel, sand, and mud, which are carried daily into the sea, and also for the large boulders and heavy pieces of rock which are found in rounded fragments at a considerable distance from their native beds.

This transporting power of rivers is a great benefit to our earth and its inhabitants. If rivers had not this power, their channels would be annually choked up by floods, and the valleys in the lower part of their course, as well as the plains at the base of mountains, would be strewn all over with rocky fragments, which would render the most fertile land a sterile wilderness. This evil is prevented by a general law of running water, a law which strikes every observer with surprise. It is found that two equal streams, when united in one bed, do not, as you might expect, occupy a channel of double surface. By this I mean, that when two rivers unite in one, the surface area of the fluid mass is far less than that which was previously occupied by the two separate streams. In this case, the collective waters, instead of spreading their area, contract themselves into a mass which is greater in height than it is in breadth. This increases the power of floods to remove rocky fragments from the surface of the land.

This remarkable law in hydrostatics prevents rivers from occupying so large a space as they otherwise would in the soils of the earth. It is found, as I intimated, that two large rivers after their junction have only the surface which one of them had before. Indeed, there are instances in which their united waters are confined in a bed narrower than either of them had filled before they were united. By this means, streams that drain a land occupy less room as they approach the sea. Condeltas and fertile plains, are prevented from being constantly sequently, the most valuable part of our soils, such as rich under water, and thus are preserved for the use and benefit of man.

phenomenon that must often have struck you. You have ere The knowledge of this law helps you to account for a river now seen that a river when flowing through a low level is sometimes more rapid even when the slope of its bed has been much diminished. In trying to reason out this fact, you find that the wider the stream was, it was necessarily the shallower, and that consequently its current was the more retarded by friction against both the sides and the bottom. But now the deeper it is, the smaller is the proportion of its waters that can be affected by the bottom and the sides. The consequence is, that the river is enabled to force its way onward with fewer obstructions, and to remove those materials that have been swept down into it from the upland districts.

of the enormous size and the amazing weight of masses which I will conclude this lesson by giving you a few illustrations running water can move and bear along to great distances.

At Vermont, in the United States of America, a lake burst in 1810. The waters rushed with great violence, and, at the distance of seventeen miles below, they moved a mass of rock which was estimated at the weight of one hundred tons, and carried it to the distance of several rods.

In 1827, a great flood took place in the Cheviot Hills, in Northumberland. A small mountain torrent called the College became exceedingly swollen with rains. Its waters brought down several thousand tons weight of gravel and sand to the plain of the Till. At the time of the flood a bridge was in progress of building, some of the massive stones of which weighed half a ton, and others three-quarters of a ton, but these heavy stones were carried two miles down the stream. At another point the brook bore away a large block of greenstone porphyry, weighing nearly two tons, and deposited it at the distance of a quarter of a mile below.

In 1829, terrible and destructive floods took place in the northeastern district of the Highlands of Scotland. The water carried away a great number of farm-houses, and thirty-eight bridges. The river Nairn took up a mass of sandstone one foot thick, three feet wide, and fourteen feet long, and carried it to the distance of two hundred yards. At Ballater there is a bridge over the river Dee, built of massive granite, and consisting of five arches. This flood took away mass after mass, till the whole

[graphic]

masonry disappeared, and the immense blocks were afterwards found in the bed of the river at a considerable distance below. On the same occasion, the river Don rushed against a collection of stones between four and five hundred tons in weight altogether, and many of these stones were about two hundred or three hundred pounds weight each. These stones were not borne downward in the bed of the river, but were forced up an inclined plane, rising six feet in eight or ten yar is, carried over the idg, and then wre left on a flat ground that laid beyond the declivity of the other side.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XXXI.
SECTION LXI.

Als, when it follows the comparative, is translated by "than." Ex.: Die Eiche ist höher als die Buche; the oak is higher than the beech.

Sometimes, instead of a single word, als is made to refer to a whole clause introduced by daß; as, Gr bettelt lieber, als daß r arbeitet; he begs rather than work; (literally sooner, or more readily than that he works.)

