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the Law of Real Property.

45

10. So that, in process of time, copyhold tenure must disappear from our present modes of holding land.' Explain this historically.

Ste. 645. Williams 356-358.

11. Trace and account for the gradual conversion of strictly servile occupation into certain and heritable

tenure.

Ste. 214 et seq. 222.

Williams R. P. 336-339. Digby 41 et seq., 109, 213

CHAPTER XVIII.

INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS.

(Stephen's Commentaries,' 647–693, 7th ed.; 666–712, 6th ed.)

1. Distinguish carefully between a corporeal and incorporeal hereditament, and comment on the principle adopted as the basis of division.

Ste. 647. Austin 372, 708. Williams 10. Digby 229.

2. 'In the transfer of incorporeal property, when alone and self-existent, formerly lay the distinction between it and corporeal property.' Explain this.

Williams 11, 231. Ste. 511. Digby 128, 331 (7), 328 (4).

3. Define an easement, and distinguish easements from profits. Is a right to draw off water from a well in alieno solo a profit or an easement?

Ste. 648. Race v. Ward, 4 Ell, and Bl. 702. Goddard on 'Easements' 1, 2. Digby 127.

4. Sketch the history, and give an outline of the leading principles, of the law relating to rights of

common.

·

Digby 134-137. Ste. 649-657. Lord Hatherley in Warrick v. Queen's
College, L. R. 6 Chan. App. 720. Maine's Village Commu-
nities' 85 et seq.
Elton's Law of Commons' ch. i.

B.C. 220.] OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR.

3

endeared himself both to the soldiers and the general, and, on Hasdrubal's death, was unanimously elected to the chief command.1

4. Hannibal's character. Fearless, yet prudent in danger; powerful in body, and active in mind; careful of his soldiers, and strict in discipline, Hannibal possessed all the qualities of a great commander. He was moderate, nay abstemious in his bodily habits, modest in dress, and only conspicuous for his arms and horses. By sharing every danger with the meanest soldier, he endeared himself to his men: and he was always the first to enter the fight, and the last to leave it. Livy is rather liberal to him on the score of vices: here they are-inhumana crudelitas, perfidia plus quam Punica,2 nihil veri, nihil sancti, nullus deûm metus, nullum jusjurandum, nulla religio-no conscience at all.

WAR BEGINS IN SPAIN, B.C. 220.Hannibal, with a view of causing the Romans to take up arms, determines to attack the Saguntines-a people by treaty3 independent both of

1 Prærogativam militarem.] The tribe which voted first in a Roman election was called prærogativa (præ and rogo) and it generally carried the votes of the tribes which followed it; for it was chosen by lot, and the lot was supposed to be under the special care of the gods. On the whole subject of Comitia, vide Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v.

Punica fides.] A proverbial expression among the Romans for bad faith. They were not much better than the Carthaginians themselves. With regard also to the charge of cruelty, Livy does not bring forward throughout his book a sufficient number of instances to justify it: and though Hannibal is charged in the same way by other his. torians, it is very doubtful if their accounts are authentic. Livy does not call the treacherous massacre of 2,000 Capuans by Marcellus cruel!

For an account of this treaty, see p. 9, note.

B 2

JULY 1877.

JAMES THORNTON'S

List of

PUBLICATIONS

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SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., London.

Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London.

CATALOGUE OF IMPORTANT WORKS,

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57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

AGASSIZ. AN ESSAY ON CLASSIFICATION.

1859. 12s.

By Louis Agassiz. 8vo, pp. vii and

381, cloth. AHLWARDT. THE DIVANS OF THE SIX ANCIENT ARABIC POETS, ENNABIGA, 'ANTARA, THARAFA, ZUHAIR, 'ALQUAMA, and IMRUULQUAIS; chiefly according to the MSS. of Paris, Gotha, and Leyden, and the Collection of their Fragments, with a List of the various Readings of the Text. Edited by W. Ahlwardt, Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Greifswald. Demy 8vo, pp. xxx. and 340, sewed. 1870. 12s.

AHN.-DR F. AHN'S PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.

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AHN.-NEW, PRACTICAL, AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. By Dr F. Ahn. First and Second Course. Bound in 1 vol. 12mo., pp. 86 and 120, cloth. 1866. 38.

