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Book V. because E is the same multiple of A that F is of B, and that magnitudes have the same ratio to one another which their a 15. 5. equimultiples have a; therefore A is to B, as E is to F: but as A is to B, so is C to D:

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But, when four magnitudes are proportionals, if the first be greater than the third, the second shall be greater than the c 14. 5. fourth; and if equal, equal; if less, less. Wherefore, if E be greater than G, F likewise is greater than H; and if equal, equal; if less, less: and E, F are any equimultiples whatever of A, B ; and d 5.def. 5. G, H any whatever of C, D. Therefore, A is to C, as B to Da If then four magnitudes, &c. Q. E. D.

See N.

1.5.

PROP. XVII. THEOR.

IF magnitudes, taken jointly, be proportionals, they shall also be proportionals when taken separately; that is, if two magnitudes together have to one of them the same ratio which two others have to one of these, the remaining one of the first two shall have to the other the same ratio which the remaining one of the last two has to the other of these.

Let AB, BE, CD, DF be the magnitudes taken jointly which are proportionals; that is, as AB to BE, so is CD to DF; they shall also be proportionals taken separately, viz. as AE to EB, so CF to FD.

Take of AE, EB, CF, FD any equimultiples whatever GH, HK, LM, MN; and again, of EB, FD take any equimultiples whatever KX, NP: and because GH is the same multiple of AE, that HK is of EB, wherefore GH is the same multiple of AE, that GK is of AB: but GH is the same multiple of AE, that LM is of CF; wherefore GK is the same multiple of AB,

that LM is of CF.

CF, that MN is of

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b 2.5.

Again, because LM is the same multiple of Book V. FD; therefore LM is the same multiple a of CF, that LN is of CD: but LM was shown to be the same multiple of CF, that GK is of AB; GK therefore is the same multiple of AB, that LN is of CD; that is, GK, LN are equimultiples of AB, CD. Next, because HK is the same multiple of EB, that MN is of FD; and that KX is also the same multiple of EB, that NP is of FD; therefore HX is the same multiple of EB, that MP is of FD. And because AB is to BE, as CD is to DF, and that of AB and CD, GK and LN are equimultiples, and of EB and FD, HX and MP are Kequimultiples; if GK be greater than HX, then LN is greater than MP; and if equal, equal; and if less, less: but if GH be greater than KX, by adding the common part HK to both, GK is greater than HX; wherefore also LN is greater than MP; and by taking away MN from both, LM is greater than NP: therefore, if GH be greater than KX, LM is greater than NP. In like manner it may be demonstrated, that if GH be equal to KX, LM likewise is equal to NP; and if less, less and GH, LM are any equimultiples whatever of AE, CF, and KX, NP are any whatever of EB, FD. Therefore, as AE is to EB so is CF to FD. If, then, magnitudes, &c. Q. E. D.

H

c5. def.5.

B

DM

E

F

G A

PROP. XVIII. THEOR.

IF magnitudes, taken separately, be proportionals, See N. they shall also be proportionals when taken jointly, that is, if the first be to the second, as the third to the fourth, the first and second together shall be to the second, as the third and fourth together to the fourth.

Let AE, EB, CF, FD be proportionals; that is, as AE to EB, so is CF to FD; they shall also be proportionals when taken jointly; that is, as AB to BE, so CD to DF.

Take of AB, BE, CD, DF any equimultiples whatever GH, HK, LM, MN; and again, of BE, DF take any whatever equi

Book V. multiples KO, NP: and because KO, NP are equimultiples of BE, DF; and that KH, NM are equimultiples likewise of BE, DF, if KO, the multiple of BE, be greater than KH, which is a multiple of the same BE, NP, likewise the multiple of DF, shall be greater than NM, the multiple

of the same DF; and if KO be equal H
to KH, NP shall be equal to NM; and
if less, less.

First, let KO not be greater than KH,
therefore NP is not greater than NM:
and because GH, HK are equimultiples

of AB, BE, and that AB is greater than Ka3.Ax.5. BE, therefore GH is greater than HK;

b 5. 5.

€ 6. 5.

but KO is not greater than KH, where-
fore GH is greater than KO. In like
manner it may be shown, that LM is
greater than NP. Therefore, if KO be
not greater than KH, then GH, the
multiple of AB, is always greater than
KO, the multiple of BE; and likewise
LM, the multiple of CD, greater than
NP, the multiple of DF.