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1. Ein geistiger Genuß ist dauernder als ein sinnlicher. 2. Der Hab, 3. Je höher man in die süchtige erlangt nie so viel als er haben will. ebern Regionen gelangt, desto kälter wird es. 4. Je mehr ihn die cine

A18, following the negatives fein, nichts, &c., is best trans-Partei haßte, desto mehr liebte ihn die andere. 5. Je höher Napoleon .ated by "but" (except), though the succeeding word may stand stieg, testo ehrgeiziger wurte er. 6. Der nahe Fluß gewährt den benachs in the nominative. Ex.: Niemand als du kann ihn überwinden; barten Bewohnern viele Vortheile. 7. Den wievielsten Theils Ihres Ver no one, but thee, can overcome him. The same is also true of mögens haben Sie verloren? 8 Ich habe mehr als die Hälfte verloren. interrogative sentences when the like negatives are implied in the answer. Ex.: Was hat er sonst als einen leeren Titel; What 9. Den wievielsten reisen Sie von hier ab? 10. Dieine Abreise ist auf has he (else) but an empty title? In other positions, a 18 often den zwölften dieses Monats festgesezt. 11. Den wievielsten wird Ihr answers to our "as." Ex.: Ich erkenne keinen Menschen als meinen Herr Bruder hieher kommen? 12. Ich erwartete ihn schon vor (Sect. Herrn; I acknowledge no human being as my master. Ich betrachte 32. I.) trei Tagen. 13. Vor einem Jahre war ich noch in Deutschland. ihn als einen Freund; I regard him as a friend. Er verlangt es 14. In Weimar hatten vor wenigen Jahren die gelehrtesten und geschic. als ein Recht; he demands it as a right. Er sieht aus als ob er frank ware; he looks as though he were sick. Als er tiefes testen Männer ihre Wohnung. 15. Das Eisen ist nüplicher, als Gold Zeichen sah, fiel er zu Boren; as (when) he saw this sign, he fell und Silber, obgleich der Werth des Goldes und Silbers größer ist. 16. to the ground. Die ganze Wenge war nur einer Ansicht. 17. Vian sprach von nichts, als von ter Zukunft. 18. Ich schrieb meinem Freunde nur wenige Werte 19. Um die ganze Start herunt lagerten nichts, als grausame Seinte. 20. Nur Gewalt konnte hier wirken. 21. Obschon er nichts als Mühe und Arbeit hat, so (Sect. 44. IV.) ift er doch immer heiteren Gemüthes, 22. Wir sahen nichts als Wasser um uns herum. 23. Ich habe nichtt als mein Leben, und daß muß ich dem Könige geben. 24. Wenn der Mensch auch nichts als ein ruhiges Gewissen besißt, so ist er dennoch glücklich

I. Wie also, often signifies "as." Ex.: 3 ist heute wie gestern; it is to day as yesterday. Er handelt wie ein rechtschaff ner Mann handeln muß; he acts as an upright maa must act. Wie answers also to our word "like. Ex.: Es glänzt wie Gold; it glitters like gold. Er beträgt sich wie ein Wahnsinniger; he behaves himself like a maniar. Socrates blühte als Jung, ling, wie eine Rose, lehete als Mann, wie ein Engel und starb als Greis, wie ein Verbrecher; Socrates bloomed as youth (young man) like a rose (as a rose blooms), taught as man like an angel (as an angel teaches), and died as old man like a criminal (as a criminal dies).

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Obschon, although;
Partei', f. party;
Pfeifer, m. piper;
Region', f. region ;
Sinnlich,

sentient,

sensual; Ue'brigbleiben, to main over;

re

Ungeduldig, impatient;
Verdienst voll, service-
able;

schägen. 25. Wenn ihr auch nichts als cuer Leben gerettet habt, so seid toch zufrieden. 26. Dieses Schloß sicht man von Weitem. 27. 3u der Nähe betrachtet, wird man die Kunst der Bauart sogleich entreden. 28. Wenn Sie dieses Gemälde von Weitem betrachten, so sehen Sie ef besser. 29. Eine Landschaft erscheint, von Weitem betrachtet, viel schöner, als in der Nähe.