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AHN. MANUAL OF GERMAN AND ENGLISH CONVERSATIONS, or Vade Mecum for English Travellers. 12mo, pp. x. and 137, cloth. 1875. 1s. 6d.

AHN. GERMAN COMMERCIAL LETTER WRITER, with Explanatory Introductions in English, and an Index of Words in French and English. By Dr F. Ahn. 12mo, pp. 248, cloth. 1861. 4s. 6d.

AHN.-NEW, PRACTICAL, AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.
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AHN.-AHN'S COURSE. Latin Grammar for Beginners. By W. Ihne, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. vi. and 184, cloth. 1864.

38.

ALABASTER. -THE WHEEL OF THE LAW: Buddhism illustrated from Siamese Sources by the Modern Buddhist, a Life of Buddha, and an Account of the Phra Bat. By Henry Alabaster, Esq., Interpreter of Her Majesty's Consulate-General in Siam, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society. Demy 8vo, pp. lviii. and 324,

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ALTHAUS. THE SPAS OF EUROPE. By Julius Althaus, M.D.

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AMATEUR MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP (THE). A Treatise containing Plain and Concise Directions for the Manipulation of Wood and Metals; including Casting, Forging, Brazing, Soldering, and Carpentry. By the Author of "The Lathe and its Uses." Fourth Edition. In One Volume, demy 8vo, pp. vi. and 148, with Two Full-Page Illustrations, on toned paper and numerous Woodcuts, cl. 1874. 6s. AMBERLEY. AN ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF. By Viscount Amberley. 2 vols. demy 8vo, pp. xvi.-496 and 512, cloth. 1876. 30s.

AMONGST MACHINES. A Description of Various Mechanical Appliances used in the Manufacture of Wood, Metal, and other Substances. A Book for Boys, copiously Illustrated. By the Author of "The Young Mechanic.' Imperial 16mo, pp. viii.-336, cloth. 1876. 7s. 6d.

"

ANDERSON.-PRACTICAL MERCANTILE CORRESPONDENCE. A Collection of Modern Letters of Business, with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, and an Appendix, containing a Dictionary of Commercial Technicalities, pro forma Invoices, Account Sales, Bills of Lading, and Bills of Exchange; also an Explanation of the German Chain Rule. 19th Edition, revised and enlarged. By William Anderson. 12mo, pp. 288, cloth. 1872. 58.

ANDERSON AND TUGMAN-MERCANTILE CORRESPONDENCE, containing a Collection of Commercial Letters in Portuguese and English, with their translation on opposite pages, for the use of Business Men and of Students in either of the Languages, treating in modern style of the system of Business in the principal Cominercial Cities of the World. Accompanied by pro forma Accounts, Sales, Invoices, Bills of Lading, Drafts, etc. With an Introduction and copious Notes. By William Anderson and James E. Tugman. 12mo, pp. xi. and 193, cloth. 1867. 68. APEL-PROSE SPECIMENS FOR TRANSLATION INTO GERMAN, with copious Vocabularies and Explanations. By H. Apel. 12mo, pp. viii. and 246, cloth. 1862. 4s. 6d. ARAGO.-LES ARISTOCRATIES. A Comedy in Verse. By Etienne Arago. Edited, with English Notes and Notice on Etienne Arago, by the Rev. E. P. H. Brette, B.D. Head Master of the French School, Christ's Hospital, Examiner in the University of London. Fcap. 8vo. pp. 244, cloth. 1868. 4s.

ARNOLD. THE INDIAN SONG OF SONGS. From the Sanskrit of the Gita Govinda of Jayadeva. By Edwin Arnold, M. A., F.R.G.S., University College, Oxford, formerly Principal of Poona College, and Fellow of the University of Bombay. Crown 8vo, pp. xvi.-144, cloth. 1875. 5s.

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ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. List of Publications on application.

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AUCTORES SANSCRITI. Edited for the Sanskrit Text Society, under the supervision of Theodor Goldstücker. Vol. I., containing the Jaiminîya-Nyaya-MâlâVistara. Parts I. to V., large 4to, pp. 400, sewed. 1865. 10s. each. AUGIER.--DIANE. A Drama in Verse. By Émile Augier. Edited with English Notes and Notice on Augier. By Theodore Karcher, LL.B., of the Royal Military Academy and the University of London. 12mo, pp. xiii. and 146, cloth. 1867. 2s. 6d.

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