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Next, Let KO be greater than KH: therefore, as has been shown, NP is greater than NM: and because the whole GH is the same multiple of the whole AB, that HK is of BE, the remainder GK is the same multiple of

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the remainder AE that GH is of ABb:
which is the same that LM is of CD.
In like manner, because LM is the
same multiple of CD, that MN is of
DF, the remainder LN is the same
multiple of the remainder CF, that K

the whole LM is of the whole CD b:
but it was shown that LM is the same
multiple of CD, that GK is of AE;
therefore GK is the same multiple of
'AE, that LN is of CF; that is, GK,
LN are equimultiples of AE, CF:
and because KO, NP are equimul-
tiples of BE, DF, if from KÒ, NP G

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there be taken KH, NM, which are likewise equimultiples of BE, DF, the remainders HO, MP are either equal to BE, DF, or equimultiples of them. First, Let HO, MP be equal to BE, DF; and because AE is to EB, as CF to FD, and

that GK, LN are equimultiples of AE, CF; GK shall be to Book V. EB, as LN to FD: but HO is equal to EB, and MP to FD ; ~ wherefore GK is to HO as LN to MP. If, therefore, GK bed Cor.4.5. greater than HO, LN is greater than MP; and if equal, equal; and if less, less.

P

But let HO, MP be equimultiples of EB, FD; and because AE is to EB as CF to FD, and that of AE, CF are taken equimultiples GK, LN; and of EB, FD, the equimultiples HO, MP; if GK be greater than HO, LN is greater than MP; and if equal, equal; and if less, less f; which was likewise shown in the preceding case. If, therefore, GH be greater than KO, taking KH from both, GK is greater than HO; wherefore also LN is greater than MP; and, consequently, adding NM to both, LM is greater than NP: therefore, if GH be greater than KO, LM is greater than NP. In like manner it may be shown, that if GH be equal to KO, LM is equal to NP; and if less, less. And in the case in which KO is not greater than KH, it has been shown that GH is always greater than KO, and likewise LM than NP: but GH, LM are any equimultiples of AB, CD, and KO, NP are any whatever of BE, DF; therefore f, as AB is to BE so is CD to DF. If then magnitudes, &c. Q. E. D.

K

H

M

N

B

D

E

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A

L

e A. 5.

f 5. def.5.

PROP. XIX. THEOR.

IF a whole magnitude be to a whole, as a magnitude See N. taken from the first is to a magnitude taken from the other; the remainder shall be to the remainder, as the whole to the whole.

Let the whole AB be to the whole CD as AE, a magnitude taken from AB, to CF, a magnitude taken from CD; the remainder EB shall be to the remainder FD as the whole AB to the whole CD.

Because AB is to CD as AE to CF; likewise, alternately a, a 16. 5.

E

A

C

Book V. BA is to AE as DC to CF and because, if magnitudes, taken jointly, be proportionals, they are 17. 5. also proportionals b when taken separately; therefore, as BE is to DF so is EA to FC; and alternately, as BE is to EA, so is DF to FC: but, as AE to CF, so by the hypothesis is AB to CD ; therefore also BE, the remainder, shall be to the remainder DF, as the whole AB to the whole CD. Wherefore, if the whole, &c. Q. E. D. COR. If the whole be to the whole, as a magnitude taken from the first is to a magnitude taken from the other; the remainder likewise is to the remainder, as the magnitude taken from the first to that taken from the other: the demonstration is contained in the preceding

B

PROP. E. THEOR.

IF four magnitudes be proportionals, they are also proportionals by conversion, that is, the first is to its excess above the second, as the third to its excess above the fourth.

Let AB be to BE as CD to DF; then BA is to AE as DC to CF.

Because AB is to BE as CD to DF, by divia 17.5. sion a, AE is to EB as CF to FD; and by inversion b, BE is to EA as DF to FC. Wherefore, by c 18. 5. composition, BA is to AE, as DC is to CF. If, therefore, four, &c. Q. E. D.

b B. 5.

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See N.

PROP. XX. THEOR.

IF there be three magnitudes, and other three, which, taken two and two, have the same ratio; if the first be greater than the third, the fourth shall be greater than the sixth; and if equal, equal; and if less, less.

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