1. Is your brother as cautious as your uncle? 2. He is not so cautious as my uncle. 3. Take neither more nor less than necessity requires. 4. Although he possesses a beautiful estate, nevertheless I will resign to him a part of mine. 5. They did nothing but complain of their last mishap. 6. I saw nobody Untant, m. unthank-in the saloon but the blind piper. 7. The longer he stayed fulness; with him, the more impatient he became. 8. On what day of the month will your friend take his departure from here? 9. His departure is fixed for the fourteenth of next month. 10. We will go this way, in order to see the landscape near at hand. 11. Nothing but joyfulness was in the whole family. 12. Only one wish remained over to him. 13. No one is so worthy of our kindness as the friend of my brother. 14. You will recover sooner in the country air than in the city. 15. The most serafar one can see the cupola of St. Paul's Cathedral. 17. viceable men reap often nothing but unthankfulness. 16. From What day of the month is to-day? 18. It is either the twentyeighth or the twenty-ninth.

Verlangen, to require;
Vorsichtig, cautious;
air;
Vortheil, m. advantage;
Landschaft, f. land- Weit, far, distant;
Werth, m. worth;

scape;

Ernten, to reap, har-
vest;
Menge, f multitude; Wirfen, to work, ef-
Erscheinen, to appear; Monat, m. month; fectuate.
Bei dem Regen suchten die Feld'ars
beiter in dem benachbarten Walte
Schuß.

Der wieviel'ste ist heute?

Der 24ste August'.

During the rain the field-la

bourers sought protection in the neighbouring forest. What day of the month is today?

The 24th of August.

Vor drei Jahren war ein großes Three years ago there was a
Erdbeben.
great earthquake.

SECTION LXII.

Words denoting quantity, weight or measure, are seldom put in the plural, though connected with numerals signifying more than one; as, tin Pfunt, one pound; zehn funt, ten pound(s); trci Afcc, three acre(s); ¡milf Fuß. twelve feet (foot.)

Feminine nouns, however, are usually excepted from this rule; as, sechs Ellen, six ells; sieben Meilen, seven miles, &c.

When, between the term & quantity and the thing whose quantity or measure is specified, there intervenes no qualifying word, both nouns stand in the same case; as, ein Pfund Zucker, one pound (of) sugar; zwei Pfund Zucker, two pounds (of) sugar; drei Paar Schuhe, three pair (of) shoes; neunzig Stück Rindrich, ($ 15. 2. e. § 123.) ninety head (of) cattle.

I. Adjectives are formed by suffixing the word jährig, from Jahr, to the cardinal numbers. Ex.: Es ist einjährig; it is a year old. Dieses Pferd ist vierjährig,; this is a four year old horse. Ein hundert jähriger Mann; a hundred year old man (a centenarian.)

Nouns are formed by adding er to the cardinals ($ 51. 2.) Ex.: Ein Dreißiger, (ein Mann von dreißig Jahren); a man of 30 years of age. Ein Achtziger; an octogenarian. Der Acht und zwanziger (Wein); the wine of the vintage of 1828.

Hundert, (a hundred) and Tausent, (a thousand) when placed before a noun, do not generally take the article before them. Ex.: Er hat hundert Schafe und neunzig Ochsen; he has (a) hundred sheep and ninety oxen. Used without a noun, they, as in English, assume the plural. Ex.: Hunderte von Menschen sterben vor Hunger; hundreds of man die of hunger. Tausende fallen in der Schlacht; thousands fall in (the) battle.

April', m. April;
Befehl, m. command;
Bekannt machen, to
publish;
Beschüter, patron;
Buch (Papier), n.quire;
Gapital', n. capital;
Dreifach, (S. 47.);
Dreijährig, triennial,

three years old;
Dugend, n. dozen;
Einlaten, to invite, to
bid;
Elle, f. eil, yard;
(24 inches.)
England, n. England,
Britain;

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Der Elephant wird (Sect. 35. I.)
ungefähr hundert Jahre alt.
Dieser Brunnen ist zwanzig Fuß tief.
Dieser _Matro ́se _hat_trei_Paar
Stiefeln und ein Paar Schuhe
gekauft'.

Er war vorgestern zum ersten Male
im Theater.

Die Frau kaufte vier Ellen Kattun'.

Dieses Fehlen ist ein jähriges.
Um ein Viertel auf acht frühstücfen

wir.

Um halb Zehn brach in ter Vor.
stadt Feuer aus.

Zehn Minuten nach zehn hörte ich
Kano'nenschüsse.

Er ist ein Achtziger.

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hundert und dritte

zweihundertste.
dreihundertste.

hunderttausendste
Millionste.

zwei Millionste zc.

The elephant lives (becomes)
about a hundred years.
This well is twenty feet deep.
This sailor has bought three

pair of boots, and one pair
of shoes.

He was, for the first time, the day before yesterday, in the

theatre.

The woman bought four ells of
calico.

This colt is a yearling.
At a quarter past seven we
breakfast.

At half past nine a fire broke
out in the suburbs.
Ten minutes past ten I heard
the report of cannons.
He is an octogenarian.

1. Ich bin neunzehn Jahre alt und in meinem drei und zwanzigsten Jahre gehe ich mit meinem Vater nach England. 2. Mein ältester Bruder hatte fünf und zwanzig Personen eingelaten, worunter ungefähr die Hälfte Overheirathete Leute waren. 3. Um drei Viertel (Sect. 25. IX.) auf zwölf Uhr hat uns die Gesellschaft verlassen. 4. Columbus war im Jahre

We here insert, to facilitate the studies of our subscribers, the (1492) vierzehn huntert zwei und neunzig ter Entrecker von Amerika. 5. table of cardinal and ordinal numbers.

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ORDINALS.

ter erste (not der einte), the first.
zweite (also der andere), the

"

second.

dritte (not breite), the third.

vierte, the fourth.

sechste, the sixth.

Ein Dußend hat zwölf Stück, und ein Pfund hat zwei und dreißig Loth.
6. Bir kauften drei Faß Oel, zwei Paar Schuhe und sieben Ellen Luch
8. Ich habe
7. Tausente von Deutschen wandern nach Amerika aus.
hundert Federn für einen haben Thaler verkauft. 9. Der drei und zwan.
3igfte April ist Shakspeares Geburtstag. 10 Ludwig der Vierzehnte war
ein Liebhaber von Künften und Wissenschaften. 11. Zwanzig Minuten
nach eilf Uhr starb der Kaiser. 12. Ich war erst zwei Mal in Amerika,
aber das vierte Mal in England. 13. Die Deutschen hatten zu verschie
| denen Malen Krieg mit den Franzosen. 14. Die Vier und Neun haben

achte (not achtte), the eighth. breifach gewonnen. 15. Den achtzehnten Juni 1815 war die Schlacht bei

CARDINALS.

Eins (ein, eine, cin)

1.

zwei

2.

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fünfte, the fifth.

sechs

6.

"

sieben

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fiebente, the seventh.

acht

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neun

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neunte, the ninth.

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zehnte, the tenth.

elf

11.

"

elfte, the eleventh.

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zwölfte, the twelfth.

breizehn

13.

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dreizehnte, the thirteenth.

vierzehn

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fünfzehn

15.

sechzehn

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Hiebenzehn or siebzehn

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achtzehn

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achtzehnte.

neunzehn

19.

zwanzig

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ein und zwanzig

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ein und zwanzigste.

zwei und zwanzig 20

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breißig

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ein und dreißig

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zwei und dreißig ze.

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wierzig

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Fünfzig

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fünfzigste.

fechzig (not sechszig)

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vierzehnte, the fourteenth.

fünfzehnte, the fifteenth.

sechzehnte, the sixteenth; &c.
siebenzehnte or siebzehnte

neunzehnte.

zwei und zwanzigste ze.
breißigste.

ein und dreißigste.

zwei und treißigste 20.

vierzigste.

Waterloo. 16. Wissen Sie, wie alt jener Mann ist? 17. Er ist ein Sechziger. 18. Dieses hübsche Pferd ist dreijährig und jenes größere ist sechsjährig. 19. Was ist dies für Wein? 20. Es ist vier und treißiger 22. Giebt es (1834). 21. Ich verzinse dieses Gapital zu fünf Procent.

Hirsche in diesem Walte? 23. Ja, ter Jäger hat vorgestern einen Sechs. 3chner geschoffen

1. My brother has a hundred books, and my uncle, the professor, has more than a thousand. 2. He rose generally at halfpast five in the morning, and work till a quarter to eleven 4. I have o'clock. 3. I have spent seven months with him. 5. The half sold two dozen of pens and seven quires of paper.

of a hare did he eat at his breakfast. 6. This beautiful horse

is five years old. 7. The third part of this money belongs to me. S. I forgave you once.

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bought three yards of ribbon. 15. Rome was founded by Ro- | 1. Avez-vous rassemblé beaucoup de monde chez vous? mulus seven hundred and twenty-five years before the birth of 2. Il n'est venu que peu de monde. 3. A quelle heure our Saviour. 16. After a voyage of seventy days, Columbus, a servira-t-on le dîner aujourd'hui ? 4. On le servira dès que Genoese, discovered America, on the 12th of October, 1492. notre monde sera venu. 5. Le capitaine a-t-il tout son équipage 17. He had three ships under his command from the Queen à bord? 6. Non, Monsieur, il a envoyé du monde à terre. 7. Isabelle of Spain. 18. It was in the year 1517, the 31st of Vos gens se lévent-ils de bonne heure? 8. Il faut que tous les October, when Luther published his ninety-five theses in Witten- jours j'éveille tout mon monde (MOLIERE). 9. Les Moscovites berg. 19. Lewis the Fourteenth was a patron of learned men. perdirent trois fois plus de monde que les Suédois (VOLTAIRE). 10. Où est Madame votre mére? 11. Elle est dans le salon, il y a du monde avec elle (company). 12. Tout le monde peut voyager comme moi (X. DE MAISTRE). 13. Ainsi va le monde. 14. Elle attend pour quitter le monde, que le monde l'ait quittée (FLECHIER). 15. Vos gens sont-ils revenus de la campagne? 16. Nous attendons nos gens aujourd'hui. 17. Y a-t-il ici une société de gens de lettres ? 18. Non, Monsieur; il n'y a qu'une société de gens de robe. 19. Connaissez-vous ces braves gens? 20. Je crois que ce sont des gens d'épée. 21. Tels sont les gens aujourd'hui. 22. Telles gens, tels patrons (LA BRUYERE). 23. Tous mes gens sont malades. 24. Il faut savoir s'accommoder de toutes gens (L'ACADEMIE). 25. Que pouvez-vous avoir à démêler avec de telles gens ?

LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XLI.
By Professor LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D.
SECTION XCIV.

1. THE word monde, world, is often used in French in a restricted sense. It has then the meaning of people, company, retinue, servants, &c :

Y avait-il beaucoup de monde à l'église ?

Se mettant à la tête de son monde,

il ouvrit lui-même la porte.

VOLTAIRE.

Were there many people at church?
Placing himself at the head of his
people, he himself opened the door.

2. The word gens also means people, and is of the masculine gender; but, by a singular anomaly, the adjectives which precede gens are put in the feminine, while those which follow it must be in the masculine gender :Ce sont les meilleures gens du monde. Ces gens sont fort dangereux.

They are the best people in the world. Those people are very dangerous. 3. The words tout, tel, quel, certain, not preceding immediately the word gens, are put in the masculine, except when the word coming between is an adjective having a different termination in the two genders : Tous ces gens là étaient-ils chré

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Were all those people Christians!

All those people are foolishly inge

nious.

Tous ces gens là sont sottement
ingénieux. J.J. ROUSSEAU.
4. The words tout, tel, quel, meaning certain, are put in the
feminine when they precede immediately the word gens, or are
separated from it by an adjective having a different termina-

tion in the feminine :

Quelles gens êtes-vous? Quelles

sont vos affaires? RACINE. Quelles bonnes et dignes gens !

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EXERCISE 188.

1. Are there many people at your brother's? 2. There are not many people there. 3. Does that young man slander everybody? 4. He slanders nobody. 5. Have you brought many people with you? 6. We have brought but few people with us. 7. Is there company with your mother? 8. There is no company with her. 9. Who has told you that? 10. Everybody says so. 11. Is the company come? 12. The company is not yet come. 13. Has your mother discharged two servants (domestiques) ? 14. She has discharged all her people. 15. Do you know those people? 16. I know them very well; they are very worthy people. 17. When he travels, he stops always with good people. 18. Are there foolish people here? 19. There are foolish people everywhere (partout). 20. Do you awake your people every morning? 21. Yes, Sir; I must awake them every day. 22. What can your brother have to settle with those people? 23. They are the best people in the world. 24. Were there many people at church this morning? 25. There were not many people there. 26. Are your people sick? 27. Yes, Sir; all my people are sick. 28. There is here a society of learned men. 29. There are in Paris several societies of lawyers. 30. What worthy people! 31. What good people! 32. Do you expect your people to-day? 33. We expect them this evening. 34. So goes the world. 35. Has your captain all his crew? 36. He has all his crew on board.

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